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Topic: Synapomorphies

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	Synapomorphy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In cladistics, synapomorphies are used to establish phylogenies.
		The synapomorphy is thus opposed to both the symplesiomorphy and the autapomorphy (homoplasy).
		It is not essential to a synapomorphy that all members of a clade possess it; even if some would have secondarily (=autapomorphically for their respective lineages) lost the trait, it could still be a synapomorphy of the clade as a whole.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Synapomorphy (585 words)

	WilsonWeb: Full Record (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Synapomorphies for Stratiomyidae and Xylomyidae include larval maxilla and basal mandibular sclerite weakly fused to form a mandibular-maxillary complex, pupation in last larval integument, larval cuticle encrusted with calcium carbonate warts, loss of tibial spurs on adult prothoracic legs, costal vein terminating at M[sub2] (163, 191), and two features of the male sperm pump (164).
		Synapomorphies include loss of tibial spurs, antennal flagellum with 1-4 flagellomeres, a single article in the female cercus (191), the base of epandrium articulated on gonocoxites, and gonostyli moving obliquely or dorsoventrally (164).
		Synapomorphies for the group are (a) a single sclerotized spermatheca in the female, (b) larval mouthparts divided into four parts, and (c) adults predatory, with modified piercing labellae (36).
	www.eeb.uconn.edu /Courses/Eeb477/Yeates_Wiegmann_99.htm (10239 words)

	Salientia
		Synapomorphies that unite all of the currently known taxa in Salientia include 14 presacral vertebrae, elongate and anteriorly directed ilium, presence of a frontoparietal, and a toothless dentary (Milner, 1988).
		Synapomorphies include a sinistral spiracle in the larvae (a characteristic feature of Orton's Type 4 tadpole), absence of free ribs in adults, torsion in the carpal elements, the presence of vocal sacs, and fusion of the trigeminal and facial ganglia (Cannatella, 1985; Sokol, 1975).
		Synapomorphies of Mesobatrachia include closure of the frontoparietal fontanelle by juxtaposition of the frontoparietal bones, partial closure of the hyoglossal sinus by the ceratohyals (=hyalia), absence of the taenia tecti medialis, and absence of the taenia tecti transversum (Cannatella, 1985; Sokol, 1981).
	www.zo.utexas.edu /research/salientia/salientia.html (2810 words)

	Invertebrates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Cnidarian synapomorphies (the synapomorphies the unite cnidarians) are; 1) many tentacles around mouth, 2) cnidocytes (specialized cells with nematocysts for defense and capturing prey), and 3) planula larva.
		The synapomorphies for Ctenophora is possession of ctenes which are eight fused plates of cilia that are responsible for locomotion and an anal pore.
		The next major synapomorphies to evolve that unites clade D (this excludes Porifera, Cnidaria, and Ctenophora) are; 1) bilateral symmetry, 2) cephalization and axial nerve cord, and 3) triploblastic (three germ layers).
	www.usd.edu /biol/labs/151/invert51.htm (2369 words)

	Tephritidae phylogeny
		In all three of these families, the phallus of the male is coiled at rest dorsal to the postabdomen in a space between it and tergite 5 (the plesiomorphic condition being coiled ventrally in front of the epandrium and surstyli).
		He defined the Acanthonevrini on the basis of one synapomorphy: the sclerotized medioapical lobe of the oviscape is desclerotized medially and has a somewhat W-shaped appearance.
		The hypothesis that the tribe is monophyletic is supported by two synapomorphies: the inclinate posterior orbital seta; and the lyre-shaped pattern on the scutum (Freidberg 1985), although Korneyev (1999c) questioned whether they might be convergent in the genus Neaspilota which lacks certain plesiomorphic genitalic character states.
	www.sel.barc.usda.gov /Diptera/tephriti/TephPhyl.htm (2661 words)

	Re: synapomorphies (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Characters in a cladistic analysis are hypotheses of synapomorphy (conditions shared because of common ancestry and evolution), however, we do not know a priori if these characters are indeed synapomorphies until you have a cladogram and they are plotted.
		To say some character is a synapomorphy of a group implies that this character evolved once at the base of that group.
		It seems to me that the synapomorphies are all of the evolutionary novelties that exist out there and what we are trying to discover are those evolutionary novelties (without being confused by false leads).
	dml.cmnh.org.cob-web.org:8888 /1996Feb/msg00660.html (592 words)

