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Topic: Symmetry in physics

	Symmetry - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Symmetry is a characteristic of geometrical shapes, equations, and other objects; we say that such an object is symmetric with respect to a given operation if this operation, when applied to the object, does not appear to change it.
		Symmetry is used in the design of the overall floor plan of buildings as well as the design of individual building elements such as doors, windows, floors, frieze work, and ornamentation; many facades adhere to bilateral symmetry.
		Symmetry is also an important consideration in the formation of scales and chords, traditional or tonal music being made up of non-symmetrical groups of pitches, such as the diatonic scale or the major chord.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Symmetry (2806 words)

	Symmetry in physics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A global symmetry is one that holds at all points of spacetime, whereas a local symmetry is one that only holds on a certain subset of the whole spacetime.
		Symmetries of a physical system are intimately related to conservation laws for that system.
		Also, the reduction by symmetry of the energy functional under the action by a group and spontaneous symmetry breaking of transformations of symmetric groups appear to elucidate topics in particle physics (for example, the unification of electromagnetism and the weak force and cosmology).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Symmetry_in_physics (1490 words)

	AllRefer.com - symmetry (Physics) - Encyclopedia
		symmetry, generally speaking, a balance or correspondence between various parts of an object; the term symmetry is used both in the arts and in the sciences.
		In general, a symmetry operation on a figure is defined with respect to a given point (center of symmetry), line (axis of symmetry), or plane (plane of symmetry).
		In biology, symmetry is studied in the correspondences between different parts of a given organism, as between the left and right halves of the human body or between the various segments of a starfish (see symmetry, biological).
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/symmetry.html (428 words)

	Symmetry and Symmetry Breaking
		The extension of the concept of continuous symmetry from “global” symmetries (such as the Galilean group of spacetime transformations) to “local” symmetries is one of the important developments in the concept of symmetry in physics that took place in the twentieth century.
		In contemporary physics, the best example of this role of symmetry is the classification of elementary particles by means of the irreducible representations of the fundamental physical symmetry groups, a result first obtained by Wigner in his famous paper of 1939 on the unitary representations of the inhomogeneous Lorentz group.
		Symmetries may be used to explain (i) the form of the laws, and (ii) the occurrence (or non-occurrence) of certain events (this latter in a manner analogous to the way in which the laws explain why certain events occur and not others).
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/symmetry-breaking (9818 words)

	Symmetry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Symmetry, in physics, the concept that particles such as atoms and molecules remain unchanged in properties by symmetry "operations." From the earliest days of natural philosophy (Pythagoras in the 6th century BC), symmetry has furnished insight into the laws of physics and the nature of the cosmos.
		The application of symmetry to physics leads to the important conclusion that certain physical laws, particularly conservation laws, are unaffected by symmetry operations on the geometric coordinates of the particles concerned, including time, when it is considered as a fourth dimension; i.e., the laws remain valid at all places and times in the Universe.
		In particle physics, considerations of symmetry can be used to derive conservation laws and to determine which particle interactions can take place and which cannot (the latter are said to be forbidden).
	abyss.uoregon.edu /~js/glossary/symmetry.html (257 words)

	Wikinfo \| Symmetry
		The most familiar and conventionally taught type of symmetry is the left-right or mirror image symmetry exhibited for instance by the letter T: when this letter is reflected along a vertical axis, it appears the same.
		For a geometrical object, this is known as its symmetry group; for an algebraic object, one uses the term automorphism group.
		Symmetry has been used as a formal constraint by many composers, such as the arch form (ABCBA) used by Steve Reich, Bela Bartok, and James Tenney (or swell).
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Symmetry (1202 words)

	symmetry - September 2005 - signal to background
		A theater play about a young physics genius; an unexpected dose of excitement on the Fourth of July; a tree made of historic computer parts; retiring a car at half a million miles; day care without a spilled-milk accident; data on where particle physicists study; letters.
		As today's physics is transformed to include string theory, extra dimensions, dark energy, and other topics once relegated to the field of science fiction, the only thing missing is the young prodigy ready to overturn our ideas of space and time.
		Symmetry presents a chance for the curious to hear about the mysteries of our universe (and all the bewildering theories that might explain them) outside of a classroom.
	www.symmetrymag.org /cms?pid=1000170 (1670 words)

	Physics > Symmetry
		Symmetry occurs in geometry, mathematics, physics, biology, art, literature (palindromes), etc.
		Symmetry therefore, is a matter of similarity instead of sameness.
		The generalisation of symmetry in physics to mean invariance under any kind of transformation has become one of the most powerful tools of theoretical physics.
	www.physics.teleactivities.net /concepts/energy/symmetry.htm (323 words)

