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Topic: Sympodial

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Monopodial

Cattleya

Cymbidium

Epidendroideae

Stipe

Stem

Sepal

Bilateral symmetry

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	ISU Extension News Release
		The orchid family is such a diverse and interesting group of plants that it should not be a surprise when a few new vocabulary words are necessary to fully understand their growth and care.
		Sympodial orchids have a horizontal stem called a rhizome that grows outward and spreads along the surface of the growing medium.
		Flower spikes on sympodial orchids originate between the leaves at the top or from the base of a new pseudobulb.
	www.extension.iastate.edu /newsrel/2003/sep03/sep0312.html (783 words)

	botany/orchidaceae
		Sympodial orchids, such as Cattleyas, form a horizontal stem called a rhizome that produces new shoots from buds.
		Sympodial Orchids (those that grow horizontally) should have enough space between the youngest shoot and the rim of the pot to allow for two years of growth.
		Sympodial Orchids (those that grow horizontally) can be divided by cutting the rhizome so that each division has three or more growths and one actively growing lead.
	www.botany.com /orchidaceae.html (3366 words)

	Mycology Online -- Fonsecaea
		Initial sympodial development of primary conidia is similar to that seen in Rhinocladiella (raduliform), except that the conidiogenous zone is confined to the upper portion of the conidiophore.
		Raduliform sympodial development is where the elongating conidiogenous axis is relatively wide compared to the width of the conidial attachment and the axis tends to become clavate or somewhat inflated rather than zig-zag.
		Since the sympodial development of both primary and secondary conidia is both distinctive and stable, this mode of development should be used as the basis for defining the genus Fonsecaea.
	www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au /Fungal_Descriptions/Hyphomycetes_(dematiaceous)/Fonsecaea (294 words)

	Comprehensive Culture Guide—Potting orchids part A
		Sympodial orchids, such as Cattleyas, Oncidiums, Cymbidiums, Paphiopedilums, have several, sometimes dozens of successive growths.
		In sympodial orchids the life of each growth is determinate (meaning it will last 3, 4 or 7 seven years) but the life of the plants may be, in theory, unlimited.
		The Manual of Cultivated Orchid Species (by Helmut Bechtel, Phillip Cribb and Edmund Launert, MIT Press) says : “the longevity of orchid plants in cultivation is still something of a mystery, for several plants in the orchid greenhouses at Kew are over 100 years old and are still thriving and flowering regularly”.
	www.orchidsusa.com /2APotting.htm (2140 words)

	Sympodial Cyme (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A special type of modified cyme which superficially resembles a raceme or spike is the sympodial cyme, in which the apparent main axis consists of a succession of short axillary branches.
		Sympodial cymes are of two types, helicoid and scorpioid.
		In a scorpioid cyme the branches are alternately on opposite sides of the developing sympodial axis, so that the axis has a zig-zag appearance.
	home.manhattan.edu /~frances.cardillo/plants/angio/scorcyme.html (164 words)

	Repotting Plants
		Sympodial plants - cattleyas, dendrobiums, etc. - grow on a rhizome, with each plant maturing and blooming individually.
		If the older growths of sympodial plants - those on the opposite end of the "chain" from where it is blooming - are old and very shriveled, it is safe to cut the rhizome and throw them away.
		The older pseudobulbs do serve as "storage tanks" for the rest of the plant, and still provide some photosynthesis, and this is true even if they have lost their leaves.
	firstrays.com /potting.htm (1195 words)

	TECA - Tecnología para la agricultura
		Sympodial bamboos grow fast, produce a high yield and can become fully rejuvenated within a few years of cutting.
		There are rich sympodial bamboo resources in the tropics and subtropics and the unit may be established anywhere throughout these regions.
		Sympodial bamboos with large diameter culms are suitable for manufacturing flooring (e.g.
	www.fao.org /sd/teca/search/tech_dett_es.asp?lang=es&tech_id=1192 (1499 words)

	Kerala Forests & Wildlife - Flora
		Though both monopodial (having single stemmed growth) and sympodial (having multi stemmed growth) are equally used in commercial cultivation, sympodial types (Cymbidium, Dendrobium etc) rank higher in the export market.
		The sympodial genera suitable for Kerala, are Cymbidium (at high altitudes), Oncidium and Cattleya, and the monopodial genera are Vanda, Arachnis and Phalaenopsis.
		However, better attention in planting, regulation of shade, irrigation, nutrition, plant protection and post harvest handling is necessary to produce quality flowers.Planting In sympodial orchids, the propagule is placed near the edge of the container the growing point facing the centre.
	www.keralaforest.org /html/flora/orchids.htm (3363 words)

	GuestJanet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Orchids are capable of crossing the boundaries of both species and genus when it comes to breeding and as a result there are thousands of intergeneric hybrids that we humans have created in addition to the native species that inhabit the globe.
		Many sympodial orchids have a water storage organ called a pseudobulb to which a single or double leaf is attached at the top.
		The genus Cattleya is made up of sympodial orchids and these are the flowers most people think of when they hear the word “orchid”, picturing large colorful corsage orchids.
	www.laeom.com /guestjanet.htm (1161 words)

