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Topic: Symon Petliura

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	Petliura, Symon
		UNR army under Petliura's command and its Polish military ally mounted an offensive against the Bolshevik occupation in Ukraine.
		Petliura's broad outlook was particularly evident in his definition of the tasks of Ukrainian émigrés and their role in the struggle for Ukrainian statehood.
		Soviet authorities also made Petliura a symbol of Ukrainian efforts at independence, although in their rendition he was a traitor to the Ukrainian people, and his followers (Petliurites) were unprincipled opportunists.
	www.encyclopediaofukraine.com /pages/P/E/PetliuraSymon.htm (950 words)

	Sholom Schwartzbard. Who is Sholom Schwartzbard? What is Sholom Schwartzbard? Where is Sholom Schwartzbard? Definition ...
		In 1917, while travelling to Odessa to join the Red Guard, he reported was told of Petliura's responsibility for pogroms in the Ukraine, which was a widely held belief among Jews.
		Over the years intrepid Ukrainian scholars have come to the defense of Symon Petliura, arguing that he was the victim of pestilential slander.
		In his article he reiterated two significant points: 1) Petliura was a humanist who tried to protect the Jews; 2) the various invasions of Ukraine, but especially the Bolshevik onslaught, created the kind of anarchy among the masses that made it impossible for Petliura to govern.
	www.knowledgerush.com /kr/encyclopedia/Sholom_Schwartzbard (716 words)

	FACES AND PLACES: Symon Petliura: Pogromchik or Philosemite? (12/12/99)
		In the annals of Jewish martyrology, the name Symon Petliura, leader of Ukraine during the waning days of the first republic, ranks up there with Haman, Himmler, and Hitler as a killer of Jews.
		Otaman Petliura was guilty of crimes against humanity, according to Dr. Friedman's commentary.
		Petliura was a mass murderer, and Schwartzbard acted "as an instrument of humanity's conscience."
	www.ukrweekly.com /Archive/1999/509914.shtml (818 words)

	Symon Petliura biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Symon Petliura (Симон Петлюра; in English: Simon, Semen, Semyen Petliura or Petlura) (May 10, 1879 - May 25, 1926) was a Ukrainian politician.
		In 1920 Polish forces, supplemented by Petliura's remaining troops, attacked Kyiv, which was a turning point in the Polish-Bolshevik war (1919-1920).
		In 1923, with the Soviet Union increasingly pressuring the Polish government to hand over Petliura, he fled first to Budapest, then Vienna and Geneva, and eventually settled in Paris towards the end of 1924.
	symon-petliura.biography.ms (436 words)

	The Odyssey of the Petliura Library and the Records of the Ukrainian National Republic during World War II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The present attempt to portray the odyssey of the Petliura Library in mat context reflects the broader political and ideological clashes of the war and postwar period that have left the remnants of this small but important center of Ukrainian political and cultural life dispersed in the capitals of four nations-Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, and France.
		Petliura´s hitherto unknown assassin, Samuel (or Sholem) Schwarzbard (Shvartsbard) (1886-1938) was a Jewish emigre from the Russian Empire with anarchist leanings, who had first came to France in 1910.
		The still unresolved interpretations of Petliura´s assassination and the acquittal of his assassin are reflected in the historiographical interpretations of the period and appraisals of his political career and the briefly independent regime he led.
	www.leibbrandt.com /LEIBBRANDT_Archive/Dr_Georg_Leibbrandt/The%20Odyssey%20of%20the%20Petliura%20Library%20and%20the%20Records%20of%20the%20Ukrainian%20National%20Republic%20during%20World%20War%20II.htm (11005 words)

	The Postwar Fate of the Petliura Library and the Records of the Ukrainian National Republic
		The 1996 commemoration in Kyiv of the 70th anniversary of Symon Petliura´s death marked a dramatic break with the Soviet characterization of him as a dangerous bourgeois nationalist, antisemite, and anti-popular dictator.
		In Soviet Ukraine, Petliura officially remained anathema, and "Petliurite" became synonymous with "enemy of the people." Against this backdrop, the 1996 commemoration was remarkable: Petliura had finally been rehabilitated, and his aspirations for an independent Ukraine, for which he had sacrificed his life, were now recognized in his homeland.
		The Petliura Library fond in GA RF is not arranged in an orderly manner, and its contents are similar to the parallel fond in RGVA.
	www.archives.gov.ua /Eng/National_Republic.php (18923 words)

	SIMON PETLIURA
		Following his former ally Gen. Pilsudski's seizure of power in Poland on May 12, 1926, Petliura was warned by fellow members of the UNR government-in-exile and senior Ukrainian military officers that his life was in danger, but he ignored their advice and did not go into hiding.
		Petliura was taken to the Hopital de la Charité on rue Jacob, where he died about 20 minutes later, at the age of 47.
		On May 30, 1926, Symon Petliura was buried in the Montparnasse cemetery.
	www.berdichev.org /smon_petliura.htm (818 words)

