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Topic: Symbiogenesis

Related Topics

Endosymbiotic theory

Evolution of flagella

Lynn Margulis

Hydrogen hypothesis

Christian de Duve

Microorganism

Symbiosis

	Symbiogenesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Symbiogenesis is the merging of two separate organisms to form a single new organism.
		Lynn Margulis argued that symbiogenesis is a primary force in evolution.
		According to her theory, acquisition and accumulation of random mutations are not sufficient to explain how inherited variations occur; rather, new organelles, bodies, organs, and species arise from symbiogenesis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Symbiogenesis (390 words)

	Biological techniques for accelerating your business networks - The Bumble Bee
		Nature’s preferred method for creating complex new species is known as Symbiogenesis which suggests that complex new species usually form, not by an act of independent ‘quantum evolution’, but by the coming together and merging of two or more (less complex but independent) species.
		Symbiogenesis suggests that if we want to develop a network which has real resource richness, depth and texture then the best way to do it is not to go it alone in trying to grow our network.
		A cornerstone of symbiogenesis is that the two species are significantly different (often in size and function) and can be mutually advantageous to each other.
	www.bioteams.com /2006/05/11/biological_techniques_for.html (1409 words)

	Rationality Essay
		Symbiogenesis is the process of creating new species by the merging of previously separate genomes that have come to have a symbiotic relationship to each other.
		Therefore the very existence of multicellar life is a result of a symbiotic merging among bacterial predecessors and therefore the process of symbiogenesis is fundamental to the very existence of species.
		The thesis though, that symbiogenesis is the main process driving evolutionary change, is not so well established - just what causes a change from an ancestor to a descendant "species" is still an open question.
	members.shaw.ca /simulat/Pages/Reviews/AcquiringGenomesReview.html (903 words)

	Basic Cancer Programs
		Schwemmler’s unique take on evolutionary biology is centered on the notion of symbiogenesis: symbiosis between organisms as a key mechanism of the creation of new biological form.
		Schwemmler proposes symbiogenesis as an explanation for cases in which vastly different organisms display similar forms; e.g.
		On the other hand, Schwemmler’s discussion of symbiogenesis in the evolution of the leafhopper – an insect he spent much of his career studying – is significantly more convincing.
	www.goertzel.org /papers/CancerPrograms.htm (4942 words)

	Symbiogenesis - Memory Alpha - A Wikia wiki
		Symbiogenesis is a rare process where an organism reproduces by merging with another organism to create a hybrid.
		Eventually, the Doctor found a way to separate them by using a radio-isotope which would attach itself to one of the original species' DNA patterns, but not the other, allowing the transporter to seperate them, despite Tuvix's protests.
		Lysosomal enzymes are suggestive of a species which reproduces by symbiogenesis, according to Tuvok's research.
	memory-alpha.org /en/wiki/Symbiogenesis (226 words)

	CACOPHONE: Evolution of cultural artefacts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Later, in the early years of this millenium, I even had the opportunity to follow and briefly participate the work of an international standards body who was trying to control the evolution of one set of these XML-based machine-consumed languages.
		The idea of symbiogenesis in the neo-Darwinist evolution theory refers to the fact that many of these "unexpected forms and levels of order emerging" in fact emerge and enter, enter and emerge in close ecological relationships with other forms and levels of order.
		Symbiogenesis is a mechanism for 'horizontal' gene transfer, where the genetic material from essentially unrelated organisms can be brought together in a single descendant.
	cacophone.blogspot.com /2006/01/evolution-of-cultural-artefacts.html (620 words)

	BookBlog: Acquiring Genomes: A Theory of the Origins of Species
		According to the theory of symbiogenesis, eukaryotes, organisms whose cells have nuclei, were formed by the symbiosis of formerly independent bacteria.
		While Margulis and Sagan make a plausible argument that symbiogenesis is a plausible mechanism for evolution, they fail to persuade that it is the primary mechanism for all of evolution.
		The symbiogenesis argument is seems strongest in dealing with single-celled organisms, where the fusion of genomes is not hard to imagine, and harder to explain in dealing with more complex life forms.
	alevin.com /weblog/archives/000757.html (1853 words)