	Orchidaceae or Orchid Family
		Sympodial orchids often have pseudobulbs, a thickened stem from which the leaves arise.
		Dendrobium is a sympodial epiphyte native from India to Japan and Australia.
		Oncidium is a sympodial, epiphytic orchids native from Mexico to Brazil.
	aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu /syllabi/302/new/family/orchidaceae.html (1026 words)

	Orchids \| Golden Acre Garden Sentre (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Leaves are in two rows on opposite sides of the stem, alternating from side to side.
		In this case, the upward growth of the plant stops after one growing season, and the next year's growth comes from the base.
		Sympodial orchids have pseudobulbs, thickened stems that store food and water and enable the plant to survive periods of drought.
	www.goldenacregarden.com /gguide/houseplants/orchids.htm (1077 words)

	ORCHIDS.COM : SUPPORT : GLOSSARY
		An old pseudobulb behind the part of a sympodial orchid that is actively growing.
		Although there may be no leaves, the presence of undamaged "eyes" is a sign that growth is possible.
		The bud of a sympodial orchid that will eventually develop into a new lead.
	www.orchids.com /support/supportGlossary.html (517 words)

	Comprehensive Culture Guide—Potting orchids Part B
		But for many sympodial orchids, such as Cattleyas, Dendrobiums, Oncidiums,...the new growth(s) develop along a rhizome and usually tend to grow in the opposite direction of the old growth(s).
		The procedure for potting these is the same as for Phalaenopsis except that instead of centering the plant you want the older portion of the plant as close to one edge of the pot as you can get it, leaving room on the opposite side of the pot for the new growth(s).
		On some sympodial orchids such as Cymbidiums, Jumeleas, Paphiopedilum, Phragmipedium,...the new growth(s) will be very close to the base of the old growth(s), forming sort of a circle around the older growth(s).
	www.orchidsusa.com /2BPotting.htm (1656 words)

	Orchid Glossary Terms
		Monopodial- One of the two forms of orchid vegetative growth (the other is sympodial), wherein a single vegetative shoot grows continually upward, such as in the central rosette of Phalaenopsis and the more vine-likeVanda.
		Pseudo bulb- The thickened stem of a sympodial orchid arising from a rhizome that has so evolved for water-storage capacity but is not a true bulb.
		Sympodial- One of the two forms of orchid growth (the other is monopodial), wherein each new growth arises from the rhizome of a previous growth, and each new growth is completely capable of bearing an inflorescence.
	www.theorchidsite.com /orchid_glossary.html (2640 words)

	Orchids Flowers, Gardening
		Orchids are divided into two basic growth types, namely monopodial and sympodial.
		Flowers are produced from the stem between the leaves, usually alternately from side to side.
		Sympodial orchids possess a rhizome which sends out a shoot.
	www.webindia123.com /garden/flowers/orchids/intro.htm (452 words)

	Orchid Glossory
		An old, often leafless, sympodial pseudobulb that is still alive and can be used for propagating a new plant.
		Common term for a flower before it begins enlarging, although it is also applied to a tiny new growth or leaf.
		- One of the two forms of orchid vegetative growth (the other is sympodial), wherein a single vegetative shoot grows continually upward, such as in the central rosette of Phalaenopsis and the more vinelike Vanda.
	www.beautifulorchids.com /orchids/orchid_care_tips/glossary.html (1833 words)

	HyloHylocomiaceae
		The genus is used here in the restricted sense of V. Brotherus (1908, 1925) and J. Rohrer (1985b) for species that exhibit a sympodial growth form.
		Stems freely and irregularly branched; sympodial innovations uncommon; branches often elongate and filiform.
		The occasionally sympodial innovations, decurrent leaves, and prorulate leaf cells suggest that it belongs here.
	www.mobot.org /plantscience/bfna/V2/HyloLeptohymenium.htm (417 words)

	Fruiting Distribution Patterns Among Three Cotton Varieties Under Irrigated Conditions
		Kerby and Buxton (1981) reported that 76% of the bolls retained were on the first position of sympodial branches, and that six to eight percent of the bolls retained came from fruiting sites other than positions one and two on sympodial branches.
		Although, when sympodial branches were pooled together into zones consisting of six nodes per zone, there were significant differences among cultivars with respect to vertical fruiting patterns (Figure 3).
		Zone 1, consisting of sympodial branches one through six, showed a significant difference between DP 33b and Pima S-7 (observed significance level, OSL=0.0439) with Pima S-7 producing a significantly higher yield at Zone 1.
	ag.arizona.edu /pubs/crops/az1006/az10062a.html (1650 words)