	Symon Petliura Info - Bored Net - Boredom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Symon Petliura (in English sources called also Simon, Semen, Semyen Petliura or Petlura) 1897-1926.
		In March 1920 as a head of Ukrainian Peoples Republic he signed alliance in Lublin with Polish government recognising Polish right to Lviv and Galicia.
		In 1920 Polish forces supplemented by remaining forces of Petliura took offensive on Kiev, which was turning point in Polish-Soviet war (1919-1920).
	www.borednet.com /e/n/encyclopedia/s/sy/symon_petliura.html (214 words)

	Directory of the Ukrainian National Republic
		Shvets would go abroad on state business and that in their absence ‘the supreme authority in the affairs of the Republic [is] invested in the head of the Directory and the Supreme
		Petliura, who in the name of the Directory will confirm all laws and decrees adopted by the Council of National Ministers.’ On 21 May 1920 the government of the republic issued an order (confirmed by Petliura) recalling the two members of the Directory—Makarenko and Shvets.
		After Petliura's death on 25 May 1926 supreme power was assumed in accordance with this
	www.encyclopediaofukraine.com /pages/D/I/DirectoryoftheUkrainianNationalRepublic.htm (616 words)

	Symon Petliura Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		To Ukrainians, Symon Petliura was a great General, but to Jews, he's the man who slaughtered 60,000 Jews in 1919.
		Petliura's own personal convictions render such responsibility highly unlikely, and all the documentary evidence indicates that he consistently made efforts to stem pogrom activity by UNR troops.
		The Russian and Soviet authorities also made Petliura a symbol of Ukrainian efforts at independence, although in their rendition he was a traitor to the Ukrainian people, and his followers (Petliurites) were unprincipled opportunists.
	ukar.org /petliu00.html (1753 words)

	:: Petliura's grave defiled in Paris :: Ukrayinska Pravda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The grave of Symon Petliura, one of the leaders of the Ukrainian nationalist revolution of 1917-1920, has been defiled in Paris.
		Swastikas were drawn on the gravestone, which was damaged in several places, according to the Ukrainian service of Radio Liberty.
		Petliura, who had immigrated to Paris in 1924, was killed in May 1926 by Samuel Schwartzbart in revenge for alleged Jewish pogroms in Ukraine.
	www2.pravda.com.ua /en/archive/2003/december/3/news/7.shtml (95 words)

	Articles - Symon Petliura (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		At the end of 1919, Petliura withdrew to Poland, which recognized him as the legal government of Ukraine.
		In 1920, Polish forces, reinforced by Petliura's remaining troops (some 2 divisions), attacked Kyiv in a turning point of the Polish-Bolshevik war (1919-1921).
		Petliura directed the Ukrainian government-in-exile from TarnÃ³w and, later, Warsaw.
	www.foodiechocolate.com /articles/Simon_Petlyura?mySession=235bf71dd67aaf3a05b90308392ea346 (630 words)

	Symon Petliura (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Symon Petliura (; en inglés: Simon, semen, Semyen Petliura o Petlura) (de mayo el 10 de 1879 - de mayo el 25, 1926) era político ucraniano.
		En 1920 fuerzas polacas, suplementadas por las tropas restantes de Petliura, Kyiv atacado, que era un momento crucial en la guerra del Pulir-polish-bolshevik (1919-1920).
		En 1923, con la Soviet-unio'n ejerciendo presión sobre cada vez más el gobierno polaco para entregar Petliura, él huyó primero a Budapest, después a Viena y a Ginebra, y colocó eventual, en París hacia finales de 1924.
	www.yotor.net /wiki/es/sy/Symon%20Petliura.htm (520 words)

	A Makhnovist in Africa: Shalom Schwartzbard - Southern Africa History of anarchism - Anarkismo
		Some historians claim that Schwartzbard was rather a member of the Red Army, which may either be the usual communist tactic of claiming key activists as their own, or may in fact have been partially true, because many Red Army members deserted to the RIAU which boasted equality among its guerrillas.
		In 1919, 14 members of Schwartzbard’s family were slaughtered in an anti-Jewish pogrom allegedly initiated by Symon Petliura, chairman of the bourgeois Ukrainian National Republic between 1918 and 1920 - one of the Makhnovists’ primary enemies.
		On 26 May 1926, Schwartzbard assassinated Petliura in broad daylight as he was walking in the street, proclaiming loudly as he fired his fatal shots that he was avenging the pogroms.
	www.anarkismo.net /newswire.php?story_id=1105 (1207 words)

	Lviv city officials look to rebury Bandera, Petliura and Konovalets in Ukraine (08/04/02)
		Bandera, who was assassinated by a Soviet KGB agent in 1959 in Munich, where he was living in self-imposed exile, is buried there.
		Konovalets lies in a Rotterdam cemetery, the Dutch city where he was gunned down in 1938, also by a Soviet agent, while Petliura is buried in Paris, where he was assassinated in 1924.
		Now, it is possible to form an instrument for its implementation, to develop the national willingness to undertake the step, receive the consent of relatives, create the civic committee, work with archives and take care of the legal formalities," added Mr.
	www.ukrweekly.com /Archive/2002/310202.shtml (933 words)

