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	JewishEncyclopedia.com - SYNAGOGUE ARCHITECTURE: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The door of the synagogue faced to the west, the Ark was at the eastern end, and the almemar was placed approximately in the center of the building; the space on either side was devoted to the men, while the women occupied a gallery reserved for their exclusive use.
		The most successful buildings in all great architectural periods are simple in design; whether large or small, richly decorated or not, simplicity is their main characteristic, and the desire to produce the picturesque and unusual is fatal to the dignity which should characterize the synagogue.
		In the synagogues in Reichenberg (page 628) and Munich (I and J of illustrations, page 635), where this plan has been developed to the greatest extent, it will be seen that its characteristics are preserved notwithstanding the size of the buildings, the rows of columns, and the elaborately vaulted roofs.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=1213&letter=S (2637 words)

	Commentary Magazine - Synagogue Architecture in the United States, by Rachel Wischnitzer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Synagogue Architecture in the United States, by Rachel Wischnitzer
		THE flurry of architectural and quasi-sociological writing that has accompanied the present rush of construction all over the world is still more or less dominated by the doctrine...
		...The recent boom in synagogue construction, however, is a reflection of the growing role of such ancillary institutions as the community center...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V22I2P87-1.htm (1221 words)

	MACHAR, The Washington Congregation for Secular Humanistic Judaism
		Over the centuries many Synagogues have been built and although there is no single type of architecture for synagogues there are a few essential features that every synagogue must have for religious practices, and some features that are expected just for tradition.
		Also, all synagogues have an Ark (the cabinet that holds the Torah) and a bimah, which is the platform where the leader of the service stands and reads the Torah.
		The decision to build the synagogue had been made at the time of the 50th anniversary of the accession of Emperor Franz Joseph (who was not even a Jew) to the throne; it was named the Jubilee Temple in his honor.
	www.machar.org /synagogue.html (1075 words)

	In What Style Shall We Build
		Since the Moorish style of a synagogue is always only one part of its architectural and ornamental features, it follows that there are buildings that are more Moorish and those that are less, depending on the number and prominence of their Moorish features.
		The synagogue provides the lone example of Moorish architecture in the West that is completely free of any associations with "fun." Unlike zoo animals or the Japanese printmakers at an international exhibition, the Jews praying in a Moorish style synagogue were not there to display themselves to others.
		The Copenhagen synagogue (1831-33) is ignored here, although it might be argued that the crenellations at the top of its ark are Moorish style (they might also be read, in the context of a predominantly classicist building with Egyptian-style elements, as Greek-inspired).
	www.library.utoronto.ca /moorish/papers/moorsyn_JSS.htm (11465 words)

	Resplendent Synagogue
		A provocative interpretation of the art and architecture of a pre-modern wooden synagogue illuminates the social, historical, and religious context of an Eastern-European Jewish community.
		Thomas C. Hubka, an architectural historian known for his work on American vernacular architecture, immersed himself in medieval and early-modern Jewish history, religion, and culture to prepare for this remarkable study of the eighteenth-century Polish synagogue in the town of Gwozdziec, now in present Ukraine.
		This truly resplendent synagogue exemplified a high point in Jewish architectural art and religious painting, a tradition that was later abandoned by Eastern-European Jewish communities in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
	www.brandeis.edu /institutes/tauber/respendent_synagogue.html (507 words)

	Preserving Jewish Heritage in Greece
		The central bimah in Sephardic synagogues derives from the Spanish tradition, and the Reform style of Greek synagogues of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, where the bimah and the eihal are next to each other at the east end of the synagogue, has its roots in the Reform movement of mid-nineteenth-century Germany.
		The Didmoticho and Signora synagogues shared a distinct architectural and decorative style; their interiors were organized in a central plan, where four columns define the center of the hall, a scheme known as Ottoman style.
		This synagogue was built prior to 1850 and is the oldest and last remaining synagogue in northern Greece outside of Salonika.
	www.archaeology.org /online/features/greece (2089 words)

