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Topic: Syllogistic fallacies

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Affirming a disjunct

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Logical fallacy

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	Fallacy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A fallacy is a component of an argument that is demonstrably flawed in its logic or form, thus rendering the argument invalid (except in the case of begging the question) in whole.
		Fallacy of Accident (also called destroying the exception or a dicto simpliciter ad dictum secundum quid) meaning to argue erroneously from a general rule to a particular case, without proper regard to particular conditions that vitiate the application of the general rule; e.g.
		Fallacy of Many Questions (Plurium Interrogationum), wherein several questions are improperly grouped in the form of one, and a direct categorical answer is demanded, e.g.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fallacy (2422 words)

	Logical fallacy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A logical fallacy is an error in logical argument which is independent of the truth of the premises.
		Recognizing fallacies in practical arguments may be difficult since arguments are often structured using rhetorical patterns that obscure the logical connections between assertions.
		Indeed, fallacies very often lay in unstated assumptions or implied premises in arguments that are not always obvious at first glance.
	www.encyclopedia-online.info /Fallacy (1843 words)

	Logical fallacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A logical fallacy is an error in logical argument or reasoning which is independent of the truth of the premises.
		Appropriately, since it plays on an ambiguity, this sort of fallacy is called the fallacy of equivocation, that is, equating two incompatible terms or claims.
		Fallacies are used frequently by pundit s in the media and politics.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Logical_fallacy.html (2035 words)

	Logical fallacy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In philosophy, the term logical fallacy properly refers to a formal fallacy : a flaw in the structure of a deductive argument which renders the argument invalid.
		By extension, an argument can contain a formal fallacy even if the argument is not a deductive one; for instance an inductive argument that incorrectly applies principles of probability or causality can be said to commit a formal fallacy.
		Recognizing fallacies in everyday arguments may be difficult since arguments are often embedded in rhetorical patterns that obscure the logical connections between statements.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/logical_fallacy (549 words)

	Fallacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A logical fallacy is an error in logicalargument which is independent of the truth of the premises.
		Thepresence of a logical fallacy in an argument does not necessarily imply anything about the argument's premises or its conclusion.Both may actually be true, but the argument is still invalid because the conclusion does not follow from the premises using theinference principles of the argument.
		Indeed, fallacies very often lay in unstated assumptions or implied premises in arguments that are not alwaysobvious at first glance.
	www.therfcc.org /fallacy-2737.html (1625 words)

	Logical fallacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Recognizing fallacies in practical arguments may be since arguments are often structured using rhetorical patterns that obscure the logical connections assertions.
		Indeed fallacies often lay in unstated assumptions or implied premises in arguments that are not obvious at first glance.
		Appropriately since it on an ambiguity this sort of fallacy called the fallacy of equivocation that is equating two incompatible terms claims.
	www.freeglossary.com /Fallacy (1791 words)

	Fallacy
		A fallacy is an incorrect result arrived at by apparently correct, though actually specious...
		Fallacy in fact, acheson is soft on communism as you think teenagers.
		Related: fallacy :: fallacy of composition :: fallacy examples :: fallacy definition :: fallacy files :: fallacy of division :: fallacy of equivocation :: fallacy of uninterrupted trends :: fallacy articles :: fallacy detective
	www.logicjungle.com /wiki/Fallacy (292 words)

	Informal Fallacies
		The fallacies in this section have in common the practice of appealing to emotions or other psychological factors.
		These fallacies occur because the author mistakenly assumes that the whole is nothing more than the sum of its parts.
		The fallacies in this section are all cases where a word or phrase is used unclearly.
	www.hebrew4christians.com /Clear_Thinking/Informal_Fallacies/Informal_Fallacies.html (1564 words)

	[No title]
		Each of these fallacies is characterized by the illegitimate use of a logical operator in order to distract the reader from the apparent falsity of a certain proposition.
		Fallacies involving statistical generalizations occur because the generalization is not always true.
		Thus, it is not a fallacy to say that you helped cause defeat the Tory government because you voted Reform, for your vote had as much weight as any other vote, and hence is equally a part of the cause.
	www.hhhknights.com /curr/human/1/logic/fallicies.htm (7433 words)

	MDPME: Beliefs & Fallacies - Page 12
		The term in the major premise that reappears as the predicate of the conclusion is called the "major." This fallacy occurs when the predicate term of the conclusion refers to all members of the category it describes but refers to only some members of that category in the major premise.
		The term in the minor premise that reappears as the subject of the conclusion is called the "minor." This fallacy occurs when the subject term of the conclusion refers to all members of the category it describes but refers to only some members of that category in the minor premise.
		A negative premise is any premise of the form, "No S are P," or, "Some S is not P." This fallacy occurs when both the major and minor premises are of this form.
	www.mdpme.com /FALLACY12.HTM (850 words)