	SYMON (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Search the SYMON Family Message Boards at Ancestry.com (if available).
		Search the SYMON Family Resource Center at RootsWeb.com (if available).
		Find graves of people named SYMON at Find-a-Grave.com (or add one that you know).
	www.worldhistory.com /surname/US/S/SYMON.htm (73 words)

	CIUS Press: The Ukrainian-Polish Defensive Alliance 1919-1921 by Michael Palij
		He presents the biographies of two national leaders—Symon Petliura of the Ukrainian People's Republic's and Józef Pilsudski—before focusing on those countries' military conflicts, diplomatic relations, and subsequent alliance against their common enemy, Soviet Russia.
		After providing a thorough discussion of the Treaty of Warsaw and the resulting anti-Bolshevik military alliance between Petliura and Pilsudski, the author proceeds to a detailed examination of the joint Ukrainian-Polish military offensive against Soviet Russia, the causes of its failure, and the subsequent Soviet offensive in Poland and its defeat.
		The study concludes with a description of the last phase of the Ukrainian military struggle for independence from Russia, Ukrainian émigré efforts to continue the struggle in the international diplomatic arena, Petliura's assassination by Samuel (Shalom) Schwartzbard in Paris, and the trial and acquittal of his assailant.
	www.utoronto.ca /cius/publications/books/ukrainianpolishdefensivealliance.htm (555 words)

	Guide to the Papers of Shalom Schwarzbard (1886-1938),1891-1958 (bulk 1920-1937)RG 85
		A Ukrainian nationalist and journalist, Symon Petliura, became Minister of War (holovny ataman) in the Ukrainian Central Rada, and later President of the Directorate.
		While Shalom Schwarzbard was called a Jewish national hero and appeals were made to Jews all over the world to contribute financially to his defense, Symon Petliura suddenly became a martyr of the Ukrainian émigré community and his death unified the hitherto divided Ukrainian exiles.
		When Shalom Schwarzbard killed Symon Petliura in 1926, Elias Tcherikower became the secretary for the Shalom Schwarzbard Defence Committee and together with his wife Rebecca Tcherikower gathered further materials vital for Shalom Schwarzbard's defense.
	www.cjh.org /academic/findingaids/yivo/ncprc/ShalomSchwarzbard.html (2517 words)

	Symon Petliura Jewish delegation 18-Jul-1919 Provocation of reactionaries and imperialists (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Symon Petliura Jewish delegation 18-Jul-1919 Provocation of reactionaries and imperialists
		On July 17 of this year the Commander-in-Chief Petlura received a delegation of Jewish citizens at the Office of the Directorate in Kamenets-Podolsk.
		Petlura pledged himself to apply the severest measures in suppressing the crimes of the anti-Jewish agitators, and asked the delegation in particular to exert their influence also upon the Jewish population behind the battlefront that they should support the Ukrainian Army in its struggle against the Bolshevists.
	www.ukar.org /petliu06.html (256 words)

	H-Net Review: Joshua Rubenstein on A Prayer for the Government: Ukrainians and Jews in ...
		Even the most prominent Ukrainian of that time, Symon Petliura, who became head of the independent government (called the Directory) and commander of the army in early 1919, has long been the center of controversy over his own role in the pogroms.
		Schwartzbard, moreover, was acquitted of the crime after his attorney turned the trial into a full-scale indictment of Petliura and his complicity in the violence.
		After a close review of the documentary record, Abramson rejects the accusation that Petliura was the architect of the pogroms or that he initiated the infamous attacks in Proskurov (where 1,500 Jews were slaughtered) by his subordinate Semesenko in 1919, an incident that rumor and accusation have long linked to Petliura.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=2507944868771 (1362 words)

	History and Information on Ukraine - Section 12 - (UPA) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		After the fall of Czarist Russia in 1917, an independent Ukrainian State (The Ukrainian National Republic) was created and existed until 1921.
		Headed by Symon Petliura (the former commander-in-chief of the armed forces), it continued to function as a government-in-exile.
		In 1926, Petliura was assassinated by a Soviet agent in Paris.
	members.aol.com /UKIRAMR6/old/ukrupa.htm (1815 words)

	Turning the pages back... May 25, 1926 (05/19/96)
		After Symon Petliura's controversial (particularly among western Ukrainians) anti-Soviet alliance with Poland's Gen. Jósef Pilsudski failed to drive the Red Army from Ukraine in 1920, Petliura set up the UNR government-in-exile in Tarnów, later secretly moving to Warsaw.
		In 1923, as the USSR grew increasingly insistent that Petliura be handed over to them, he fled to Budapest, Vienna and Geneva, eventually settling, in late 1924, in Paris.
		Sources: "Petliura, Symon," "Schwartzbard Trial," "Pogroms," Encyclopedia of Ukraine, Vol.
	www.ukrweekly.com /Archive/1996/209613.shtml (630 words)

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