	SOIL EROSION & HYDROSEEDING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Fungi and green plants moved from water onto land together, bolstering the theory that these specialized fungi were the key factor that allowed plants to successfully invade the land.
		This symbiogenesis of plant and fungus is one of nature’s longest running and most successful experiments.
		Through symbiogenesis, these specialized fungi have been fundamental to the survival and growth of plants for more than 400 million years.
	www.soilerosiononline.com /html/0903/0903mushrooms.html (1559 words)

	Reviews of books written by Dr (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Symbiogenesis is the major theme of this book.
		Ok, I know some of you are saying what is symbiogenesis, well it's the combination of two totally different genomes form a symbiotic consortium which becomes the target of selection as a single entity.
		They argue, rightfully so, the concepts of symbiogenesis and Gaia give much better traction to explaining change from a procaryotic world to the current world of the living than the doctrines of neo-darwinian selection via mutation.
	people.umass.edu /exsc891/Margrev.htm (1600 words)

	ProtoTista, Protoctista & Symbiosis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		SET is described eloquently for lay readers in one of Margulis' latest books, Symbiotic Planet: A New View of Evolution in which she also ties symbiogenesis to Gaia theory.
		Her latest book, which extends symbiogenesis beyond eukaryotic cell evolution to evolution (speciation) of all eukaryotes, including animals, fungi and plants - is Acquring Genomes: A Theory of the Origins of Species.
		The most famous and well-studied organisms larger than protoctistans that evolved via symbiogenesis are lichens, symbiotic associations between algae and fungi that are so biologically intertwined that they coexist as a single organism with its own species name.
	www.prototista.org /E-Zine/ProtoTistaProtoctistaSymbiosis.htm (805 words)

	Symbiogenesis
		The significance of symbiogenesis with respect to neo-Darwinism is that Darwin's arguments concerning descent with modification seem to imply that evolutionary novelty comes about `vertically', by mutations in the genes passed on from parents to offspring.
		In contrast, symbiogenesis is a mechanism for `horizontal' gene transfer, where the genetic material from essentially unrelated organisms can be brought together in a single descendant.
		Even if we accept that symbiogenesis is consistent with neo-Darwinism, we should recognise that this particular mechanism for producing evolutionary novelty has apparently played a key role at certain stages in the history of life on Earth.
	www.tim-taylor.com /papers/thesis/html/node15.html (473 words)

	Astrobiology Magazine
		But when you start becoming prepared to see the microbial contribution, then you see that the fossil record is loaded, at all times, from the origin of life to the present.
		So symbiosis is an ecological relationship, and it is a precursor to symbiogenesis.
		So the symbiogenesis part is when, after long association of these animals with what was begun as an algal food, the food was retained, the animal became more and more translucent, and we ended up with a symbiotic permanent relationship that is present in every animal in the population.
	www.astrobio.net /news/print.php?sid=2100 (1626 words)

	Symbiogenesis - SearchMapr (beta) - Visual Web Searching (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The significance of symbiogenesis with respect to neo-Darwinism is that Darwin's...
		Symbiogenesis and the Origin of Species which proposed that chloroplasts originate from...
		Lynn Margulis argued that symbiogenesis is a primary force in...
	www.searchmapr.com /find/symbiogenesis (252 words)

	Times Leader \| 01/10/2007 \| ID needs to offer a competing theory COMMENTARY KENNETH PIDCOCK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Having an actual theory allows supporters of symbiogenesis to test that theory against evidence provided by the fossil record and extant genomes, which has provided some interesting insight into the evolutionary process.
		Symbiogenesis as a major mechanism for speciation is not widely supported within the scientific community, but its supporters receive much greater respect than do supporters of intelligent design.
		The controversy between neo-Darwinian theory and symbiogenesis is very real and, if I may speak as an amateur scientist, quite enjoyable.
	www.centredaily.com /mld/centredaily/news/opinion/16424205.htm (730 words)

