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Topic: Sympathetic nerves

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	Sympathetic nervous system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The sympathetic nerves emerge near the spinal cord, inside the vertebral column, travelling along the path of the nerve roots.
		Axons (the largest "tentacle" of a nerve cell) leave the spinal cord and synapse (connect, with a space in between) to several major ganglion hubs which then distribute the nerves to various parts of the body.
		The first synapse (in the sympathetic chain) is mediated by nicotinic receptors physiologically activated by acetylcholine, and the target synapse is mediated by adrenergic receptors physiologically activated by either norepinephrine or epinephrine.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system (599 words)

	Autonomic nervous system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Sympathetic Afferent Fibers of the Glossopharyngeal Nerve are supposed to arise either in the dorsal nucleus (nucleus ala cinerea) or in a distinct nucleus, the inferior salivatory nucleus, situated near the dorsal nucleus.
		Sympathetic Afferent Fibers, whose cells of origin lie in the superior or inferior ganglion of the trunk, are supposed to terminate in the dorsal nucleus.
		Sympathetic Afferent Fibers of the Vagus, whose cells of origin lie in the jugular ganglion or the ganglion nodosum, probably terminate in the dorsal nucleus of the medulla oblongata or according to some authors in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system (3139 words)

	IX. Neurology. 7. The Sympathetic Nerves. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Postganglionic fibers, vasodilator and secretory fibers, are distributed to the parotid gland, to the mucous membrane and its glands on the tongue, the floor of the mouth, and the lower gums.
		The Sympathetic Efferent Fibers of the Vagus Nerve are supposed to arise in the dorsal nucleus (nucleus ala cinerea).
		The Thoracolumbar Sympathetics—The thoracolumbar sympathetic fibers arise from the dorso-lateral region of the anterior column of the gray matter of the spinal cord and pass with the anterior roots of all the thoracic and the upper two or three lumbar spinal nerves.
	www.bartleby.com /107/214.html (2333 words)

	Biochemical Diagnosis of Pheochromocytoma
		Increased release of catecholamines from sympathetic nerves or the adrenal gland secondary to exercise, mental stress, low blood pressure, low blood volume, low blood glucose or certain drugs are all conditions that may elevate plasma and urinary catecholamines and cause false positive test results.
		The metanephrines, in particular, are relatively poor markers of increased release of catecholamines from sympathetic nerves or the adrenal gland (33,41).
		In sympathetic activation, increases in plasma DHPG that parallel the increases in norepinephrine typically reflect a source of the elevated norepinephrine from sympathetic nerves rather than from a pheochromocytoma.
	www.angelfire.com /hi/Pheochromocytoma/biodiag.html (5491 words)

	Differential Cotransmission in Sympathetic Nerves: Role of Frequency of Stimulation and Prejunctional Autoreceptors -- ...
		Stjarne L and Astrand P (1985) Relative pre- and postjunctional roles of noradrenaline and adenosine 5'-triphosphate as neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nerves of guinea pig and mouse vas deferens.
		Todorov LD, Bjur RA and Westfall DP (1994) Temporal dissociation of the release of the sympathetic cotransmitters ATP and noradrenaline.
		Todorov LD, Mihaylova-Todorova ST, Craviso GL, Bjur RA and Westfall DP (1996) Evidence for the differential release of the cotransmitters ATP and noradrenaline from sympathetic nerves of the guinea-pig vas deferens.
	www.jpet.org /cgi/content/full/290/1/241 (4351 words)

	Nerve Blocks of Somatic and Sympathetic Nerves (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Nerve blocks cause the temporary interruption of conduction of impulses in peripheral nerves or nerve trunks by the injection of local anesthetic solutions.
		Nerve blocks may be used intraoperatively to prevent pain of the procedure, diagnostically to ascertain cause of pain, or therapeutically to relieve chronic pain.
		Nerve blocks are indicated in patients who are not adequately controlled by appropriate doses of medications or who are refractory to medical therapy.
	www.noridianmedicare.com /provider/pubs/med_b/policy/final/11state/B2004_14.html (2427 words)