	Physics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The primary areas of experimental and theoretical research in the Department of Physics are experimental biophysics, physical biology, high-energy particle physics, atomic and molecular physics, the physics of solids and fluids, astrophysics, computational physics, aspects of nuclear physics, statistical mechanics, quantum optics, mathematical physics, quantum field theory, string theory, and relativity.
		The physics department and its collaborators are leaders in a broad spectrum of physics research, utilizing facilities and technologies that are continually being modified and improved with changing research interests and techniques.
		He has contributed to the theories of strong-interaction symmetries, of spontaneous symmetry breakdown, of duality in two-dimensional field theories, of solitons and instantons, of the cosmological constant, and of quantum effects in fl-hole dynamics.
	www.gsas.harvard.edu /programs/degree/physics.html (7469 words)

	Philosophy of Physics Encyclopedia Article @ NaturalResearch.org (Natural Research) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Philosophy of physics is the study of the fundamental, philosophical questions underlying modern physics, the study of matter and energy and how they interact.
		Perhaps the main questions concern the nature of space and time, atoms and atomism, cosmology, the interpretation of the results of quantum mechanics, the foundations of statistical mechanics, causality, determinism, and the nature of physical laws.
		Today, the philosophy of physics is very close to and the most active subtopic within philosophy of science.
	www.naturalresearch.org /encyclopedia/Philosophy_of_physics (709 words)

	Stanford Encyclopedia article
		Such inequivalent representations can be generated by spontaneous symmetry breaking (see the entry on symmetry and symmetry breaking), occuring when the ground state (or the vacuum state) of a system is not invariant under the full group of transformations providing the conservation laws for the system.
		On the physical side, the epistemic/ontic distinction refers to the distinction between a “local realism” of empirical facts obtained from classical measuring instruments and a “holistic realism” of entangled systems (Atmanspacher and Primas, 2003).
		These two concepts of time emerge due to a symmetry breaking of a timeless level of reality that is psychophysically neutral.[15] Nowness and the directedness of time originate in the mental domain, whose tensed time is quantum-correlated with the parameter time of physics via time-entanglement.
	www.quantumconsciousness.org /StanfordEncyclopediaarticle.htm (8846 words)

	On a Classical Aspect of the Term "Symmetry"
		This is the clear indication that the linear momentum conservation is not a consequence of the symmetry.
		The whole operation physically means that we are not changing a physical object, which was described originally in the coordinate system K, -- we are changing the coordinate system and giving a new description to the very same physical object.
		We take the physical properties (that are described by scalars, vectors and tensors) from point P1 and transfer them to point P. Along with that we keep the physical properties that were originally in point P safe.
	www.wbabin.net /yuri/keilman7.htm (2324 words)

	LiveScience.com - Symmetry in Nature: Fundamental Fact or Human Bias? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Symmetry is also prevalent in the physical sciences and is woven into the very laws that govern our universe.
		Symmetry is so integral to the way the universe works that Albert Einstein used it as a guiding principle when he devised his General Theory of Relativity.
		Under this symmetry, physical laws act the same regardless of whether an object is accelerating or at rest.
	www.livescience.com /othernews/051221_symmetry_nature.html (1387 words)

	6. Symmetry and Physics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		When you consider plane tessellations where a single motif fills the whole plane, you must separate the local pattern that you find in the tile and that can be anything, from the global pattern created from the tiling.
		Otherwise you can see the symmetry as some global pattern in some "strange" space:for example the elliptical orbit of planets moving around the Sun.
		Conservation laws manifest the presence of symmetry in physical phenomena.
	zito.web.cern.ch /zito/aleph/symmetry/node06.html (109 words)

	Symmetry in Physics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Since symmetry is central to modern geometry which is central modern physics, this role is central to modern physics.
		It is central in the description of the structure of physics at the scale of the Universe, at the scale of atom, as well as at the scale of solid-state physics.
		For a more in depth description of the role played by symmetry in physics you may refer to my sources which are: Weyl (1952), Wigner (1967), Rosen (1983), Ludwig and Falter (1988), Penrose (1989), and Stewart and Golubitsky (1992).
	www.ensc.sfu.ca /people/grad/brassard/personal/THESIS/node172.html (145 words)

	McGraw-Hill AccessScience: Symmetry laws (physics) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		he physical laws which are expressions of symmetries.
		The term symmetry, as it is used in mathematics and the exact sciences, refers to a special property of bodies or of physical laws, namely that they are left unchanged by transformations which, in general, might have changed them.
		Symmetry can be very powerful in constraining form.
	www.accessscience.com /Encyclopedia/6/67/Est_673600_frameset.html (162 words)