	Virtual Cotton Exhibition by Indiaagronet.com
		The stamen colour is pink.plant having 2-3 monopodial branches and remaining are sympodial (fruiting) branches.
		Plants having 2-3 monopodial branches and remaining are sympodial (fruiting) branches.
		Plants having 1-3 monopodial branches and remaining are sympodial (fruiting) branches.
	www.indiaagronet.com /cotton/Exhibition/AnkurSeeds/Data/products.htm (548 words)

	Sympodial structure of spikelets in the tribe Schoeneae (Cyperaceae) -- Zhang et al. 91 (1): 24 -- American Journal of ...
		Sympodial structure of spikelets in the tribe Schoeneae (Cyperaceae) -- Zhang et al.
		Sympodial structure of spikelets in the tribe Schoeneae (Cyperaceae)
		Sympodial structure with "rachilla" internodes adnate to basal part of each subtending glume.
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/91/1/24 (6119 words)

	Ohio Trees, Bulletin 700-00, Cornus – Dogwood
		Branching is sympodial, and the side buds may take the lead.
		The actual flowers are yellow and open in May. Fruit is a red drupe that is borne in clusters and matures between September and November.
		Twigs are green or purple and often have a white bloom.
	ohioline.osu.edu /b700/b700_60.html (830 words)

	ORCHIDS.COM : SUPPORT : CARE & TIPS
		The live roots situated outside the pot should be either cut back (Cattleya and sympodial orchids) or retained (Phalaenopsis and monopodial orchids).
		Packing the orchid bark with the use of your hands is less traumatic to the root mass than with the use of a wooden potting stick.
		Stakes are essential for sympodial orchids such as Cattleyas.
	www.orchids.com /support/supportCareTips_Potting.html (770 words)

	Growing Orchids
		Sympodial orchids, such as cattleyas, laelias and paphiopedilums, possess a rhizome which sends out a shoot.
		The mid section of stems of sympodial orchids are often expanded into water-storage organs called pseudobulbs.
		To pot an orchid, the pot is filled about two-thirds with orchid potting medium, then the plant is set in the pot with its roots spread out.
	pubs.caes.uga.edu /caespubs/horticulture/orchids.html (2606 words)

	Constancea 83.10: Tapeinodasya, a genus of the Dasyaceae
		The morphology of the horizontally orientated holoblastic sympodial branches is bilateral with pseudolaterals deflected to two opposite sides of the sympodial main axis (Figs.
		Due to the sympodial construction of the thallus, those holoblastic branches are modified and become sympodial monosiphonous or polysiphonous branches, called pseudolaterals.
		As the plane of division of the apical cell determines the side to which a branch is formed, the primary branching pattern is defined by the division of the apical cell into a new apical cell and a subapical cell.
	ucjeps.berkeley.edu /constancea/83/declerck_etal/tapeinodasya.html (3638 words)

	Orchid Growth Patterns
		Orchids are generally categorized by the way they grow.
		rchids with a sympodial growth pattern usually grow in a horizontal direction like a creeping vine.
		The rhizome lies horizontal to the surface of the ground and sprout roots along its length in a downward direction and produce thickened vertical stems called pseudobulbs.
	www.orchidlady.com /pages/encyclopedia/orchid_growth_types.html (285 words)

	Orchids, Planting and Propagation
		They are potted in either an epiphytic or a tropical terrestrial seedling compost as appropriate.
		Sympodial orchids (new growth appearing from the base of an older growth) can be propagated through division.
		Cut through the rhizome leaving ideally at least three growths on each portion, this can be done at any time, providing the plant remains undisturbed in its original compost until the next re-potting takes place, when you should have perfect divisions.
	www.webindia123.com /garden/flowers/orchids/planting.htm (633 words)

	Mycology Online -- Bipolaris
		Colonies are moderately fast growing, effuse, grey to flish brown, suede-like to floccose with a fl reverse.
		Microscopic morphology shows sympodial development of pale brown pigmented, pseudoseptate conidia on a geniculate or zig-zag rachis.
		Conidia are produced through pores in the conidiophore wall (poroconidia) and are straight, fusiform to ellipsoidal, rounded at both ends, smooth to finely roughened and germinating only from the ends (bipolar).
	www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au /Fungal_Descriptions/Hyphomycetes_(dematiaceous)/Bipolaris (135 words)

	Vivi's Orchid Corner - June 1996
		Orchids are also divided into two growth patterns: monopodial or sympodial.
		Sympodial orchids are characterized by individual spreading shoots with limited growth.
		Sympodial is a latin word which means spreading growth.
	netmar.com /~vivi/orcnr-7.html (344 words)

	Why be sympodial? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Sympodial species must be able to support the thick stems which arise below each flower head.
		Monopodial species can rapidly grow long, thin stems and then produce side branches lower down where the stem is thicker.
		This allows much faster growth which should allow monopodial species to out-compete sympodial species.
	protea.worldonline.co.za /p12sym.htm (154 words)

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