	ATP as a Cotransmitter in Sympathetic Nerves and Its Inactivation by Releasable Enzymes -- Westfall et al. 303 (2): 439 ...
		Fedan JS, Hogaboom GK, O'Donnell JP, Colby J and Westfall DP (1981) Contribution of purines to the neurogenic response of the vas deferens of the guinea pig.
		Kirkpatrick KA and Burnstock G (1992) Evidence that the inhibition of ATP release from sympathetic nerves by adenosine is a physiological mechanism.
		Todorov LD, Bjur RA and Westfall DP (1994a) Temporal dissociation of the release of the sympathetic cotransmitters ATP and noradrenaline.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/303/2/439 (4616 words)

	Nitric oxide derived from sympathetic nerves regulates airway responsiveness to histamine in guinea pigs -- Matsumoto ...
		To elucidate the role of the vagus nerve and the sympathetic nerves in
		The sensory and sympathetic innervation of guinea-pig lung and trachea as studied by retrograde neuronal tracing and double-labeling immunohistochemistry.
		Role of the vagus nerves in anaphylaxis and histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea-pigs.
	www.jap.org /cgi/content/full/83/5/1432 (2265 words)

	Sympathetic nerves inhibit conducted vasodilatation along feed arteries during passive stretch of hamster skeletal ...
		Sympathetic nerves inhibit conducted vasodilatation along feed arteries during passive stretch of hamster skeletal muscle
		The third possibility is that sympathetic nerve activity is changing the resistive properties of the cells comprising the vessel wall, thereby enhancing the dissipation of hyperpolarization with distance along the vessel.
		This effect of muscle stretch was mimicked by perivascular nerve stimulation, noradrenaline, or phenylephrine and inhibited by antagonists of sympathetic neurotransmission.
	jp.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/552/1/273 (5217 words)

	Fos expression in rat celiac ganglion: an index of the activation of postganglionic sympathetic nerves -- Mei et al. ...
		To evaluate the activities of the sympathetic nerves innervating pancreas and liver, we have measured pancreatic (15) and
		Fos expression in the nuclei of principal ganglion cells of the rat CG in response to either preganglionic nerve isolation (arrows 1 and 2, A) or stimulation (B).
		Sympathetic nerve stimulation versus pancreatic norepinephrine infusion in the dog: 1) Effects on basal release of insulin and glucagon.
	ajpendo.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/281/4/E655 (5839 words)

	Early, Selective, and Marked Loss of Sympathetic Nerves From the Islets of BioBreeder Diabetic Rats -- Mei et al. 51 ...
		nerves is sufficient to mediate the glucagon response to insulin-induced
		in distal symmetric sensory or sensorimotor nerves (20–22),
		the mesenteric nerves (24), the celiac ganglia (24,25), the
	diabetes.diabetesjournals.org /cgi/content/full/51/10/2997 (3876 words)

	Chronic Intermittent Cold Stress Activates Ovarian Sympathetic Nerves and Modifies Ovarian Follicular Development in ...
		An increased intraovarian synthesis of nerve growth factor and its low affinity receptor is a principal component of steroid-induced polycystic ovary in the rat.
		Nerve growth factor is required for early follicular development in the mammalian ovary.
		Changes in sympathetic nerve activity of the mammalian ovary during a normal estrous cycle and in polycystic ovary syndrome: studies on norepinephrine release.
	www.biolreprod.org /cgi/content/full/68/6/2038 (4289 words)

	Sympathetic Nerves and Myocyte Necrosis: More Than Meets the Eye -- Canty and Fallavollita 93 (9): 796 -- Circulation ...
		Overexpression of nerve growth factor in the heart alters ion channel activity and ß-adrenergic signalling in an adult transgenic mouse.
		Nerve growth factor expression in parasympathetic neurons: regulation by sympathetic innervation.
		Heterogeneous cardiac sympathetic denervation and decreased myocardial nerve growth factor in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: implications for cardiac sympathetic dysinnervation complicating diabetes.
	circres.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/93/9/796 (1716 words)