	Syllogistic Fallacies
		Corresponding to each rule of the syllogism is a fallacy (or fallacies) which is applied to all arguments that do not follow that rule.
		The names of the fallacies describe what it is that is mistaken about the argument.
		Fallacy of the Illicit Process of the Major Tern and the Fallacy of the Illicit Process of the
	philosophy.lander.edu /logic/syll_fall.html (276 words)

	Logical fallacy - Gurupedia
		Recognizing fallacies in practical arguments is often difficult, and indeed fallacious arguments often persuade their intended audience.
		In the strictest sense, a logical fallacy is the incorrect application of a valid logical principle or an application of an inexistent principle: For instance,
		Fallacies are used frequently by pundits in the
	www.gurupedia.com /l/lo/logical_fallacy.htm (1760 words)

	Fallacies
		Fallacies are statements that are logically false, but which often appear to be true.
		Ambiguity Fallacies: Multiple meanings, at least one of which is not true.
		Syllogistic Fallacies: Errors of formal logic in this specific form.
	www.changingminds.org /disciplines/argument/fallacies/fallacies.htm (238 words)

	The Logical Fallacies: Syllogistic Fallacies
		The fallacies in this section are all cases of invalid categorical syllogisms.
		Fallacy of Drawing an Affirmative Conclusion From a Negative Premise: as the name implies
		Existential Fallacy: a particular conclusion is drawn from universal premises
	www.onegoodmove.org /fallacy/syllog.htm (134 words)

	Four Term Fallacy
		For this reason, the Four Term Fallacy differs from the other Syllogistic Fallacies, each of which involves genuine categorical syllogisms which violate one or more of the rules for syllogisms.
		The answer is that actual instances of the Four Term Fallacy are usually polymorphously fallacious, that is, they are also instances of Equivocation.
		The Example commits the Four Term Fallacy if the major term of the conclusion is meant in sense 2―namely, that no conservatives are small-d democrats―which is not true.
	www.fallacyfiles.org /fourterm.html (476 words)

	Syllogistic Fallacies: Existential Fallacy
		Abstract: The Existential Fallacy is illustrated and explained.
		syllogistic fallacies is illustrated in the following argument:
		The Existential Fallacy occurs whenever a standard form syllogism has two universal premisses and a particular conclusion.
	philosophy.lander.edu /logic/existential_fall.html (381 words)

	Syllogistic Fallacy
		More importantly for us, there are sets of fallacies based upon the rules such that any syllogism which does not commit any of the fallacies will have a validating form.
		The subfallacies of Syllogistic Fallacy are fallacies of this rule-breaking type.
		The notion of distribution plays a role in some of the syllogistic fallacies: the terms in a categorical proposition are said to be "distributed" or "undistributed" in that proposition, depending upon what type of proposition it is, and whether the term is the subject or predicate term.
	www.fallacyfiles.org /syllfall.html (421 words)

	Logical fallacy - InformationBlast
		In the strictest sense, a logical fallacy is the incorrect application of a sound logical principle or an application of an inexistent principle: For instance,
		In logical parlance, the inference is unsound, since under at least one interpretation of the predicates it is not validity preserving.
		The miltary uniform is a symbol of national strength and honor then ostensibly, the politician is not trying to prove the contrary assertion.
	www.informationblast.com /Fallacy.html (1572 words)

	Logical fallacy - TheBestLinks.com - Aristotle, Argument form, Affirming the consequent, Arthur Schopenhauer, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Logical fallacy, Aristotle, Argument form, Affirming the consequent, Arthur...
		Informal Fallacies (http://www.kcmetro.cc.mo.us/longview/ctac/fallacy.htm) by Michael Connelly, contributed to the Critical Thinking Across the Curriculum Project.
		Papers on fallacies and argumentation (http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~walton/p_and_p.htm) by Douglas N. Walton.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Logical_fallacy.html (1908 words)

	Establishing Validity
		The use of exactly three categorical terms is part of the definition of a categorical syllogism, and we saw earlier that the use of an ambiguous term in more than one of its senses amounts to the use of two distinct terms.
		Syllogisms that violate this rule are said to commit the fallacy of the undistributed middle.
		Depending which of the terms is misused in this way, syllogisms in violation commit either the fallacy of the illicit major or the fallacy of the illicit minor.
	www.philosophypages.com /lg/e08b.htm (1070 words)

	Center for Informed Decision Making, Reasoning
		A fallacy of this type is based on the supposition that failing to disprove an argument means that the premise must be true.
		However, it is not valid to argue that a candidate's broken promises in the past indicate that his or her position on welfare reform is untenable.
		This fallacy is based upon a question in which the answerer who responds directly will automatically become committed to its presuppositions, which are usually very unfavorable.
	www.cygnus-group.com /CIDM/reason.html (2938 words)

