Sykes-Picot Agreement

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	Sykes-Picot Agreement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The agreement was negotiated in November 1915 by the French diplomat François Georges-Picot and British Mark Sykes.
		The agreement's principal terms were reaffirmed by the inter-Allied San Remo conference of 19–26 April 1920 and the ratification of the resulting League of Nations mandates by the Council of the League of Nations on July 24, 1922.
		The agreement is seen by many as a turning point in Western/Arab relations, as it negated the promises made to Arabs through T.E. Lawrence for a national homeland in the Syrian territory in exchange for their siding with British forces against the Ottoman Empire.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sykes-Picot_Agreement (1074 words)

	Mark Sykes - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sykes was very much a Yorkshire grandee, with his country seat at Sledmere House, breeding race horses, sitting on the bench, raising and commanding a militia unit and fulfilling his social obligations.
		Sykes was never as single minded an advocate of the Arab cause as Bell, and her friends T.E. Lawrence and Sir Percy Cox.
		Sykes felt by 1916 that American entry into the war was the key to victory and gradually came to support Zionism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mark_Sykes (1524 words)

	MidEast Web - Documents and History - Oslo Interim agreement
		Prisoners who, pursuant to the Gaza-Jericho Agreement, were turned over to the Palestinian Authority on the condition that they remain in the Jericho Area for the remainder of their sentence, will be free to return to their homes in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip upon the completion of the first phase of redeployment.
		Nothing in this Agreement shall prejudice or preempt the outcome of the negotiations on the permanent status to be conducted pursuant to the DOP.
		Accordingly, the term "Council" throughout this Agreement shall, pending the inauguration of the Council, be construed as meaning the Palestinian Authority.
	www.aucegypt.edu /faculty/tschirgi/three3.htm (5421 words)

	The Sykes
		How did the Arab people find out about the Sykes-Picot Agreement?
		This agreement did clash with the McMahon Agreement of 1915 and the statements made by T E Lawrence to the Arabs who had expected to be allowed to govern their own regions after helping the Allies fight the Turks during World War One.
		The agreement was never completely fulfilled by the peace settlements but it did lead to the Arab people not fully trusting the British or French governments at times in the future.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /sykes.htm (300 words)

	Online edition of Sunday Observer - Business
		The Sykes-Picot Agreement, Paris Peace Conference, and Cairo conference are genres of political dominance of the imperial powers, which shifted borders and annexed territories inventing conceptions of dependency through mandates and protectorates.
		This secret agreement is a proof of British duplicity as it conflicted with pledges given by the British to the Sharif of Mecca.
		According to the agreement, Arabs were deprived of the right to rule their own territories, instead almost the whole Middle East came under the British and French.
	www.sundayobserver.lk /2003/04/27/fea30.html (1457 words)

	West Bank - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		According to the Camp David Accords (1978) with Egypt, the 1994 agreement with Jordan and the Oslo Accords with the PLO, the final status of the territories would be fixed only when there was a permanent agreement between Israel and the Palestinians.
		The 1949 Armistice Agreements established the "Green Line" separating the territories held by Israel and Jordan.
		Complete or partial withdrawal from the West Bank in hopes of peaceful coexistence in separate states (sometimes called the "land for peace" position); (According to a 2003 poll 73% of Israelis support a peace agreement based on that principle [5]).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/West_Bank (2643 words)

	Syria - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Syria
		In September 1971 an agreement was signed to form, with Egypt and Libya, a ‘Confederation of Arab Republics’, but this broke up in 1979.
		This preceded renewed fighting between Israel and Lebanon after Israel withdrew from the 1996 ceasefire agreement, bombing three power transformers providing power to Lebanese cities in retaliation for the recent killings of six Israeli soldiers in Lebanon.
		In 1984 President Assad and the Lebanese president Amin Gemayel approved plans for a government of national unity in Lebanon, which would give equal representation to Muslims and Christians, and secured the reluctant agreement of Nabih Berri of the Shiite Amal Militia and Walid Jumblatt, leader of the Druze.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Syria (2666 words)

	Jordan WORLD WAR I: DIPLOMACY AND INTRIGUE - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System
		In February 1916, the Sykes-Picot Agreement (officially the "Asia Minor Agreement") was signed, which, contrary to the contents of the Hussein-McMahon correspondence, proposed to partition the Middle East into French and British zones of control and interest.
		Arab consternation at the agreement was palliated by British and French reassurances that their commitments to the Arabs would be honored and by the fact that Allied military operations were progressing favorably.
		Weizmann and Faisal reached a separate agreement on January 3, 1919, pledging the two parties to cordial cooperation; however, Faisal wrote a proviso on the document in Arabic that his signature depended upon Allied war pledges regarding Arab independence.
	www.workmall.com /wfb2001/jordan/jordan_history_world_war_i_diplomacy_and_intrigue.html (1808 words)

