Symbol grounding - Factbites

Symbol grounding - Factbites
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Topic: Symbol grounding

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	People are Infinitary Symbol Systems; no Sensorimotor NecessaryPeople are Infinitary Symbol Systems; no Sensorimotor Necessary
		A4 Harnad claims in GS that the symbol grounding problem, essentially the problem of how a candidate AI can have intentionality (= genuine beliefs about objects in the world external to it) is a very serious problem.
		His 'Grounding Symbols in the Analog World with Neural Nets' (= GS) (Harnad 2001) is no exception.
		C2 The heart of Harnad's GS is his claim that TTT survives what TT couldn't, and that the symbol grounding problem can be solved for a candidate AI by insisting that it be a TTT-passer.
	psycprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk /perl/local/psyc/makedoc?id=167&type=xml (1749 words)

	Symbol - Find a picture/symbol font
		This paper describes the "symbol grounding problem": How can the semantic Before defining the symbol grounding problem I will give two examples of it.
		Find a picture or symbol font by giving one or more descriptive keywords.
		Written for Virtual Finland by Professor Michael A national symbol.
	radio-shack.recommendlist.com /rl/radio-shack-symbol.htm (178 words)

	Levels of Organization in General Intelligence
		Much discussion of the symbol grounding problem has approached the problem as if the design starts out with symbols and "grounding" is then added.
		Symbols combine through the faceted combination of their symbolstuffs, using a process that might be called "holonic conflict resolution", where information flows from high-level feature controllers to low-level feature controllers, and conflicts are detected at each layer as the flow proceeds.
		Concepts (also sometimes known as "categories", or "symbols") are abstracted from our experiences.
	www.singinst.org /LOGI.html (178 words)

	The Symbol Grounding Problem
		Note that it is not being claimed that "horse," "stripes," etc. are actually elementary symbols, with direct sensory grounding; the claim is only that some set of symbols must be directly grounded.
		(I've called this effect the "hermeneutic hall of mirrors" [Harnad 1990]; it's the reverse side of the symbol grounding problem).
		Symbols are manipulated not only on the basis of the arbitrary shape of their tokens, but also on the basis of the decidedly nonarbitrary "shape" of the iconic and categorical representations connected to the grounded elementary symbols out of which the higher-order symbols are composed.
	cogprints.org /3106/01/sgproblem1.html (6341 words)

	EPSRC Grant - Modelling the Evolution of Language in Multi-agent Systems
		We wanted to generate a model which encapsulated symbol-symbol processing and visuo-symbol processing, thus grounding meaning in both perceptual representation and symbol-symbol relations.
		In the early stages of the grant it became apparent that we needed to address the theoretical goal of bridging the gap between theories of meaning which capture meaning in terms of symbol-symbol relations (e.g., Landauer and Dumais, 1997) versus those which “ground” language directly in perceptual representation (e.g., Regier, 1996).
		The main aims of the grant were to develop a connectionist model of spatial language which deals with both geometric and “extra-geometric” constraints and maps onto real psycholinguistic data, and to establish empirically the relative extent to which these constraints influence the comprehension of a range of spatial prepositions.
	www.tech.plym.ac.uk /soc/staff/angelo/epsrc/background.htm (467 words)

	Paul Vogt, - 2003 - Anchoring of semiotic symbols
		@article{vogt03anchoring, author={P. Vogt}, title={Anchoring of semiotic symbols}, journal={Robotics and Autonomous Systems}, year={2003}, volume={43}, number={2-3}, pages={109-120}, keywords={Anchoring problem; Symbol grounding problem; Physical grounding; Adaptive language games; Semiotics}, url={http://www.isrl.uiuc.edu/~amag/langev/paper/vogt03anchoring.html} }
		Keywords: Anchoring problem; Symbol grounding problem; Physical grounding; Adaptive language games; Semiotics
		Paul Vogt, - 2003 - Anchoring of semiotic symbols
	edfu.lis.uiuc.edu /~amag/langev/paper/vogt03anchoring.html (150 words)

	ECS - Stevan Harnad
		Harnad, S. Problems, Problems: The Frame Problem as a Symptom of the Symbol Grounding Problem.
		Harnad, S. Symbol Grounding is an Empirical Problem: Neural Nets are Just a Candidate Component.
		Harnad, S. Other bodies, Other minds: A machine incarnation of an old philosophical problem.
	www.ecs.soton.ac.uk /people/harnad (150 words)