	Open Directory - Arts: Architecture: History: Building Types: Religious: Jewish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Beth Am Synagogue - The official site includes a history and photographs of the building, which was completed in 1921 and designed by Baltimore architect Joseph Evans Sperry in a Byzantine-Moorish style.
		The Synagogue of Casale Monferrato (Italy) - An illustrated history of this ornate synagogue built in 1595 from Italya.
		Synagogue Postcards - Online exhibition from the National Museum of American Jewish History, featuring 61 American synagogues from 30 different states, with notes on their history.
	dmoz.org /Arts/Architecture/History/Building_Types/Religious/Jewish (593 words)

	Our Building
		Throughout the ages, synagogues have generally conformed to the prevailing cultural norms of architecture.
		It was built in a style of architecture known as "post-modern." This style, which combines different architectural traditions, accurately reflects the eclectic nature of our Congregation.
		It is common among older synagogues throughout the world, that the architectural themes of the building facade are incorporated into the Bima and Ark design.
	www.oseh-shalom.org /building.htm (2508 words)

	CONK! Encyclopedia: Category:Architecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Architecture is a communicative art that situates human activity within a horizon of possibilities, the art and science of designing buildings.
		A wider definition would include within its scope the design of the total built environment, from the macrolevel of urban planning, urban design, and landscape architecture to the microlevel of furniture and product design.
		For more information, see the article about Architecture.
	www.conk.com /search/encyclopedia.cgi?q=Category:Architecture (63 words)

	FORWARD : Arts & Letters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		For Rachel Wischnitzer's 1955 book "Synagogue Architecture in the United States: History and Interpretation," the first and last great survey of the subject, architect Philip Johnson was invited to write a brief preface.
		The synagogue, he wrote, is worthy of study because it is the only building type in which we can find an example of every American style.
		It is in the modern synagogue, emerging from the cultural riptides of midcentury Jewish life, that — for the first time in the Diaspora — Jews set about to create a purpose-built Jewish architecture rendered in a distinctly Jewish style.
	www.forward.com /issues/2003/03.09.26/arts2.architecture.html (1156 words)

	Commentary Magazine - The Problem of Synagogue Architecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		...The Sephardic Shearith Israel synagogue in New York, at Central Park West and Seventieth Street, built in I897 by Brunner and Trion, reflects the then current phase of classicism-that is, French academicism, which was fostered by the enormous prestige of the Paris Ecole des Beaux-Arts among American architects of the period...
		...When the building of a synagogue was contemplated in Cassel in the second quarter of the i 9 th century, the problem of choosing an appropriate style came up in all its complex ambiguity...
		...In an article on synagogue style published in 840 in a Viennese professional magazine, he held the classical Greek to be too closely linked with pagan cults to be suitable for Jewish purposes, but approved of the Roman classical, pointing out that the early synagogues actually belonged to that period and style...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V3I3P39-1.htm (5574 words)

	Handshouse Studio: Building the Zabludow Synagogue
		From Feb. 7 - March 27 Handshouse Studio and Tom Hubka are presenting an Exhibition of the Zabludow Synagogue and Gwozdziec Synagogue photographs, drawings and the Zabludow Synagogue model at the Oberlin College Mudd Library, the main campus library, in Oberlin, Ohio.
		Thomas C. Hubka is Professor of Architecture at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and award-winning author of Resplendent Synagogue: Architecture and Worship in an Eighteenth-Century Polish Community (Brandeis University Press) and Big House, Little House, Back House, Barn: The Connected Farm Buildings of New England (UPNE).
		"The wooden synagogue built in the Eastern Poland Shtetl of Zabludow in 1638 was one of the cultural treasures of Polish Jewry.
	www.handshouse.org /zabludow.html (1160 words)

	synagogue
		The role the synagogue played in preserving Judaism intact through the centuries cannot be overestimated, nor can its influence as an intellectual and cultural force.
		In the United States, the national synagogue associations, the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations, the United Synagogue of America (Conservative), and the Union of American Hebrew Congregations (Reform) are organized in the Synagogue Council of America.
		The architecture of the Bimah in American synagogues: framing the ritual *.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/society/A0847490.html (400 words)