	Gulf Crisis
		The Sykes-Picot agreement of May 1916 represented the blueprint for the post-war structure imposed upon the Arabs of the "fertile crescent," the land between the eastern Mediterranean and the Persian Gulf.
		The Sykes-Picot agreement formalized the territorial map of the region, defined the spheres of influence between the British and the French, and through the Balfour machinations robbed the Arabs of Palestine to reward the Zionists for their support in the imperialist war efforts.
		The entry of French forces into Syria, a province of the Uthmaniyyah caliphate, was in accordance with the secret wartime pact between Britain and France known as the Sykes-Picot agreement.
	www.globalfront.com /nabic_archive/gulf_crisis.htm (2242 words)

	Zionist Century Concepts British Rule
		Most historians concur that the British declaration was aimed at furthering British military and strategic interests in the area and, in particular, at extrapolating herself from the Sykes-Picot agreement.
		A secret agreement between the British and French governments, the terms of which were specified in May 1916, concerning the partition of the Ottoman Empire amongst the Allied Powers.
		At a later stage the Italians also gave their agreement to the accords.
	www.jafi.org.il /education/100/concepts/british.html (2484 words)

	Sykes-Picot Agreement
		The agreement was defined by the senior British diplomat, Sir Mark Sykes, and the French consul in Beirut, Georges Picot, with talks starting in November 1915.
		The agreement was signed May 16, 1916 by Picot and Sykes, and following correspondence with Russia, areas were defined as theirs in October 1916.
		Secret agreement of 1916 between Britain, France and Russia concerning the division of the territories of the Ottoman Empire, following a future defeat of the empire.
	i-cias.com /e.o/sykes-picot_a.htm (212 words)

	Blogger: Email Post to a Friend
		The Arabs, including Sharif Husayn and his sons ‘Abdullah and Faysal – the two leader who preceded British troops into Damascus and Aleppo – learned of the Sykes-Picot Agreement after the Russians publicized it to embarrass the Western governments, were justifiably angered.
		The agreement led to the division of Ottoman territories outside Turkey proper, including the areas that are now Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, Kuwait, and portions of Saudi Arabia.
		At this time, Sykes was serving as the Under-Secretary of the War Cabinet, a position that certainly would have allowed him access to the Husayn-McMahon Correspondence of 1915.
	www.blogger.com /email-post.g?blogID=7804762&postID=109890632801275372 (414 words)

	Mideast Chronology
		The Agreement, which was officially released by the British Government in 1936, was exposed in 1917 by the Bolshevik Revolution.
		Faysal-Weizmann Agreement: "...to encourage and stimulate immigration of Jews into Palestine on a large scale" on the condition that "the Arab peasant and tenant farmers shall be protected in their rights" (Article IV).
		An Anglo-French oil agreement was also concluded providing France with 25 percent share of Iraqi oil in return for the inclusion of Mosul in the British mandate of Iraq.
	www.users.cloud9.net /~recross/israel-watch/Chronology.html (2882 words)

	Western Front Association Contributed Articles
		Their terms of reference were to prepare an Agreement and by January 1916 they were ready to submit The Sykes-Picot Agreement for consideration.
		In August 1914, Britain and France had already come to a provisional agreement concerning the redefinition of the boundaries of the Germany colony of Togoland in West Africa.
		When Turkey joined the war in 1914, the thoughts of the Allies’ governments immediately turned what would happen to the Ottoman Empire in particular, and the Middle East in general, when the inevitable victory was achieved by the Allies.
	www.westernfront.co.uk /thegreatwar/articles/research/sykespicot.htm (867 words)

	The Palestine Catastrophe
		It was therefore in the Sykes-Picot Agreement and not in the Balfour Declaration that the seeds of the Palestine Catastrophe were planted.
		The Sykes-Picot Agreement was the historical document which Zionism needed to ensure that Syria would emerge from the war stateless and incapable of defending Palestine against their designs.
		The connection between the Sykes-Picot Agreement and the Balfour Declaration was recently investigated by Alan R. Taylor in his study Prelude to Israel.
	home.iprimus.com.au /fidamelhem/SSNP/palestine_catastrophe.htm (818 words)

