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Topic: Symbionts

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Dax symbiont

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	DS9 Encyclopedia & Lexicon - Trills
		Verad steals the Dax symbiont and is joined to it for a brief period, but the symbiont is returned to Jadzia ("Invasive Procedures").
		The symbiont borne by Nilani (wife of Torias Dax) and later by Lenara.
		Symbionts are hermaphroditic and live for centuries, although once they have been joined they need hosts in order to live.
	ds9encyclopedia.0catch.com /trills.htm (2453 words)

	Bacterial Symbiosis in Arthropods and the Control of Disease Transmission
		For the bacterial symbiont approach to be used in a field intervention program, a mechanism must be developed for spreading the genetically altered bacteria through an insect population.
		The progeny of the field-collected insects are examined for colonization with the modified symbiont, ability of the symbiont to compete with native symbionts established in the field-collected specimens, and expression of the desired transmission phenotype.
		Transformation of an insect symbiont and expression of a foreign gene in the Chagas' disease vector Rhodnius prolixus.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/eid/vol4no4/beard.htm (5255 words)

	Symbiosis -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The term (An animal or plant that nourishes and supports a parasite; the host does not benefit and is often harmed by the association) host is usually used for the larger (macro) of the two members of a symbiosis.
		When a microscopic symbiont lives inside its host's cells, it is referred to as an (Click link for more info and facts about endosymbiont) endosymbiont.
		In ectosymbiosis, the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of (Click link for more info and facts about exocrine) exocrine glands.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/sy/symbiosis.htm (777 words)

	Bleaching - Part 2
		Compared to the 26°C control, there was both a decrease of symbiont number (-31%) and of pigment content per symbiont (-50%), together with a lowering of the chlorophyll a/c2 ratio from about 2.3 to 2.
		On the contrary, a reduction of symbionts number was observed in Palythoa after exposure to natural UV for 10 days (by about 20%, but with great variability), whereas neither pigment composition nor content per symbiont changed (Lesser et al., 1990).
		Some enzymes of the C4 "CO2 concentrating mechanism" are present in cultivated symbionts, particularly of Montipora verrucosa, as well as in Palythoa (Tytler and Trench, 1986), but the simplest explanation is that they belong to the anaplerotic pathway, i.e the usual ±10% direct carbon fixation on C3 compounds for biosynthesis of C4 ones.
	mars.reefkeepers.net /USHomePage/USArticles/bleaching/bleaching2.html (18812 words)

	Bleaching - Part 1
		Some symbionts are always still present except in extremely necrotic coral (Glynn, 1989), and even in the most highly bleached corals, Jokiel and Coles (1990) could always detect a few live zooxanthellae through fluorescence microscopy.
		Loss of either symbionts or pigments may be secondary phenomenons, but the long time lag between the bleaching events and the analysis are more probably responsible for these discrepencies, as already advocated by Hoegh-Guldberg and Smith (1989).
		Symbionts may be localized in the base of the polyp and in mesenterial filaments, either as "refugees" or in course of expulsion (Szmant and Gassman, 1990), or simply due to more reduction in oral than mesenterial or basal areas (Brown et al., 1995).
	mars.reefkeepers.net /USHomePage/USArticles/bleaching/bleaching1.html (9062 words)

	AG Bosch - Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Animals are hosts to many symbionts including bacteria, protists and fungi and their evolution, therefore, may be viewed more correctly as the evolution of a community of closely interacting organisms.
		While these reports indicate that Chlorella symbionts use metabolites which are provided by their host cells, it is not clear to which extent the presence of these molecules is essential for the survival and reproduction of the symbionts.
		Since during oogenesis symbionts are actively transferred from endodermal epithelial cells to the ectodermal oocytes, this oogenesis promoting role could indicate that the symbionts are critically involved in the control of sexual differentiation in green hydra.
	www.uni-kiel.de /zoologie/bosch/subsites/zoology_research_chlorella.htm (528 words)

