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Topic: Synaptic plasticity

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	Maintenance of Synaptic Plasticity - Scholarpedia
		Synaptic plasticity is encoded as changes in the number or state of synaptic proteins and therefore the transient nature of synaptic proteins can erase the trace left by synaptic plasticity.
		Such changes in synaptic plasticity that are induced by electrical stimulation of the pre and postsynaptic cells are thought to employ the same mechanisms that are used during natural learning.
		An alternative idea is that synaptic efficacies themselves are not stable, and in the absence of neuronal activity they decay.
	www.scholarpedia.org /article/Maintenance_of_Synaptic_Plasticity (2997 words)

	Synaptic Plasticity
		Plasticity is a change in behavior, anatomy or electrophysiological response.
		This form of plasticity is referred to as activity dependent synaptic plasticity and is generally measured as a change in a evoked electrophysiological response.
		We should note that non-activity dependent plasticities may in fact, after investigation, be fundamentally due to activity dependent synaptic plasticity and be subserved by the mechanisms uncovered in the investigation of activity dependent plasticity.
	www.oberlin.edu /faculty/aborroni/Classes/L_M/lecture/synaptic_plasticity (928 words)

	CiteULike: Regulation of hippocampal synaptic plasticity by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases.
		Protein kinases critically regulate synaptic plasticity in the mammalian hippocampus.
		These include the participation of distinct isoforms of PKA in specific types of synaptic plasticity, modification of the PKA-dependence of LTP by multiple factors such as distinct patterns of imposed activity, environmental enrichment, and genetic manipulation of signalling molecules, and presynaptic versus postsynaptic mechanisms for PKA-dependent LTP.
		Future prospects for shedding light on the roles of PKA are also described from the perspective of specific aspects of synaptic physiology and brain function that are ripe for investigation using incisive genetic, cell biological, and electrophysiological approaches.
	www.citeulike.org /user/tmk/article/787149 (479 words)

	Molecular Pain \| Full text \| Pain-related synaptic plasticity in spinal dorsal horn neurons: role of CGRP
		Accordingly, changes of synaptic circuitry in SG neurons were shown in slices from animals with complete Freund's adjuvant induced hindpaw inflammation [4,5,8,9] and synaptic plasticity was demonstrated in amygdala neurons from animals with knee joint arthritis [7,10,11].
		The purpose of this study was to compare synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability in SG neurons in spinal cord slices from normal and from arthritic animals using patch-clamp recordings.
		According to conventional criteria such as stable latencies of the EPSC peak [48,49], synaptic responses were considered monosynaptic and had a latency that indicated a slow conduction velocity (CV) of the responsible afferents in the range of rodent C-fibers [48,49,52].
	www.molecularpain.com /content/2/1/31 (5897 words)

	Yu Tian Wang
		It is known that the strength of synaptic transmission is not static but rather subject to dynamic regulation; plastic changes in synaptic strength are believed to be intimately associated with learning and memory, developmental refinement of neuronal circuitry, and the pathogenesis of a large number of brain disorders.
		Such plastic changes in synaptic strength are thought to be intimately involved in various normal physiological brain functions, including learning and memory and neuronal circuit development, as well as many neuropathological disorders, such as the neurotoxicity associated with stroke.
		The best-studied examples of such synaptic plasticity are the long-term changes in synaptic efficacy observed at the glutamatergic synapses of the CA1 region of the hippocampus.
	www.hhmi.org /research/scholars/wang_yu.html (1132 words)

	Plasticity
		Thus the phrase 'synaptic transmission is plastic' means that the post-synaptic response to the release of neurotransmitter is not necessarily always the same.
		Synaptic strength is increased or decreased by altering the level of post-synaptic depolarisation.
		Work within the Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, using a technique known as non-stationary fluctuation analysis, has suggested that NMDA receptor-dependent LTP may result from the ability of post-synaptic AMPA receptors to pass more current (ie to be open longer).
	www.bris.ac.uk /synaptic/public/plasticity.htm (1014 words)

	Synaptic plasticity: taming the beast - Nature Neuroscience
		Hebbian plasticity is often used to model the development and activity-dependent modification of neuronal selectivity to various aspects of a sensory input, for example the selectivity of visually responsive neurons to the orientation of a visual image.
		Synaptic scaling is a non-Hebbian form of plasticity because it acts across many synapses and seems to depend primarily on the postsynaptic firing rate rather than on correlations between pre- and postsynaptic activity.
		Although the precise mechanism of synaptic redistribution is not known, it is consistent with a form of LTP that acts presynaptically to increase the probability of transmitter release.
	www.nature.com /cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/neuro/journal/v3/n11s/full/nn1100_1178.html (4616 words)