	Tthornton :
		The secret Sykes-Picot Agreement of May 16, 1916 between Britain and France had given France the green light to establish an administration in Lebanon and to provide whatever "assistance and advice" she deemed fit and necessary to whatever regime ruled the interior (i.e.
		On June 5, unaware of the Sykes-Picot agreement, Sharif Husayn of the Hijaz initiated the Arab revolt against the Ottoman Turks.
		The new arrangement was officially cemented when the San Remo (Italy) Agreement was signed in April of 1920.
	www.nmhschool.org /tthornton/mehistorydatabase/world_war_i_and_the_early_mandat.htm (4394 words)

	The Online NewsHour: Syria's Role in the Middle East
		Although their victory was anything but assured when the two governments entered the pact in 1916, the Sykes-Picot Agreement granted France and Britain huge swaths of land that stretched from deep into what would become modern Turkey all the way west to Iraq and south into the Arabian Peninsula along the Persian Gulf.
		In the agreement, signed in the midst of World War I, Sir Mark Sykes of Britain and Georges Picot of France agreed to divvy up a post-war Middle East after the defeat of the Ottoman Empire.
		But for Arab nationalists, many of whom still made their home in Damascus, the Sykes-Picot agreement was a betrayal by the West that denied the dream of a Pan-Syrian state.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/middle_east/syria/history.html (1327 words)

	A Changed World: Daily Update csmonitor.com
		The Sykes-Picot agreement of 1916 divided the Levant into areas under British and French rule (Palestine was mandated to Britain later under the San Remo agreement of 1922) and facilitated the creation of a federation of "independent Arab states" under both countries' protection.
		Ha'aretz quotes senior Israel military officials who say that reports of a peace agreement between rival Palestinian factions are "cease-fire fantasies." But the paper also reports that an EU diplomat "extensively briefed" a top Shin Bet security service official last Sunday about contacts he had held with Tanzim and Hamas operatives about a possible cease-fire.
		The conquest of Iraq, it argues, is no longer about overthrowing a despised dictator, but is also about creating a revamped power structure in the Middle East "controlled" by the new dominant powers in the region, the US and Israel.
	www.csmonitor.com /2002/0726/dailyUpdate.html (2123 words)

	David Lloyd George on the Balfour Declaration
		The carving knife of the Sykes-Picot Agreement was a crude hacking of a Holy Land.
		Agreement would necessitate a majority of both Jews and Arabs respectively in favour of complete autonomy, and tutelage would continue if either party refused to agree." General Allenby agrees that a declaration in the above sense would have a good effect, provided it came from the Entente Powers.
		General Clayton, in his telegram of the 21st November, proposed a form of declaration as follows: "That it is desirable at an early date to issue a declaration to the effect that the tutelage of Palestine shall continue until both Jews and Arabs in Palestine agree mutually that it should cease.
	users.cyberone.com.au /myers/l-george.html (7648 words)

	United Nations: Palestine Problem, Annexes
		It may also, on the advice of the Mandatory, conclude a special customs agreement with any State territory of which in 1914 was wholly included in Asiatic Turkey or Arabia.
		In particular, the control and administration of Waqfs shall be exercised in accordance with religious law and the dispositions of the founders.
		The Mandatory shall co-operate on behalf of the Administration of Palestine, so far as religious, social and other conditions may permit, in the execution of any common policy adopted by the League of Nations for preventing and combating disease, including diseases of plants and animals.
	www.palestineremembered.com /Acre/United-Nations,-The-Palestine-Problem/Story712.html (2004 words)

	Palestine - TimeLine 1900+
		The agreement, which was signed at the White House in the presence of U.S. President Bill Clinton, laid the groundwork for a full peace treaty.
		The frontiers defined in the armistice agreements remained until they were altered by Israel's conquests during the Six-Day War in 1967.
		The armistice agreements extended the territory under Israel's control beyond the UN partition boundaries from approximately 15,500 to 20,700 sq km (about 6,000 to 8,000 sq mi).
	members.tripod.com /~khaleelee/timeline.html (5648 words)

	Timeline
		Middle East divided up between Britain and France under the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement.
		December: Tripartite agreement between Amal, the Lebanese Forces and Walid Joumblatt’s Progressive Socialist party appears to open the way to a lasting settlement.
		22 October: The Lebanese parliament adopts an agreement signed at Taef in Saudi Arabia putting an end to the civil war.
	mondediplo.com /focus/mideast/a2356 (600 words)