	Cogprints - Subject: Perceptual Cognitive Psychology
		Cangelosi, Angelo and Greco, Alberto and Harnad, Stevan (2002) Symbol Grounding and the Symbolic Theft Hypothesis, in Cangelosi, A and Parisi, D, Eds.
		Symposium on Symbol Grounding: Problems and Practice, Stanford University.
		MacAskill, Michael R and Anderson, Tim J and Jones, Richard D (2000) Suppression of displacement in severely slowed saccades.
	cogprints.org /view/subjects/percep-cog-psy.html (150 words)

	Ground Practices
		As previously pointed out, the ground symbol, in many cases, has been taken as a generic symbol in electronic circuit diagrams to represent the current return path, even though no physical earth ground is used.
		This is why grounding, in many cases, is referred to as a " black magic art ".
		While it is beyond the scope of this note to go into great depth, we will mention some basic practices to avoid grounding problems in your circuits.
	www.seas.upenn.edu /ese/rca/instruments/misctutorials/Ground/grd.html (1385 words)

	D4 Rainbow pg.6
		No grounding means is provided on a double-insulated appliance, nor should a means for grounding be added to the appliance.
		The Symbol (square within a square) may also be marked on the appliance.
		1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
	www.zianet.com /alkone/Manuals/Rb_d4/rb_d4-pg06.htm (797 words)

	Publications Laboratory for Embodied Cognition - Arthur M. Glenberg, Principle Investigator, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
		Symbol grounding and meaning: A comparison of high-dimensional and embodied theories of meaning.
		In R. Zwaan and D. Pecher (Eds.) The grounding of cognition: The role of perception and action in memory, language, and thinking.
		Publications Laboratory for Embodied Cognition - Arthur M. Glenberg, Principle Investigator, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
	psych.wisc.edu /glenberg/GlenbergLab/Pubs.html (441 words)

	Phil Dawes’ Stuff
		Having been through this exercise on a small scale, my conclusion is this: If there is going to be a global semantic web of interconnected data, it will emerge from these principles (reuse of existing symbol-grounding, decentralized publishing, automatic serendipitious data merging) rather than through a carefully maintained web of precise identities and links.
		This is achieved by leveraging existing real-world semantic grounding in shared (and well known) terms, and then requiring that clients do their own work in using context to disambiguate terms.
		In practice, this after-the-fact link disambiguation turns out to be a much simpler problem (at my work at least).
	www.phildawes.net (5009 words)

	Heuristics for Projecting a Sensorimotor Mapping (ResearchIndex)
		9 Grounding symbols through sensorimotor integration - MacDorman - 1999
		7 Symbol grounding: Learning categorical and sensorimotor pred..
		This paper proposes heuristics for projecting a sensorimotor model --- to plan paths to potential affordances in a cluttered environment --- and evaluates them in simulation.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /238301.html (387 words)

	Publications List - Electrical: Power Quality
		Provides electricians, engineers, designers and facility managers with a thorough "grounding" in what power quality is. Identifies the problems associated with poor quality in today's commercial/industrial environments and recommends wiring and grounding techniques and practices that should be part of the design of new or renovated structures.
		If the document is available online, then it would be marked with this symbol
		Lists 13 recommended practices and procedures to help ensure power quality in all kinds of buildings.
	copper.org /resources/pub_list/power_quality.html (1163 words)

	Semiotics of Autonomous Information Systems
		Here issues arise concerning the use and interpretation of symbols ("symbol grounding"), representations, and/or internal models (whether explicit or implicit) by the system; and the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic relations among the sign tokens, their interpretations, and their use or function for the systems in question.
		In each of these cases, there are significant open questions concerning the sense of autonomy which is meant, or might be achievable; and whether there may or must be consideration of the semiotic properties of these systems, including the nature of symbol generation, manipulation, and interpretation.
		This is the case, for example, with biological systems, whose autonomy is enabled by their own genetic information as used in the context of their environments; and with control systems, where autonomy is enabled by the information in their engineered construction and use by human operators.
	www.c3.lanl.gov /~joslyn/ISAS98 (689 words)

	Policy Review, November-December, 1997 -- See Dick Flunk
		Its grounding in a distinct philosophy of language and harsh indictment of the "Dick and Jane" readers distinguished it from the look-say approach, yet in the most important respect whole language did not differ at all: It defied common sense and ignored piles of research by de-emphasizing skills and focusing almost solely on comprehension.
		Whole language instructs that phonics, if taught at all, should only be taught implicitly, allowing children to deduce the sound-symbol relationships through their engagement with text.
		Afterwards, the teacher gives her children a small book that lets them practice this new skill by including many words spelled with a "ch"—what educational researchers term "decodable text." Sure, it’s not Treasure Island, but the kids are learning to associate the sound with the symbol, enabling them to read "real" literature in the future.
	www.policyreview.org /nov97/flunk.html (5813 words)