	American Religious Buildings
		The Mill Street Synagogue, North America's first, would set the tone for many of the state's future synagogues, incorporating as it did the fashionable architectural motifs popular during the era with the elements common to synagogues for centuries.
		Forsaking the use of styles to evoke historic ties and instead employing the manipulation of form for symbolic purposes, the design of contemporary synagogues often recalls forms such as the mountains or tents associated with the nomadic tribes of ancient Israel.
		Developed by Christian architects to distinguish synagogues from churches, the style's most, significant characteristic is the horseshoe-shaped arches found in Islamic architecture.
	www.sacredplaces.org /PSP-InfoClearingHouse/articles/AMERICAN%20SYNAGOGUE%20ARCHITECTURE.htm (808 words)

	Religious revival - German Architecture News 2004
		The full splendour of German synagogue architecture is revealed in a new book that uses cad to reconstruct 18 synagogues destroyed during the Third Reich.
		Synagogues in Germany — A Virtual Recon-struction (Birkhauser, HB, 159pp, £26), originated in a student project to computer-reconstruct three Frankfurt synagogues attacked in the 1938 Reichskristallnacht, which claimed 1,400 religious sites.
		Due to circumstances beyound our control, the original story which was a working link at the time of publication may be no longer available on the newspaper site.
	germany.archiseek.com /news/2004/000008.html (130 words)

	Constructing Reconstructionism: Theology Expressed in Architecture at Adat Shalom Reconstructionist Synagogue (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The synagogue-center was Kaplan’s innovation, but he would certainly approve of those who wish to push past his idea of the synagogue as a cultural center into an exploration of the synagogue as a community.
		As the synagogue was being built, members of the congregation contributed their labor as well as their money to the low-income housing project.
		From the prayers in the sanctuary to the lamps for the garden, the sacredness of this synagogue is built from its Reconstructionist heritage and its contributions to the future.
	www.adatshalom.net /constructing.html (6236 words)

	Centre for Jewish Studies Extra-Mural Lectures, 1998/99 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Avi-Yonah, Michael, 'Synagogue architecture in the late Classical period' in Cecil Roth (ed.), Jewish Art (London: Vallentine Mitchell 2nd edn.
		Kashtan, A., 'Synagogue architecture of the medieval and preemancipation periods', in in Cecil Roth (ed.), Jewish Art (London: Vallentine Mitchell 2nd edn.
		Rosenau, Helen, 'The architecture of the synagogue in Neoclassicism and Historicism' in Moore, Claire (ed.), The Visual Dimension: Aspects of Jewish Art (Boulder, San Francisco and Oxford: Westview Press, 1993) pp.83-103
	www.mucjs.org /Kadish1.htm (580 words)

	Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Architecture -- Contributors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Department of Architecture, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
		Faculty of Architecture, University of Hong Kong, China.
		College of Architecture and Urban Studies, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University contributed to the Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Architecture: Vincent Scully (United States).
	www.routledge-ny.com /ref/architecture/contributors.html (5507 words)

	Common Heritage: The Wooden Synagogues of Poland - School of Architecture and Urban Planning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This synagogue is the focus of an international campaign to reconstruct a full-scale replica of a wooden synagogue in Poland.
		An architectural exhibition documenting the destroyed wooden synagogues of pre-war Poland will be shown at the Polish Center of Wisconsin.
		The wooden synagogues were once focal points for Jewish communities from the small towns or shtetls of Poland.
	www.uwm.edu /SARUP/events/woodensynagoguespoland.html (481 words)

	Architecture of The Synagogue of Florence - Florence, Italy
		Architecture of The Synagogue of Florence - Florence, Italy
		hile Italy is a largely Catholic country, the Jewish Synagogue of Florence is a welcome addition to the Florentine skyline.
		The synagogue is described as Moorish, but also includes healthy doses of Byzantine and Egyptian influence.
	www.glasssteelandstone.com /IT/FlorenceSynagogueMajor.html (202 words)