	Differential Cotransmission in Sympathetic Nerves: Role of Frequency of Stimulation and Prejunctional Autoreceptors -- ...
		Stimulation of the sympathetic nerves of the guinea pig vas deferens evokes a biphasic contractile response, which is mediated
		At all frequencies of nerve stimulation the overflow of NE is almost equal to that evoked at 64 Hz.
		The release of NE from the sympathetic nerves of the guinea pig vas deferens appears to be regulated by a subset of prejunctional
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/290/1/241 (4351 words)

	Impaired function of {alpha}2-adrenergic autoreceptors on sympathetic nerves associated with mesenteric arteries and ...
		Nerve evoked P2X receptor constrictions of rat mesenteric arteries; dependence on vessel size and lack of role of L-type calcium channels and calciuminduced calcium release.
		Comparison of the frequency dependence of venous and arterial responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation in guinea pigs.
		Increased sympathetic innervation in the cerebral and mesenteric arteries of hypertensive rats.
	ajpheart.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/286/4/H1558 (4247 words)

	Nerve Blocks of Somatic and Sympathetic Nerves (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Nerve blocks cause the temporary interruption of conduction of impulses in
		Nerve blocks provided as anesthesia services are considered part of the global surgical procedure and are not reimbursed separately.
		The documentation must adequately describe the patient’s clinical state (history, physical findings, laboratory and other tests), e.g., identification of the problem including diagnosis, precipitating events, quantity and quality of pain, test results, response to previous therapy, the procedure performed including the area injected, the substance(s) injected and the dosage of the substance(s).
	www.noridianmedicare.com /provider/cmd/draftb/B2004_14.html (1402 words)

	Sympathetic Division
		Some of the postganglionic neurones leave the ganglia via the paravertebral sympathetic chain from which they branch off to form various sympathetic nerves serving mainly blood vessels in the head, neck and thorax.
		The post ganglionic neurones then branch off to form sympathetic nerves which serve the smooth muscles of the abdomen and the pelvic viscera and the endocrine glands found in that area.
		This is caused by the effect of the sympathetic nervous system contracting the walls of blood vessels thus narrowing the diameter and therefore allowing less blood to flow through those vessels at that time.
	greenfield.fortunecity.com /rattler/46/ans3.htm (1637 words)

	Rise in endothelium-derived NO after stimulation of rat perivascular sympathetic mesenteric nerves -- Boric et al. 277 ...
		McGregor, D. The effect of sympathetic nerve stimulation on vasoconstriction responses in perfused mesenteric blood vessels of the rat.
		Neuropeptide Y Y1 receptors are involved in the vasoconstriction caused by human sympathetic nerve stimulation.
		Nerve and drug-induce release of adenine nucleosides and nucleotides from rabbit aorta.
	ajpheart.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/277/3/H1027 (5111 words)

	{alpha}7-Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors on Cerebral Perivascular Sympathetic Nerves Mediate Choline-Induced ...
		nerve terminals is a characteristic of innervation of cerebral
		The axo-axonal distance between these 2 different nerve terminals is closer than that between the nerves and the smooth muscle.
		Arginine synthesis from citrulline in perivascular nerves of cerebral arteries.
	circres.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/91/1/62 (4404 words)

	[No title]
		Another group of cholinergic sympathetics are the skeletal muscle vessel dilator fibers, which probably are not physiologically very important.
		sympathetic transmission is muscarinic and parasympathetic is nicotinic
		The answer is D. After denervation and nerve degeneration, there is an INCREASE in the number of ACh receptors (which may eventually cover the entire sarcoplasmic membrane).
	www.kumc.edu /research/medicine/pharmacology/CAI/webCAI/blk1/cc80.wbc (1284 words)

	Neuroscience for Kids - Autonomic Nervous System
		In these types of situations, your sympathetic nervous system is called into action - it uses energy - your blood pressure increases, your heart beats faster, and digestion slows down.
		In the medulla, the cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X form the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers.
		enteric nervous system is a meshwork of nerve fibers that innervate the viscera (gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and gall bladder).
	faculty.washington.edu /chudler/auto.html (583 words)