	Invertebrates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Synapomorphies that unite Annelida are; 1) evolution of setae, and 2) a head comprised of a prostomium and peristomium.
		Synapomorphies for the Arthropods are; 1) calcified exoskeleton, 2) jointed skeleton (articulated), and 3) compound eyes.
		Synapomorphies for the Urochordata are; 1) a non-living tunic made of cellulose, 2) enlarged pharynx, and 3) incurrent and excurrent syphons in the adult.
	www.usd.edu /biol/labs/162/DiversityLabs/06InvertebratesII.html (2915 words)

	Cladistics [MT Dorak]
		A cladogram is not precisely equivalent to a phylogeny, because none of the compared taxa is recognized as an ancestor.
		Synapomorphies can be identified by the study of developmental patterns (ontogeny) or outgroup comparison.
		Analysis of character states: synapomorphies are the basis for cladistics.
	dorakmt.tripod.com /evolution/clade.html (1954 words)

	SASB Introduction to Phylogenetics
		These could be any kind of inherited phenotypic or genotypic characteristics; synapomorphy 3 for instance, could be the evolutionary appearance of nerve cells or the fixation of a change from guanine to adenine at a particular site in a DNA sequence.
		Note that the synapomorphies are perfectly congruent, covarying with one another, and are thus consistent with a single cladogram.
		For example, if synapomorphies 2 and 9 in Figure 1c both involved a change to adenine at the same homologous site in a DNA sequence, then we would observe a misleading similarity between the Corn and Human sequences at that site (Figure 2a).
	www.science.uts.edu.au /sasb/WestonCrisp.html (1436 words)

	Autapomorphies of Diapsid Clades
		An olecranon process (a structure on which the triceps is inserted) is present on the ulna of "Protorothyridids", araeoscelidians, and Coelurosauravus.
		The clavicle (a dermal bone of the shoulder girdle) of Captorhinids, "Protorothyridids", araeoscelidians, and Apsisaurus is broad medially.
		These taxa were placed on the most basal position on the tree that was consistent with the derived characters that could be identified.
	tolweb.org /accessory/Autapomorphies_of_Diapsid_Clades?acc_id=465 (971 words)

	Paleoichnology
		In 1999 Matt and I published a paper Paleobiology identifying titanosaurs as the wide-gauge trackmakers based on limb synapomorphies that diagnose that group, as well as their biomechanical implications.
		In Appendix 1 of our 2001 paper, Matt and I listed all dinosaurian synapomorphies potentially observable in ichnological record, along with the quality or type of preservation (fine, moderate, or coarse; resting trace or specific posture) that would be necessary to preserve them.
		The second (explanation ii) assumes that the character evolved only once, at the base of clade ABCD, and its apparent absence in body fossils A and B is the result of either reversal, miscoring, or ambiguity.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~wilsonja/JAW/Paleoichnology.html (1947 words)

	Acorales (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Some features that are likely to be synapomorphies - almost whatever the immediate sister taxon to monocots might be - are in bold.
		Monocots and "dicots" were often distinguished in the past by the 3-merous flowers of the former and the predominantly 5-merous flowers of the latter, even as it was realised that some of the "primitive dicots" might have more or less 3-merous flowers.
		Colleters may be a synapomorphy of monocots or of independent origins in Acorales and other Alismatales, within Araceae, for instance, they seem to be known only from very much embedded genera such as Philodendron, Cryptocoryne and Lagenandra (M. Carlsen, pers.
	www.mobot.org.cob-web.org:8888 /MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/acoralesweb.htm (2355 words)

	Reconstructing Evolutionary Trees
		Synapomorphies are understood to be the shared-derived (evolved, modified) features of organisms.
		Choice among competing cladistic propositions (cladograms) is decided on the basis of the greatest amount of evidence, the largest number of synapomorphies explainable as homologues.
		2) reversals – synapomorphies in a clade that have been mutated back to the ancestral state.
	chuma.cas.usf.edu /~karl/evolution/chapter_13.htm (646 words)