	Models of Synaptic Plasticity - Scholarpedia
		Synaptic plasticity was first proposed as a mechanism for learning and memory on the basis of theoretical analysis (Hebb, 1949).
		The plasticity rule proposed by Hebb postulates that when one neuron drives the activity of another neuron, the connection between these neurons is potentiated.
		In order to simulate synaptic plasticity given different calcium transients, it is necessary to define rules that translate calcium dynamics in postsynaptic spines to changes in synaptic strength.
	www.scholarpedia.org /article/Models_of_Synaptic_Plasticity (3618 words)

	CiteULike: Properties of long-term synaptic plasticity and metaplasticity in organotypic slice cultures of rat ...
		CiteULike: Properties of long-term synaptic plasticity and metaplasticity in organotypic slice cultures of rat hippocampus.
		Properties of long-term synaptic plasticity and metaplasticity in organotypic slice cultures of rat hippocampus.
		The aim of this study was to investigate whether synaptic plasticity and metaplasticity in slice cultures of the young rat hippocampus were comparable to previously reported synaptic plasticity and metaplasticity in acute adult hippocampal slices.
	www.citeulike.org /user/Fritz/article/878790 (527 words)

	Citations: Short-term synaptic plasticity - Zucker (ResearchIndex)
		The responses shown in Figure 1 represent the complex interactions of many usedependent forms of synaptic plasticity, many of which are listed in Table 1.
		Synaptic response depends on the history of prior usage: Excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) recorded from a CA1 pyramidal neuron in a hippocampal slice in response to stimulation of the Schaffer collateral input.
		These considerations are strongly suggestive of fast, reversible, Hebbian type synaptic plasticity, as proposed by von der Malsburg [1] and as documented in a number of studies, e.g.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /context/46322/0 (1455 words)

	UNC-CH Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology: Faculty Research Interests
		During a critical period of development, experience-evoked neural activity refines synaptic connections so that appropriate connections are strengthened and maintained while inappropriate connections are weakened and eventually eliminated.
		We aim to characterize how experience shapes synaptic plasticity during development such that stable and appropriate synaptic connections are formed.
		We hope to unlock mechanisms for restoring synaptic plasticity in visual cortex that had been rendered dysfunctional due to amblyopia.
	www.med.unc.edu /physiolo/fac_philpot.htm (927 words)

	10.1 Synaptic Plasticity
		Today, 50 years later, this famous postulate is often rephrased in the sense that modifications in the synaptic transmission efficacy are driven by correlations in the firing activity of pre- and postsynaptic neurons.
		The essential aspect of the experiments described in the previous section is the AND condition that is at the heart of Hebb's postulate: Both pre- and postsynaptic neuron have to be active in order to induce a strengthening of the synapse.
		With this setup, however, a precise measurement of the timing conditions for synaptic changes is difficult, because pre- and postsynaptic activity is generated by extracellular electrodes.
	icwww.epfl.ch /~gerstner/SPNM/node71.html (1407 words)

	Bidirectional Synaptic Plasticity Correlated With the Magnitude of Dendritic Calcium Transients Above a Threshold -- ...
		Bidirectional Synaptic Plasticity Correlated With the Magnitude of Dendritic Calcium Transients Above a Threshold.
		Each point represents 1 pathway's plasticity factor: the mean of 20 consecutive slopes 40-60 min after iontophoresis, normalized with respect to a similar baseline mean.
		Requirement of rapid Ca entry and synaptic activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors for the induction of long-term depression in adult rat hippocampus.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/85/1/399 (6192 words)

	Powell's Books - Synaptic Plasticity: Molecular, Cellular, and Functional Aspects by Richard F. Thompson
		Synaptic Plasticity presents an up-to-date overview of the current status of research on the full scope of synaptic plasticity, including synaptic remodeling in response to damage, long-term depression and long-term potentiation, and learning and memory.
		An up-to-date overview of the current status of research on the full scope of synaptic plasticity, including synaptic remodeling in response to damage, long-term depression and long-term potentiation, and learning and memory.
		They offer hypotheses concerning the molecular and cellular mechanisms that are responsible for the various manifestations of synaptic plasticity, and propose models explaining how these cellular events can be linked to the functional and behavioral expressions of these adaptive principles.
	www.powells.com /biblio?isbn=0262023598 (416 words)