	Logical Fallacies
		A fallacy is an invalid form of argument, an instance of incorrect reasoning.
		The practice becomes fallacious when one of the following happens: the authority is not an expert in the field in which one is speaking; the allusion to authority masks the fact that experts may be divided down the middle on the subject; no explicit reference is made to the authority.
		undistributed middle -- A fallacy of the form "All A are B. All C are B. Therefore, all A are C." Consider: All elms are trees.
	www.philosophicalsociety.com /Logical%20Fallacies.htm (2628 words)

	logical fallacy
		Informal Fallacies by Michael Connelly, contributed to the Critical Thinking Across the Curriculum Project.
		Papers on fallacies and argumentation by Douglas N. Walton.
		A Guide to Logical Fallacies by Paul Newall, aimed at beginners.
	en.mcfly.org /logical_fallacy (1902 words)

	Logical Fallacies with References
		Fallacy of Exclusion: evidence which would change the outcome of an inductive argument is
		A variation on this fallacy is the appeal to rumor.
		Because the source of a rumor is typically not known, it is not possible to determine whether to believe the rumor.
	www.mnforsustain.org /student_logical_fallacies_with_references.htm (9628 words)

	Logical Fallacies: Sources and Resources
		Specific sources and resources on individual fallacies will be found at the end of the particular file for each fallacy.
		Also, since most of the files on individual fallacies contain no or little explanatory matter, this is not the best place to start out studying the fallacies.
		Complicating the situation even further is the fact that some nonfallacious examples are included, along with a "fallacy" which is no such thing, with no indication of which are supposed to be fallacious and which not.
	www.fallacyfiles.org /resource.html (1005 words)

	Freedom Activist Network's Guide To Philosophical Analysis
		A fallacy is an argument, assertion or reasoning that is structurally flawed, unproven, or unproveable.
		Fallacious arguments do not necessarily contain false statements of fact.
		fallacy of using an expression 2 or more times that has a different meaning each time its used
	www.freeact.net /analysis.html (488 words)

	Aristotle's Logic
		Aristotle follows his treatment of "arguments in the figures" with a much longer, and much more problematic, discussion of what happens to these figured arguments when we add the qualifications "necessarily" and "possibly" to their premises in various ways.
		In contrast to the syllogistic itself (or, as commentators like to call it, the assertoric syllogistic), this modal syllogistic appears to be much less satisfactory and is certainly far more difficult to interpret.
		Theophrastus, for instance, adopted the simpler rule that the modality of the conclusion of a syllogism was always the "weakest" modality found in either premise, where N is stronger than A and A is stronger than P (and where P probably has to be defined as "not necessarily not").
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/aristotle-logic (11024 words)

	An Appeal to Faith
		[Note that fallacies are effectively ‘worse’ than errors of fact, as they are more often associated with bad motives, faulty conclusions, erroneous judgments, false beliefs and regretful decisions].
		Below are some fallacies to explore to help correct any impression that Moroni’s so-called ‘promise’ has any validity outside of mere wishful thinking or hypnotic suggestion.
		The problem is made much worse by pre-assigning the suggested feeling to a holy spirit, thus seeming to exclude an evil spirit.
	www.exmormon.org /mormon/mormon062.htm (4356 words)

	Link to Silly Syllogisms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		It teaches the user to distinguish valid from invalid syllogisms, to identify the mood and figure of a syllogism, and to name any formal fallacies which might invalidate the syllogism.
		This program is an excellent tutorial for students who want a painless on line game for learning the basics of categorical syllogisms.
		Thirty minutes spent with Silly Syllogisms will teach them all they need to know about mood, figure, distribution, and syllogistic fallacies.
	www.sandiego.edu /LogicSlave/online/sillsyll.html (222 words)

	Aristotle (384-322 BCE): General Introduction [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		The heart of Aristotle's logic is the syllogism, the classic example of which is as follows: All men are mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore, Socrates is mortal.
		The syllogistic form of logical argumentation dominated logic for 2,000 years.
		Aristotle's editors gave the name "Metaphysics" to his works on first philosophy, either because they went beyond or followed after his physical investigations.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/a/aristotl.htm (7037 words)

	Dan Pollock's Site Of The Day archive from May 2002
		05/13/02 - classic fallacies - A small collection of classically fallacious mathematical proofs.
		05/07/02 - stephen's guide to logical fallacies - An excellent collection of all of the major logical fallacies, complete with definitions, examples and proofs.
		From begging the question to various syllogistic fallacies, and equivocation to the fallacy of false dilemma.
	www.someonewhocares.org /siteoftheday/2002/may (1171 words)

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