	MIND Exchange
		But all of objectivity can be quantified, thus it is quantifiable though not quantitative until quantified and always at a specified level of abstraction in the representation of the mind.
		If you deny this then you are in effect saying that the perception of color is ‘quantitative’ (quantifiable) which implies to most people that blue is indeed numerical.
		Again, I don't know if you would consider this an answer to your question, or if you will say that you already heard me explain all this (which I did, but perhaps the misunderstanding of what "quantitative" means kept it from being communicated).
	www.kurzweilai.net /mindx/show_thread.php?rootID=25118 (13746 words)

	The Science Creative Quarterly » EVOLUTION MAY PROCEED LARGELY THROUGH MERGER AND ACQUISITION
		The idea that the eukaryotic cell is comprised of a group of microorganisms was originally proposed by Russian biologist Konstantin Merezhkovsky early in the twentieth century.
		Since all non-bacterial life is eukaryotic, animals, plants, fungi, and protoctists all can trace their origins to symbiogenesis.
		Currently, it seems there is a paucity of evidence supporting mutation as the cause of speciation, and while far from conclusive, there is a growing body of observational and experimental evidence stacking up in favor of symbiogenesis as the major driver of speciation and, therefore, biodiversity.
	www.scq.ubc.ca /?p=536 (2129 words)

	On Conflict & Cooperation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In the passage below, which ends with a comment about Palestinians and Israelis, he is addressing radical new models of biological evolution proposed by biologist Lynn Margulis of University of Massachusetts.
		Thirty years ago, Margulis proposed that cells of eukaryotic organisms (non bacteria; the plants, animals, fungi and protoctists) evolved by a process called symbiogenesis.
		One famous example of symbiogenesis "in action" is an "organism" called Mixotricha paradoxa, which even though it has a species name is not a single species at all but a collaboration between five different protist species - two eukaryotes and three bacteria - living symbiotically as one.
	www.prototista.org /E-Zine/conflict-cooperation.htm (767 words)

	Tuvix - Memory Alpha - A Wikia wiki
		The plant samples, which were also caught up in the matter stream and were also a part of Tuvix, contained lysosomal enzymes.
		Tuvok's research indicated that this could be an indicator of Symbiogenesis, where an organism reproduces by merging with a second species to produce a hybrid.
		Tuvix suggested that being deconstructed during beaming allowed the symbiogenesis enzymes of the plant to react to Neelix's and Tuvok's DNA in the matter stream, so only the single organism existed at the point of rematerialization.
	memory-alpha.org /en/wiki/Tuvix (703 words)

	Concepts of Symbiogenesis and the Emergence of Life-Forms on Land
		Concepts of Symbiogenesis and the Emergence of Life-Forms on Land
		Haygood, Margo G. [Book Review of:] "Concepts of Symbiogenesis: A Historical and Critical Study of the Research of Russian Botanists," Science, 261, 5121, (July 30, 1993), pp.
		Khakhina, Liia Nikolaevna; Margulis, Lynn, 1938-; McMenamin, Mark A. Concepts of symbiogenesis : a historical and critical study of the research of Russian botanists : a russian and western history of symbiosis as an evolutionary mechanism, [Problema simbiogeneza, English translation] (New Haven : Yale University Press, [1992]).
	ecoethics.net /bib/1997/otca-007.htm (966 words)

	Coevolution and Theory
		Biological evidence suggests that symbiosis has been a critical factor in several 'major transitions in evolution'.
		"Symbiogenesis" is the genesis of new species via the genetic integration of symbionts.
		Though the fact of symbiogenesis in the natural history of evolution is established, the role of symbiosis is not yet integrated into our theories of adaptation.
	demo.cs.brandeis.edu /pr/coevolution.html (1046 words)