	The Cactus Patch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The two forms are mainly distinguished by size, and share synapomorphies not seen in any other genus in their subfamily (the Mesembryanthemoideae): large, hyper-succulent cylindrical leaves, and tiny white flowers with filamentous petals that tend to keep their form as they dry out.
		The reason why Dactylopsis was sunk by Gerbaulet is that she claimed that it had other synapomorphies in common with Phyllobolus, in particular the dwarf, tuberous relatives of P.
		I would suggest that the anatomical characters used to sink Dactylopsis into Phyllobolus are not synapomorphies of these genera at all, but ancestral characters (symplesiomorphies) present in a wide variety of genera in the subfamily, and thus uninformative for determining evolutionary relationships.
	members.aol.com /thecactuspatch/latest/issue7_4/defense.html (1110 words)

	Definition: Pleisiomorphy, Synapomorhy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Synapomorphy: An apomorphy (derived or specialised character) shared by two or more groups which originated in their last common ancestor.
		An apomorphy that is shared by two or more species or groups is termed a synapomorphy.
		If the two groups share a character state that is not the primitive one, it is plausible that they are related evolutionarily, and only synapomorphic character states can be used as evidence that taxa are related.
	www.peripatus.gen.nz /Biology/defApomorphy.html (669 words)

	Are There Any Cladistic Analyses of Malawi Cichlids?
		Green bars represent sets of derived characters (synapomorphies) shared by a group of species, and hypothesized to have arisen in the group's immediate common ancestor; brown bars, sets of derived characters (autapomorphies) diagnostic of individual species.
		What remains are harder-to-manage continuous variables that often overlap interspecifically and change ontogenetically, such as bone proportions and body proportions, as well as color patterns, ranges of counts, behavioral traits, enzymes, and genes.
		DNA sequences may provide the ultimate characters for cladistic analysis — but they will need to be interpreted using the same methods of character polarity determination with out-groups as any other cladistic data, grouping taxa using shared, derived characters (synapomorphies).
	malawicichlids.com /mw01007.htm (1126 words)

	MUSSEL Project \| Evolution \| Freshwater Mussel Evolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The remaining synapomorphies refer to life-history and reproductive traits: restriction to freshwater, parental care (brooding), spermatozuegmata, and larvae that are obligate parasites of aquatic vertebrates.
		Since the interpretation of some of these characters as synapomorphies at this level requires certain assumptions to be made explicit and will influence how some transformations are treated further up the tree, we will discuss them here in some detail.
		A previously unconsidered potential synapomorphy of the Unionoida - or perhaps the Palaeoheterodonta - is the presence of doubly-uniparental inheritance (DUI) of mitochondria.
	clade.acnatsci.org /mussel/evol/syst/unionoida.html (848 words)

	Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This is the result of evolution; the synapomorphy characterizing a lineage may be lost or modified beyond easy recognition in some of its members, or the synapomorphy may appear to be identical to a feature that has evolved in parallel in a quite unrelated plant.
		In particular, whether character states more or less constant in a group are synapomorphies often waits for further clarification of relationships both within the group and between that group and its immediate relatives.
		I do not suggest family- (or lower) level synapomorphies here, although in the "Apomorphies" page possible synapomorphies at all levels are summarised.
	www.mobot.org /MOBOT/research/APweb/top/introductionnew.htm (11873 words)

	The origin and diversification of angiosperms -- Soltis and Soltis 91 (10): 1614 -- American Journal of Botany
		pollen is a synapomorphy for this clade, not all eudicots have
		synapomorphy for this clade (Soltis et al., in press-b
		Synapomorphies for the noncore clade are scattered secretory
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/91/10/1614 (6199 words)

	Cladistics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An outgroup is an organism that is considered not to be part of the group in question, but is closely related to the group.
		Ideally there is a sufficient number of true synapomorphies to overwhelm homoplasies caused by convergent evolution (i.e.
		Many cladograms are possible for any given set of taxa, but one is chosen based on the principle of parsimony: the most compact arrangement, that is, with the fewest character state changes (synapomorphies), is the hypothesis of relationship we tentatively accept (see Occam's razor for more on the principle of parsimony).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cladistics (1915 words)

	The Molecular History of Eukaryotic Life
		This 12 amino acid insertion was present in animals, fungi (and later, microsporidians, follow the link below to the synapomorphies for an alignment) and no other eukaryote or prokaryote phyla(14).
		My proposition in these pages is that synapomorphies of this nature, a diagnostic insertion or deletion, must be found to define the relationships of these 13 eukaryotic branches.
		Once such an indel is found the chance that it came from a lateral gene transfer must be evaluated and ruled out.
	drnelson.utmem.edu /MHEL.intro.html (1630 words)