	Stevan R. Harnad
		Harnad, S. (2002) Symbol Grounding and the Origin of Language.
		Cangelosi, A. Greco, A., and Harnad, S. (2000) From robotic toil to symbolic theft: Grounding transfer from entry-level to higher-level categories.
		Harnad, S. Steklis, H., and Lancaster, J. Origins and Evolution of Language and Speech.
	edfu.lis.uiuc.edu /~amag/langev/author/sharnad.html (193 words)

	Randy Lee Eickhoff, The Raid: A Dramatic Retelling of Ireland's Epic Tale
		To fully understand the reasoning for going to war over a bull, it must be remembered that in this society, cattle were a symbol of wealth and power, and the bull was seen as a symbol of virility.
		I found that the introduction provides a good grounding for the story in general, and is helpful for less-informed readers.
		Eickhoff's The Raid is a retelling of the Tain Bo Cuailnge, also known as The Cattle Raid of Cooley, an epic tale of the Ulster Cycle.
	www.greenmanreview.com /raid.html (193 words)

	Harnad, Stevan (1993) Problems, Problems: the Frame Problem as a Symptom of the Symbol Grounding Problem, Psycoloquy: 4,#34 Frame Problem (11)
		Problems, Problems: the Frame Problem as a Symptom of the Symbol Grounding Problem
		This is what Harnad (1990) calls the `symbol grounding problem'" (Hayes and Ford 1993: 4.2).
		I think the reason the frame problem keeps rearing its head is because there is something intrinsically wrong with an ungrounded symbolic approach to modeling the mind (if not to building useful tools for systems with minds).
	psycprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk /archive/00000328 (1735 words)

	The Frame Problem
		The frame problem and the related problem of symbol grounding are a manifest demonstration of the symbolic failure.
		If (1) it is possible to understand "the" frame problem and (2) I at least understood what some others say about it, then (3) there are two frame problems.
		Cartoon-movie makers are happy with computer aided graphics, for it solves their problem of the moving duckling and the fixed background.
	users.skynet.be /bs661306/peter/doc/hpv00r03-480.htm (1082 words)

	[Inquiry] Re: Effective Logical Formalism -- Literature Notes
		It does remind me a bit though of the literature that I've read coming from the "symbol grounding" crowd.
		Literature Note 7 o~~~~~~~~~o~~~~~~~~~o~~~~~~~~~o~~~~~~~~~o~~~~~~~~~o JA: Jon Awbrey MA: Murray Altheim JA: Under "B", it is time to pin the tines of the forked tongue down to the ceratin wax of the linguistic dissecting tray, and to label their prevaricated duplicities with more certain discernments than heretofore.
		The chief idea is that we are talking about formal relations, but their forms can engender formidable forces all their own.
	stderr.org /pipermail/inquiry/2003-October/000916.html (1082 words)

	Psychoanalytic Theory and Criticism: 1. Traditional Freudian Criticism
		Sharpe's literalism opens her to charges that she writes the worst sort of psychoanalytic criticism, as when she writes of "child Lear" howling in rage at his mother's pregnancy, or the King's retinue of knights as a symbol for feces, or the Bard himself as an angry, defecating infant (246).
		His vast mythological and literary research was in the service of grounding the Oedipus complex for psychoanalysis--although he eventually unsettled this ground with his ideas about birth trauma and pre-Oedipal separation anxiety.
		Jones connected symbols with primitive sensorial residues of "primary process" mentation anchored in repressed, unconscious representations of the body, sexual life, family relations, and death: a reservoir of images common to human development and liable to regressive attention during periods of stress, dreaming, or creative activity.
	www.press.jhu.edu /books/hopkins_guide_to_literary_theory/psychoanalytic_theory_and_criticism-_1.html (1846 words)

	Cognitive Systems: Towards an Integration of Symbolic and Sensor-Motor Intelligence?
		Over the last twenty years, in the field of Cognitive Science, there has been a real scission between the symbolic paradigm, on the one side, and the heterogeneous army of its enemies: neural nets and connectionism, embodied and situated intelligence, symbol grounding, dynamic and evolutionary approaches, distributed cognition, on the other.
		As yet, we have no complete, mature or fully integrated architecture or model; we continue to have several 'isolated components'; exploration for new models is enthusiastic but sometime a bit naive; there is a strong, useful, but premature desire to model technologies for interesting applications.
		The European Commission has identified Cognitive Systems as one of the priorities for the new generation of research projects to be developed from 2003 to 2008 (http://www.cordis.lu/ ist/workprogramme/fp6_workprogramme.htm).
	www.ercim.org /publication/Ercim_News/enw53/intro.html (663 words)