	[complexity] Seminar: Symbiogenesis in Evolution
		Contrary to Neo-Darwinian theory that explains evolution as a result of speciation, symbiogenesis is a principle that investigates how evolutionary lineages can merge.
		Universal selectionist accounts are currently being developed within evolutionary epistemology, and it will be argued that there is room for a universal symbiogenetic account as well, that, amongst other disciplines, can be put to use in language origin and evolution studies.
		Outline of the presentation: First, a general account of symbiogenesis will be given; secondly, it will be discussed how this principle differs from natural selection, and finally, it will be investigated how we can universalize this principle.
	www.mail-archive.com /complexity@listserv.vub.ac.be/msg00079.html (239 words)

	Desert Varnish And Lichen Crust (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This phenomenon, known as symbiogenesis, is described in the book entitled Acquiring Genomes: A Theory of the Origins of Species by L. Margulis and D. Sagan (2002).
		Instead of relying on the hit-or-miss method of random mutations, symbiogenesis provides advantageous genetic combinations through the fusion of entire genomes from two or more organisms.
		Cycads, water ferns (Azolla), legumes and the tropical flowering plant Gunnera contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their tissues; sea anemones and corals contain photosynthertic unicellular algae (zooanthellae and zoochlorellae); the rumen of cattle contain cellulose-digesting bacteria; termite guts contain flagellated protists which contain wood-digesting bacteria; and human intestines contain bacteria that produce essential B vitamins.
	waynesword.palomar.edu /pljan98.htm (6649 words)

	The Panda's Thumb: Lynn Margulis: "Definitely a Darwinist"
		Michod’s talk was the perfect lead-in for the penultimate lecture of the conference by the acknowledged star of the weekend, Lynn Margulis, famous for her pioneering research on symbiogenesis.
		The major steps in evolution involved symbiogenesis, which Margulis described succinctly as “the inheritance of acquired genomes” and more formally in its relationship to symbiosis, “the long-term physical association between members of different types (species).” The problem with neo-Darwinism, Margulis concluded, is that “Random changes in DNA alone do not lead to speciation.
		Lynn Margulis is definitely a naturalistic evolutionist, and while I believe she certainly overstates the importance of symbiogenesis, I believe she has made some very important contributions and is correct in pointing out that symbiogenesis plays a very important role in the evolutionary process.
	www.pandasthumb.org /archives/2005/09/lynn_margulis_d.html (13995 words)

	Luminous Fish :: Chelsea Green Publishing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In this, the second part of a four-part interview, she talks about four specific microbial organisms that, through fusion, yielded modern plant and animal cells.
		Astrobiology Magazine: In Microcosmos, you detailed four specific microorganisms that you thought were involved, through symbiogenesis, in the creation of various eukaryotic cells, the type of cells that animals and plants are made of.
		If Woese had not seen the differences between Archaebacteria and Eubacteria, I wouldn't have been able to see that all eukaryotes have both types in their ancestry, and therefore are products of symbiogenesis.
	www.chelseagreen.com /2007/items/luminousfish/Interview (4633 words)

	Untitled Document
		She feels that in certain cases, long-term living in cohabitation results in symbiogenesis - the formation of new bodies, new organs, and new species or organisms by symbiotic mergers.
		Dr Margulis believes that new genetic material and novel life forms arose and are still arising, directly from symbiosis.
		She goes on to hypothesize that "all nucleated organisms (protoctists, plants, fungi, and animals) arose by symbiogenesis when archaebacteria fused with ancestors of centriole-kinetosomes in the evolution of the ultimate protoctist ancestor: the nucleated cell."
	www.nasamike.com /main/book/4gi.htm (2069 words)

	Amazon.com: "secondary symbiogenesis": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The section on phylogeny was rewritten to reflect current evidence, including the likelihood of secondary symbiogenesis in origins of several groups.
		Cavalier-Smith, T. Principles of protein and lipid targeting in secondary symbiogenesis: Euglenoid, dinoflagellate, and sporozoan plastid origins and the eukaryote family tree.
		Principles of protein and lipid targeting in secondary symbiogenesis: euglenoid, dinoflagel- late, and sporozoan plastid origins and the eukaryote family tree.
	www.amazon.com /phrase/secondary-symbiogenesis (533 words)

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