	Joel Elliott's research interests-symbioses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A second area of interest has been to examine how the symbionts are able to live amongst the stinging tentacles of their hosts without being harmed.
		Most of the species of symbionts were able to contact the tentacles of the anemones without being stung.
		Symbionts of cnidarians possess some mechanism(s) to avoid being stung by the cnidae (nematocysts and spirocysts) of their hosts.
	www.ups.edu /faculty/jkelliott/Jkesym.htm (947 words)

	Coexistence of Wolbachia with Buchnera aphidicola and a Secondary Symbiont in the Aphid Cinara cedri -- ...
		Coexistence of Wolbachia with Buchnera aphidicola and a Secondary Symbiont in the Aphid Cinara cedri
		to as the PAR (pea aphid rickettsia) symbiont (8, 27, 48), and
		Spiroplasma symbiont of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Insecta: Homoptera).
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/186/19/6626 (3777 words)

	Characterization of a 'Bacteroidetes' symbiont in Encarsia wasps (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae): proposal of 'Candidatus ...
		Characterization of a 'Bacteroidetes' symbiont in Encarsia wasps (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae): proposal of 'Candidatus Cardinium hertigii' -- Zchori-Fein et al.
		Characterization of a ‘Bacteroidetes’ symbiont in Encarsia wasps (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae): proposal of ‘Candidatus Cardinium hertigii’
		lineage of bacterial symbionts of arthropods in the ‘Bacteroidetes’.
	ijs.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/54/3/961 (299 words)

	Host,Symbionts, & the Trill
		The symbionts reproduce in a series of interconnected underground breeding pools that span many kilometers beneath the surface of the Trill home world.
		The symbionts can merge with either of the Trill host species, and when merged are know collectivle as the Trill.
		The preservation of the symbiont's health is of paramount importance to the Trill, and if one must be sacrificed to save another, the Trill will invariably give up his/her own to save the symbiont's life.
	www.freewebs.com /usspegasus/Races/Trill.htm (880 words)

	IMC Poster
		Symbiont identification, which is critical to specificity studies, has been a major difficulty in orchids as with other mycorrhizal types.
		The rhizoctonia symbionts of most orchids are difficult to discriminate or identify due to absence of useful morphological features and infrequent fruiting.
		The absence of any overlap in fungal symbionts, even in sites where several orchid species are growing and there are several fungi capable of association with orchids present, indicates that a process of selection is occurring which determines the pairings we see in nature.
	plantbio.berkeley.edu /~bruns/text/poster.html (2111 words)

	Moran Laboratory: Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Host and symbiont responses to heat are being examined using gene microarray and quantitative PCR experiments and using experimentally manipulated combinations of host and symbiont genotypes.
		Symbionts are being surveyed primarily in newly collected insects and are also being screened in established cultures from the Drosophila Species Stock Center, located at the University of Arizona.
		For each symbiont type, vertical transmission is being tested with live insects; in situ hybridizations based on diagnostic sequences are being used to localize bacteria within host tissues; real-time PCR is being used to quantify abundance in specific tissues and individuals; and efforts are being made to establish bacterial cultures.
	eebweb.arizona.edu /faculty/Moran/research.htm (1041 words)

	Dr. Horst Felbeck
		Since the symbionts cannot be extracted and cultured under controlled conditions, we have to characterize them using biochemical and molecular methods.
		In parallel, the proteome of the symbionts is characterized in collaboration with a group from Greifswald/Germany.
		We hope to be able to obtain more samples of symbionts from tubeworms from different habitats to extend the analysis of the proteome.
	www.ocean.udel.edu /extreme2004/mission/crew/felbeck.html (437 words)

	Introduction to Symbiosis
		Symbionts may be external to the host (ectosymbionts) or internal (endosymbionts).
		An association is said to be stable if the biomass of the symbionts is constant, or varies in a predictable manner with regards the environmental parameters or the developmental stages of the symbionts.
		Symbionts may be passed from one generation of host to the next via a free-living phase or via direct transmission.
	www.eden.rutgers.edu /~tavisa/Symbiosis.html (763 words)