	ArtandCulture Artist: Hieronymus Bosch
		Bosch freely reinterpreted secular and religious motifs with unbridled creativity, not so much exploring the world of the subconscious, but rather reveling in every thematic variation, allusion, and symbol available to him -- causing him to be labeled a heretic by later generations.
		Any understanding of Bosch requires grounding oneself in his world: Europe at the end of the fifteenth century was a complex web of superstitions, heresies, mystic pronouncements, itinerant preachers, and religious brotherhoods.
		Employing the metaphor of the garden, Bosch populates the picture with exquisitely rendered images of cavorting, naked women, nude men astride fantastic, mutant animals, winged figures transporting succulent red fruit, and lots of touching, stroking, kissing, and fondling.
	www.artandculture.com /cgi-bin/WebObjects/ACLive.woa/wa/artist?id=907 (595 words)

	Logic Gates - Basic Electronic Tutorials
		Unfortunately, a simple NPN transistor structure is inadequate to simulate the three PN junctions necessary in this diode network, so a different transistor (and symbol) is needed.
		In the single-input (inverter) circuit, grounding the input resulted in an output that assumed the "high" (1) state.
		In this circuit, the transistor is in a state of saturation by virtue of the applied input voltage (5 volts) through the two-position switch.
	www.opamp-electronics.com /tutorials/digital_theory_ch_003.htm (595 words)

	Thesis Bibliography
		Symbol Grounding and Meaning: A Comparison of High-Dimensional and Embodied Theories of Meaning
		I am trying to work up a presentation and/or abstract for my thesis ideas now that I have reached a first step sort of plateau with my thesis coding.
		This is exciting based on thoughts from my thesis.
	www.mit.edu /~slarson/bibliography.html (595 words)

	Embodied Cognition [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Although this research program is still prevalent, a number of problems have been raised about its viability, including the symbol-grounding problem (Searle 1980, Harnad 1990), the frame problem, the common-sense problem (Horgan and Tienson 1989), and the rule-described/expertise problem (Dreyfus 1992).
		The contemporary notion of embodied cognition stands in contrast to the prevailing cognitivist stance which sees the mind as a device to manipulate symbols and is thus concerned with the formal rules and processes by which the symbols appropriately represent the world (xx).
		Embodied cognition theorists view cognitivist/classicist accounts as problematic for many reasons, but they are especially concerned that these accounts result in an isolationist assumption that attempts to understand cognition by focusing almost exclusively on an organism's internal cognitive processes.
	www.iep.utm.edu /e/embodcog.htm (6572 words)

	Physics: The Last Questions
		The Symbol Grounding Problem is a paper by Stevan Harnad presenting one of the most profound (and darkest) areas of human reasoning -- the relationship of mind to object.
		measurement problem (FAQ by Paul Budnik) where it seems that the presence of consciousness effects the outcome of a measurement.
		Werner A. Hofer presents an authoritative description of the core problems and the seeming paradoxes buried in the axioms of quantum mechanics.
	www.martinelli.org /tlq.htm (912 words)

	FlyerTalk Forums - UBS chief Marcel Ospel apologises over Swissair affair
		But Marcel Ospel, chairman of UBS, Switzerland's biggest bank, swallowed his pride and went on Switzerland's national TV on Friday night and apologised for his bank's part in the handling of the crisis that led to last week's humiliating grounding of Swissair, Switzerland's national airline.
		Mr Ospel, Alberto Togni, a UBS vice-chairman, and Jurg Haller, Swissair's main UBS contact, gave Mr Corti the grim conclusion shortly after he arrived from Nestle to rescue Switzerland's proudest corporate symbol.
		Mr Ospel has admitted that his decision to fly to New York immediately after Swissair announced plans to file for bankruptcy had been a mistake.
	www.flyertalk.com /forum/archive/index.php/t-81815 (912 words)

	2001-4
		She shows how, in postcolonial Canada, the nation is sexualized around female reproduction and fur, which is both a crucial factor in economic development, and a powerful symbol through which the nation itself is conceived and commodified.
		Noted contributors approach a variety of media with a solid grounding in the history of each, and an eye for which may be vulnerable and which may thrive in the new technological age.
		She looks at the often unspoken assumptions about class, nation, ethnicity, race, and sexual orientation that underscored both media images (like those of 1960s space missions) and social policies of the mass-produced suburb.
	www.library.uiuc.edu /cmx/books/2001-4/2001-4.htm (912 words)

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In the News (Fri 1 Jan 10)