	Synagogue Architecture Essays, Term Papers on Synagogue Architectures, and Research Paper Essay Help
		Since 1998, our Synagogue Architecture experts have helped students worldwide by providing the most comprehensive, lowest-priced research service on the Internet for Synagogue Architecture studies and coursework.
		We write Synagogue Architecture papers for research--24 hours a day, 7 days a week--on topics at every level of education.
		Our Synagogue Architecture researchers are highly-educated specialists with impeccable research and writing skills who have vast experience in preparing Synagogue Architecture research materials.
	www.essaytown.com /topics/synagogue_architecture_essays_papers.html (1047 words)

	Similar to Synagogue Architecture in America: Faith, Spirit and Identity - jewishbookmall.com Info and Reviews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Similar to Synagogue Architecture in America: Faith, Spirit and Identity
		American Synagogues : A Century of Architecture and Jewish Community
		Synagogues: Architecture and Jewish Identity (Editions Adam Biro Books)
	www.jewishbookmall.com /shop/similaritysearch_1864700742.html (538 words)

	Bibliography
		"The Synagogues at Masada and Herodium." Eretz Israel.
		"The Architecture of the Dura and Sardis Synagogues." The Dura Europos Synagogue, ed.
		"Synagogue Inscriptions in Palestine - A Stylistic Classification." Immanuel.
	www.zahavy.com /biblio.html (2953 words)

	Books Art & Photography - Specific Styles: Synagogue Architecture in America: Faith, Spirit and Identity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Books Art & Photography - Specific Styles: Synagogue Architecture in America: Faith, Spirit and Identity
		Item: Synagogue Architecture in America: Faith, Spirit and Identity
		Any price displayed on the Amazon website at the time of purchase will govern the sale of this product.
	www.tocant.com /Specific-Styles/Synagogue-Architecture-in-America:-Faith--Spirit-and-Identity.html (74 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Resplendent Synagogue: Architecture and Worship in an Eighteenth-Century Polish Community (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Amazon.ca: Books: Resplendent Synagogue: Architecture and Worship in an Eighteenth-Century Polish Community
		Subjects > Professional & Technical > Architecture > General
		Top of Page : Resplendent Synagogue: Architecture and Worship in an Eighteenth-Century Polish Community
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/1584652160/geometrynet-20 (244 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Bevis Marks Synagogue 1701-2001: A Short History of the Building and an Appreciation of Its ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Amazon.ca: Books: Bevis Marks Synagogue 1701-2001: A Short History of the Building and an Appreciation of Its Architecture
		Bevis Marks Synagogue 1701-2001: A Short History of the Building and an Appreciation of Its Architecture
		Top of Page : Bevis Marks Synagogue 1701-2001: A Short History of the Building and an Appreciation of Its Architecture
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/1873592655 (222 words)

	Best Book Buys - Synagogue architecture Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Subject Category > Architecture > General > Synagogue architecture
		The Ohel Leah Synagogue, Hong Kong: Its History and Conservation
		Resplendent Synagogue: Architecture and Worship in an Eighteenth-Century Polish Community
	www.bestwebbuys.com /Architecture-General-N_10000600-books.html (160 words)

	[No title]
		Cochin Synagogue Quatercentenary Celebration Committee and the Kerala History Association "Commemoration Volume, Cochin Synagogue Quatercentenary Celebrations: December 15, 16, 17, 18 and 19, 1968" Published@Cochin(Kerala,India);1969 condition:veryGood #S033
		Rosenblum, Richard "The Old Synagogue" [describes history of a small synagogue in a bronx-like neighborhood in the late 1800s; for children] JewishPubSoc(Philadelphia,Pennsylvania);aug1989;isbn:0827603223 condition:mint #S061
		Verbin, moshe "Wooden Synagogues of Poland in the 17 and 18 Century, an Exhibiton under the Patronage of the Herzliya Museum" HerzliyaMus(Herzliya,Israel);April1992 condition:mint #S022
	www.wsat.org /elliott2.htm (1417 words)

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