	[No title]
		Symbionts have descended from creatures taken from the hundreds of living words controlled and maintained by the Alien Race.
		The preferred method is a symbiont which attaches (sometimes painfully) to the subject's head, or actually enters the brain through the ear or eye socket.
		These symbionts are occasionally used for a form of post-hypnotic suggestion, but the aliens very rarely use human's as their agents this way.
	www.panix.com /~sos/rpg/csua/F-Invasion-2.txt (5850 words)

	STARTREK.COM : Article
		The symbiont body is a foot-long purplish lump of cranial and exoskeletal tissue, some are susceptible to damage by transporter beam.
		The symbiont does carry memories of time shared with each of its hosts, and each new combination — aside from gender, height and weight — carries a different blood type, metabolism, nervous system, and brain wave pattern.
		Renhol and others at the Symbiosis Commission worry that the symbionts would be bartered as commodities if the truth were known that half the population could be hosts, rather than the 1-in-1,000 ratio officially quoted and the reason behind the rigorous selection and training program.
	www.startrek.com /startrek/view/library/aliens/article/70738.html (553 words)

	SLU, Department of Entomology, homepage of Jonas Sandström
		Symbiosis between insects and microorganisms are common and perhaps 20% of all insects are dependent on symbionts for their survival.
		The age of several of these insect symbiont relationships is estimated to be about 100-300 million years.
		Recent studies of symbiont genomes have shed light on their importance for insect nutrition and the effects of the symbiosis on the symbionts' genome.
	www.entom.slu.se /eng/staff/Jonas_Sandstrom.htm (287 words)

	Developmental Biology Online: How Do Symbionts Get Together?
		Here, the metazoan host is born free of bacterial symbionts and becomes infected from the environment.
		Here, the hosts are born free of symbionts, but they acquire them from members of the parental generation.
		During early cleavage, these bacteria are seen on the polar lobe during its first and second extrusions, and in later cleavage, they are observed on the descendents of the D blastomere.
	www.devbio.com /article.php?ch=22&id=209 (628 words)

	Sagging symbionts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Previously, a facultative symbiont was identified in pea aphid which was associated with host plant specialization - there was a dramatic increase in fecundity on clover, coupled with failure to survive on alfalfa.
		Specialization is symbiont associated because closely related aphids tend to share the same symbionts.
		Together, these experiments suggest the symbiont may have played an initial role in host plant specialization, but that it is no longer necessary for maintaining specialization in some parts of the aphid's range.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-05/bpl-ss051304.php (211 words)

	Charles R. Fisher
		Physiological investigations (such as determination of condition, growth rate, or symbiont complement) of the animals and their symbionts are conducted in conjunction with the ecological studies in order to provide further insight into the physiological ecology of these symbiotic associations.
		Autotrophic carbon assimilation by the chemoautotrophic symbionts of Riftia pachyptila.
		The co-occurrence of methanotrophic and chemoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacterial symbionts in a deep-sea mussel.
	www.bio.psu.edu /People/Faculty/Fisher/fisher.htm (2645 words)

	Heterorhabditis, Steinernema and their bacterial symbionts - lethal pathogens of insects
		The bacterial symbiont is required to kill the insect host and to digest the host tissues, thereby providing suitable nutrient conditions for nematode growth and development.
		The impetus for research in EPN and their symbionts has come about because of their biological control potential, with much of the focus in EPN research having been on applied aspects relating to pest control.
		However EPN and their symbionts are increasinglybeing viewed as exciting subjects for basic research in the areas of ecology, biodiversity, evolution, biochemistry, symbiosis and molecular genetics.
	eprints.may.ie /archive/00000177 (331 words)

	The evolution of fungus-growing termites and their mutualistic fungal symbionts -- Aanen et al. 99 (23): 14887 -- ...
		The five major termite clades, labeled A–E, and their corresponding fungal symbionts are indicated with different colors to illustrate the degree of specificity.
		The two termite clades with vertical uniparental symbiont transmission [by different sexes as indicated (7, 8)] are contained in gray boxes, whereas yellow boxes indicate the two termite clades and five fungal clades from Asia.
		For the fungal symbionts, this contrasts markedly with the
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/99/23/14887 (4132 words)