	T.E. Lawrence Paper
		On 11 February, Sykes still was not present at the proceedings when the assembled dignitaries were stunned to learn that he had died that very morning; his influenza had turned into septic pneumonia.
		Now in your agreement over Syria you have kept all our promises to them, and given them more than perhaps they ever deserved, and my relief at getting out of the affair with clean hands is very great.
		Our agreements with King Hussein … have pledged us to support the establishment of an Arab state, or confederation of states, from which we cannot exclude the purely Arab portions of Syria and Palestine.
	www.nv.cc.va.us /home/cevans/Versailles/diplomats/Lawrence/Paper.html (3897 words)

	n i l e M e d i a . c o m
		In fact, the existence of the two agreements were successfully kept under wraps until they were disclosed by the Bolsheviks in Moscow after the Russian Revolution.
		In drafting both agreements, no attempts were made to consult the Arab inhabitants of these lands.
		Although the Arabs rallied behind the infamous Lawrence of Arabia, fulfilling their part of the bargain, the British and the French repaid them with imperial plots that ran contrary to the letter and spirit of the promises made to the leaders of what came to be known as the 'Arab Revolt'.
	www.nilemedia.com /Topics/History (2272 words)

	Palestine Center - Contradictory Pledges
		The Sykes-Picot agreement of May 16, 1916, divided the former Ottoman dominions in the Arab east between Britain and France as administered territories and zones of influence: what emerged as Syria and Lebanon under the French, Transjordan and Iraq under the British.
		According to this agreement, in return for launching an Arab revolt against the Ottoman Turks, Great Britain [was] prepared to recognize and support the independence of the Arabs in all the regions within the limits demanded by the Sharif of Mecca.
		The Arab leaders and rebels viewed this agreement as the basis for a united Arab kingdom in the former domains of the Ottoman Empire in the Arab east including Palestine.
	www.palestinecenter.org /palestine/contradictorypedges.html (248 words)

	Campus Community Against War -- University of Akron
		Simultaneously the British had signed an agreement with the French and the French (The Sykes-Picot Agreement) to divide up the Ottoman Empire at the end of WWI.
		In 1975 Iraq signed an agreement with Iran known as the Algiers Agreement, in which Iraq accepted the Iranian demands regarding supremacy over the Persian Gulf.
		A year after his succession to power Husyan started a war against Iran claiming that: Iran has violated the Algiers Agreement, called the Muslim Shi`ites to revolt against the secular regime of Iraq and planed to spread the concepts of radical Islam to the Arab World.
	www.geocities.com /warnermendenhall/ccaw/malek_abisaab.html (1475 words)

	Sykes-Picot (1916)
		While the French diplomat Picot was still at General Allenby's side when he entered Jerusalem, the French soon realized that Britain had no intention of honoring its wartime agreements.
		While securing the support of potential clients of a British protectorate, His Majesty's government had also sought an agreement with the French as to how to divide the remains of the Ottoman Empire into a French and a British sphere of influence.
		) This agreement provided for Palestine to be governed jointly by Britain, France, and Russia.
	www.bu.edu /people/mzank/Jerusalem/cp/Sykes-Picot.htm (138 words)

	MIFTAH--A New Sykes-Picot Agreement: Yasir Arafat Discusses the Future
		Soboh is a physician who says he was drawn into politics soon after graduating from medical school and served as a PLO emissary in Mexico and ambassador in Brazil before returning to Palestine in 1995, after the Oslo agreement and after the PA had been established.
		Soboh is a very articulate, very savvy political spokesman who should have been at the forefront of the Palestinian public relations and information system from the beginning.
		Ramallah, March 24 — Our arrival at Yasir Arafat’s headquarters was fairly dramatic, or at least it gave us, accustomed as we are to nothing more exciting than quietly writing at a computer in our comfortable home, a keen sense of the drama of the occasion.
	www.miftah.org /display.cfm?DocId=1889&CategoryId=5 (1956 words)

	Period 8-1: Britain's Promises
		The map drawn up in the Sykes-Picot agreement contradicts the promises made in the MacMahon correspondence.
		374, quoting from Christopher Sykes, Crossroads to Israel, London 1965, pp.
		Be that as it may, it is clear that Britain's promises could not all be fulfilled and that the mandatory power proved unable to overcome the difficulties it had itself helped to create.
	www.bu.edu /mzank/Jerusalem/p/period8-1.htm (210 words)

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