	Nuclear receptor estrogen complex in the pineal gland. Modulation by sympathetic nerves.
		Modulation by sympathetic nerves.The time course of accumulation and retention of nuclear complexes was not affected by ganglionectomy.
		It was also detected in 6-day-old rats, before full maturation of pineal sympathetic nerves is attained.
		These data support the conclusion that accumulation and retention of pineal NREC are under partial dependence upon sympathetic nerves.
	www.pdg.cnb.uam.es /UniPub/iHOP/gp/2858741.html (200 words)

	Effects of Aging on the Responsiveness of the Human Cardiac Sympathetic Nerves to Stressors -- Esler et al. 91 (2): 351 ...
		Bar graph of fractional extraction of tritiated norepinephrine from plasma in transit through the heart at steady state (extraction is determined primarily by the extent of uptake into cardiac sympathetic nerves) at rest and during mental stress, isometric exercise, and aerobic exercise.
		The mechanism of this sympathetic activation is unknown, and
		Sympathetic nervous function in human heart as assessed by cardiac spillovers of dihydroxyphenylglycol and norepinephrine.
	circ.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/91/2/351 (5019 words)

	CO2 asphyxia increases plasma norepinephrine in rats via sympathetic nerves -- Borovsky et al. 274 (1): 19 -- AJP - ...
		Plasma NE is released primarily by either the adrenal medulla or by spillover from peripheral sympathetic nerve endings.
		After this, we determined whether blocking the sympathetic nerve release of NE with the use of reserpine, which depletes the
		sympathetic nerve endings and not from adrenal medullary release.
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/274/1/R19 (1984 words)

	News - Heart Failure, Sympathetic Nerves And Central Sleep Apnoea
		A DGReview of :"Raised sympathetic nerve activity in heart failure and central sleep apnea is due to heart failure severity"
		Patients with heart failure and who have concurrent central sleep apnoea showed increased sympathetic nerve activity compared to subjects with obstructive symptoms or no apnoea.
		The authors concluded that among congestive heart failure patients, those with concurrent central sleep apnoea show increased total body and cardiac sympathetic nerve activity compared to those with obstructive or no apnoea.
	docguide.com /news/content.nsf/news/8525697700573E1885256CEF00366946 (422 words)

	Impaired function of {alpha}2-adrenergic autoreceptors on sympathetic nerves associated with mesenteric arteries and ...
		Impaired function of {alpha}2-adrenergic autoreceptors on sympathetic nerves associated with mesenteric arteries and veins in DOCA-salt hypertension -- Luo et al.
		-adrenergic autoreceptors on sympathetic nerves associated with mesenteric arteries and veins in DOCA-salt hypertension
		release from sympathetic nerves associated with mesenteric arteries
	ajpheart.physiology.org /cgi/content/abstract/286/4/H1558 (314 words)

	Activation of ovarian sympathetic nerves in polycystic ovary syndrome -- Lara et al. 133 (6): 2690 -- Endocrinology
		Activation of ovarian sympathetic nerves in polycystic ovary syndrome -- Lara et al.
		sympathetically innervated ovarian compartments was significantly lower in
		sympathetic inputs to the ovary contributes to the etiology of PCOS.
	dx.doi.org /10.1210/en.133.6.2690 (674 words)

	Chloride concentration of rat parotid saliva evoked by electrical stimulation of parasympathetic or sympathetic nerves ...
		Chloride concentration of rat parotid saliva evoked by electrical stimulation of parasympathetic or sympathetic nerves with or without antagonists -- Schneyer and Hall 194 (1): 32 -- Experimental Biology and Medicine
		Chloride concentration of rat parotid saliva evoked by electrical stimulation of parasympathetic or sympathetic nerves with or without antagonists
		parasympathetic nerve to parotid gland was from two to seven times higher
	www.ebmonline.org /cgi/content/abstract/194/1/32 (249 words)

	Nitric oxide derived from sympathetic nerves regulates airway responsiveness to histamine in guinea pigs -- Matsumoto ...
		Results suggest that NO that was presumably derived from the sympathetic nervous system
		sympathetic trunk could project to the airways through a vagal
		Vasoactive intestinal peptide: a possible transmitter of nonadrenergic relaxation of guinea pig airways.
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/83/5/1432 (2265 words)

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