	Phylogenetic Placement of "Zoochlorellae" (Chlorophyta), Algal Symbiont of the Temperate Sea Anemone Anthopleura ...
		Phylogenetic Placement of "Zoochlorellae" (Chlorophyta), Algal Symbiont of the Temperate Sea Anemone Anthopleura elegantissima -- Lewis and Muller-Parker 207 (2): 87 -- The Biological Bulletin
		This clade is distinct from the Chlorella symbionts
		With the exception of three sequences from members of the Chlorophyceae (indicated at base of tree by vertical bar), all of the sequences shown are from members of the Trebouxiophyceae.
	www.biolbull.org /cgi/content/full/207/2/87 (3086 words)

	Bacterial Symbionts Associated with Earthworms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		symbionts in the nephridia of earthworm Eisenia foetida.
		B., diagram of a nephridium illustrating three main loops and the ampulla of the second loop that harbors the bacterial symbionts.
		Currently we have NSF support to investigate the physiology of the symbiosis and interactions between bacterial symbiont and the host worm.
	stahl.ce.washington.edu /strategies/worm.html (355 words)

	Bacterial menageries inside insects -- Moran 98 (4): 1338 -- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
		is the first instance in which an animal symbiont has been shown to use a secretory system associated with pathogenesis for host infection.
		is usually not as clear as in the case of primary symbionts.
		Mutualistic symbionts and pathogens share similar problems in addition to that of establishing infections and overcoming defenses.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/98/4/1338 (1702 words)

	Symbionts and Parasites
		History has shown conclusively that they are wrong; but unless they are thwarted in the coming election, history will repeat itself to the profound sorrow of all of us.
		With the rise of so-called “conservatism” (in fact, a radicalism), the investing class has transformed itself from an economic symbiont – prospering conjointly with its producer-partner – into an economic parasite – impoverishing its “host,” the workers, and thus, eventually, itself.
		Like the heart-worm devouring the source and sustenance of its very life, the oligarchs are squeezing the productivity and the disposable income from the workers, which is to say, the well-springs of the oligarch’s wealth.
	www.crisispapers.org /essays/symbionts.htm (1787 words)

	teresaleonardo1.html
		One of the primary motivations for this work is the effort to understand the extent to which the response to selection on a population of insects is due to evolution of symbionts or to changes in symbiont community compositions.
		The community is comprised of the well-studied obligate symbiont Buchnera (which produces essential amino acids for the aphid) as well as a number of facultative/secondary symbionts (called R, S, T, U, and Spiroplasma).
		The ultra brief summary of the data are that symbiont communities within populations of aphids vary, some of this variation is transmitted within aphid lineages, and there are indeed fitness effects associated with the presence of different facultative symbionts.
	entomology.ucdavis.edu /faculty/rosenheim/teresa/teresaleonardo.html (456 words)

	Localization of a Symbiosis-Related Protein, Sym32, in the Anthopleura elegantissima-Symbiodinium muscatinei ...
		The cell wall (cw) and membrane layers (m) are visible as concentric gray rings around the symbiont.
		symbiont, by fusion of the sym32 vesicles with the phagosome.
		Carbonic anhydrase expression and synthesis in the sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima are enhanced by the presence of dinoflagellate symbionts.
	www.biolbull.org /cgi/content/full/205/3/339 (5308 words)

	Symbiotic origins
		In the well-known associations between bacteri aand metazoans, the bacterial symbiont must somehow become intimately associated with its metazoan host.
		Polymerase chain reaction techniques and electron microscopy has found bacterial symbionts in the host ovaries, eggs, and larvae (Endow and Ohta, 1990; Cary, 1994; Krueger et al., 1996).
		A preliminary report (Geilenkirchen et al., 1971) suggests a fascinating way that certain symbionts can get into a larval gut as the gut is forming.
	zygote.swarthmore.edu /env1b.html (488 words)

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