	Citebase - Is There An Ultimate Symmetry in Physics?
		History shows that we became aware of more and more symmetry in Nature as time went by, and that many important discoveries were spear headed by the discovery of a new symmetry.
		Local symmetries as we know them in the Standard Model and in Einstein's gravity are symmetry for the spin-1 gauge fields and the spin-2 gravitational fields.
		Physics requires three fundamental constants, to tie down the three independent units we are measuring everything with.
	citebase.eprints.org /cgi-bin/citations?id=oai:arXiv.org:hep-ph/0211230 (2323 words)

	The Hole Argument
		Worse, the physical theory of relativistic cosmology is unable to pick between the two cases.
		He urges that the physical content of a theory is exhausted by the catalog of the spacetime coincidences it licenses.
		The decision as to whether a transformation is a gauge transformation cannot merely be decided by the mathematics; it is a physical issue that must be settled by physical considerations.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/spacetime-holearg (5340 words)

	Physics News Update
		A recurrent theme in art and science, the concept of symmetry has become a powerful scientific tool for the analysis of physical systems.
		In physics, symmetry means that a system, such as the molecule-electron arrangement, behaves the same after you perform a change to it, such as stretching the molecule to larger scales and making appropriate adjustments to other variables in the system.
		While all other known quantum anomalies occur at high energies (an example is chiral symmetry in nuclear physics), the work suggests that quantum symmetry breaking can occur at much lower energies, in the domain of interacting electrons and molecules.
	www.aip.org /enews/physnews/2001/split/568-3.html (382 words)

	The Nature of Physical Knowledge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The modern conception of what a theory of physics is has emerged in the the 19th century with the development of modern geometry.
		This modern conception of physics is both a Platonic, mathematical and objective conception of reality (Penrose 1989), and a Protagorian, pragmatic and subjective conception of reality.
		Compare with Newtonian physics, there is a gain in simplicity and symmetry in the General Relativity description.
	www.ensc.sfu.ca /people/grad/brassard/personal/THESIS/node173.html (357 words)

	Symmetries in Physics - Cambridge University Press
		The contributors cover all the fundamental symmetries of modern physics, such as CPT and permutation symmetry, as well as discussing symmetry-breaking and general interpretational issues.
		Suitable for courses on the foundations of physics, philosophy of physics and philosophy of science, the volume is a valuable reference for students and researchers.
		Symmetry as a guide to superfluous theoretical structure J. Ismael and B. van Fraassen; 24.
	www.cambridge.org /us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521821371 (394 words)

	Symmetry and the Beautiful Universe
		It was unknown to me, she and her theorem connecting symmetry and conservation law in physics created foundation for gauge invariance theory.
		If you've heard about symmetry and the beauty of physics and wondered what it was all about, this may well be the book for you.
		Suppose that instead of a circle, the graph is of a formula which represents some physical phenomenon, with one axis representing time and the other standing for space; if the formula is still valid in the overlay, that, too, is a symmetry.
	www.iyares.com /amazon/details.aspx?id=1591022428 (1589 words)

	Symmetry In Physics: Is It An Endangered Species?
		High energy physics is often in search of kinship properties.
		Another symmetry or kinship thought to have broken down over the course of time is the supposed kinship between fermions (particles with a half-integer value of spin -- examples being quarks and electrons) and bosons (particles with integer spin values, such as the force-carrying particles -- the photon, gluon, and Z boson).
		The LSP belongs not just to particle physics; in some theories, it accounts for the bulk of cold dark matter in the universe.
	unisci.com /stories/20021/0125021.htm (420 words)

	CSUCI > The Role of Symmetry in Physics and in Nature: Thu., Nov. 17, 3:30 p.m.
		CSUCI > The Role of Symmetry in Physics and in Nature: Thu., Nov. 17, 3:30 p.m.
		The Role of Symmetry in Physics and in Nature: Thu., Nov. 17, 3:30 p.m.
		Zee will speak about symmetry and the search for order and beauty in our fundamental understanding of nature.
	www.csuci.edu /students/announcements/physics_lecture.htm (305 words)

	Symmetry and Particle Physics (M24) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The role of Lie groups in understanding spacetime symmetry is examined.
		The application of Lie groups to abelian and non-abelian gauge symmetry is presented.
		Local symmetry requires gauge fields, and local gauge theories are now the basis for particle physics.
	www.maths.cam.ac.uk /CASM/courses/descriptions/node67.html (333 words)

	Timeline
		A Timeline of Symmetry in Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics
		He thus creates Special Relativity as a physical theory and an alternative to the Newtonian theory.
		This includes the isospin symmetry in a larger symmetry group which also acts on the strangeness quantum number.
	mathphys.physics.kth.se /SYM/sym_history.html (1349 words)

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