	Specimen 341
		Cancellinae characters: Cancellinae cell columns evolve from an average of 17 to an average of 26.
		Costa characters: adaxial epidermis evolves and costa shape evolves from round to elliptical.
		Costa characters: adaxial epidermis evolves and costa shape evolves from circular to elliptical.
	ucjeps.berkeley.edu /bryolab/students/dpwall/mono/trees/m341.shtml (687 words)

	Constancea 83.6: Recent Additions to the Subfamily Ceramioideae (Rhodophyta) (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		While the presence of periaxial c.bs on whorl-branches is unequivocally a synapomorphy for the Ceramioideae, it is logical to assume that periaxial c.bs originally appeared on determinate axes.
		The type that represents a synapomorphy for the Ceramioideae is however different, and is characterized by direct production of gland cells from whorl-branch (or branchlet) cells, the gland cell retaining its cell wall contact with the mother cell.
		The six characters that the two phylogenetic analyses assigned as synapomorphies for the Ceramiales have persisted in Warrenia indicating that the ceramialean ancestor exhibited a filamentous bilaterally ramified thallus with laterals of unlimited growth and transverse apical divisions.
	ucjeps.berkeley.edu.cob-web.org:8888 /constancea/83/athanasiadis/Athanasiadis.html (8393 words)

	BIL 160 - Lecture 8
		The more symplesiomorphies a taxon within your study group shares with the outgroup, the more likely it is that it has a recency of common descent with that outgroup, and may be more primitive with respect to the other members of the assemblage.
		Only SYNAPOMORPHIES can be used to establish recency of common descent among related organisms sharing many plesiomorphies.
		Example: feathers are a synapomorphy which link all birds together, relative to all vertebrates.
	fig.cox.miami.edu /Faculty/Dana/16002_8.html (1361 words)

	Re: the evolution of disparity in body plans (was Re: synapomorphies) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Re: the evolution of disparity in body plans (was Re: synapomorphies)
		At 02:10 PM 13/02/96 -0500, Mickey Rowe wrote: > In short, Gould's major thesis in [_Wonderful Life_, that most of > the odd organisms preserved in the Burgess Shale were far removed > from the lineages that have survived to the present -- MR] was most > likely wrong.
		Previous by thread: Re: the evolution of disparity in body plans (was Re: synapomorphies)
	dml.cmnh.org /1996Feb/msg00670.html (266 words)

	Data mining for proteins characteristic of clades -- Bern et al. 34 (16): 4342 -- Nucleic Acids Research
		The depicted phylogenetic tree is a consensus of those given in three recent studies (36,37,42).
		be a strong synapomorphy for a clade relative to a given out-group,
		Table 1 This table gives some synapomorphies of type (1), that is, ‘signature genes’ ubiquitous within the clade and nonexistent outside, for various clades.
	nar.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/34/16/4342 (6736 words)

	MUSSEL Project \| Publications
		Discussion is biased towards the freshwater mussel condition, but Neotrigonia is crucial as a “living fossil” for establishing the plesiomorphic states of unionoid synapomorphies.
		The morphological synapomorphies of these taxa are discussed with an emphasis upon both diagnosing taxa and highlighting areas of ambiguity and missing data.
		The lasidium-type larva is hypothesized to be derived from glochidia.
	clade.acnatsci.org /mussel/publ/literature.html (2414 words)

	The Evolution of the Laterophysic Connection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		92 steps, CI Synapomorphies common to all four most parsimonious trees are listed before the node.
		Unreversed synapomorphies are depicted as fl circles and non-unique synapomorphies are depicted as open circles.
		Additionally, autapomorphies in terminal taxa that were excluded from the analysis are shown as optimized on the cladogram.
	www38.homepage.villanova.edu /jacqueline.webb/evolution.htm (119 words)

	Phylogenetic relationships of Cyclopsetta and Syacium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Cyclopsetta-Syacium clade was supported by six synapomorphies.
		Cyclopsetta was strongly supported as monophyletic by ten synapomorphies.
		Syacium was also determined to be monophyletic based on five synapomorphies.
	www.mnhn.fr /sfi/cybium/numeros/french/294/03.sumkhidir298.html (279 words)

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