	Activity-dependent Synaptic Plasticity (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Spike-timing-dependent synaptic plasticity is especially interesting because it combines both of these elements in a single synaptic modification rule.
		Temporally dependent synaptic plasticity is attracting a rapidly growing amount of attention in the computational neuroscience community.
		The change in synaptic efficacy arising from this form of plasticity is highly sensitive to temporal correlations between different presynaptic spike trains.
	www.pitt.edu /~pwm/plasticity (293 words)

	Examples: Synaptic Connections \| SNNAP - Simulator for Neural Networks and Action Potentials
		Examples of homosynaptic plasticity are in the \PSM_TR_functions subdirectory and an example of a modulatory synapses is in the \hetero subdirectory.
		Not all synaptic responses are mediated via increases in the conductance of the postsynaptic cell.
		The response to the second current injection (i.e., the injection during the decrease conductance synaptic response) was larger, which indicates an increase in the input resistance of the postsynaptic cell (i.e., a decrease in conductance).
	www.uth.tmc.edu /SNNAP/content/examples_synaptic_connections.htm (1508 words)

	Neural Plasticity and Learning -- Research Programs (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Synaptic plasticity, the modification of connections in the brain by experience, is the best correlate of learning and memory in invertebrate and vertebrate animals.
		By stimulating distal synapses of cultured neurons and monitoring expression of immediate early genes in the nucleus, we are beginning to delineate the cell biological pathways whereby signals are transported to the nucleus in neurons.
		Since each neuron has a single nucleus but can form thousands of synaptic connections, the requirement for transcription during synaptic plasticity raises the question of how the products of gene expression can be targeted to alter synaptic strength at some but not all synapses made by a given neuron.
	www.npi.ucla.edu /center/plasticity/rs_martin.html (331 words)

	Abnormal synaptic plasticity and impaired spatial cognition in mice transgenic for exon 1 of the human Huntington's ...
		Abnormal synaptic plasticity and impaired spatial cognition in mice transgenic for exon 1 of the human Huntington's disease mutation.
		To investigate the possibility that changes in synaptic plasticity might underlie cognitive impairment in HD, we examined hippocampal synaptic plasticity and spatial cognition in a transgenic mouse (R6/2 line) expressing exon 1 of the human Huntington's disease gene containing an expanded CAG repeat.
		The temporal and regional changes in synaptic plasticity within the hippocampus mirror the appearance of neuronal intranuclear inclusions, suggesting a relationship between polyglutamine aggregation and dysfunction.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_10864968.html (271 words)

	Synaptic plasticity: Dendritic spines shape up - Cell Signaling Update - Signaling Gateway
		Synaptic function and plasticity are thought to depend on the structure of synapses, and long-term plasticity seems to occur more efficiently in smaller spines.
		The volume of the spine head is important for the regulation of synaptic transmission, possibly through variations in expression levels of functional glutamate receptors.
		By contrast, the specific structure of the spine neck seems to directly influence synaptic Ca signalling in dendrites, and is therefore a determining factor in the selective induction of synaptic plasticity.
	www.signaling-gateway.org /update/updates/200507/nrn1711.html (390 words)

	Shouval Lab \| Dept of Neurobiology & Anatomy \| Medical School \| UTHSC-Houston
		synaptic plasticity at many levels, from its molecular basis to its functional implications and I believe that theoretical studies are essential for forming the link between these different levels of description.
		I carry out complex simulations of signal transduction pathways involved in synaptic plasticity, as well as analysis of the molecular dynamics of molecules such as calcium that are essential for synaptic plasticity.
		Synaptic plasticity, believed to be the cellular basis of learning and memory, is synapses specific.
	nba.uth.tmc.edu /homepage/shouval (490 words)

	Plasticity: A Synaptic Modification Simulation Environment
		Plasticity is a package of programs, with a convenient interface, used to run simulations of single cells and networks of neurons.
		The basic principle of the simulations is the presentation of pattern and noise vectors to a network of neurons, with specified lateral connectivity and synaptic modification rule.
		Plasticity is written in Matlab, using MEX functions for speed.
	web.bryant.edu /~bblais/plasticity/index.html (316 words)

	10.1 Synaptic Plasticity (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Today, 50 years later, this famous postulate is often rephrased in the sense that modifications in the synaptic transmission efficacy are driven by correlations in the firing activity of pre- and postsynaptic neurons.
		The essential aspect of the experiments described in the previous section is the AND condition that is at the heart of Hebb's postulate: Both pre- and postsynaptic neuron have to be active in order to induce a strengthening of the synapse.
		With this setup, however, a precise measurement of the timing conditions for synaptic changes is difficult, because pre- and postsynaptic activity is generated by extracellular electrodes.
	diwww.epfl.ch /~gerstner/SPNM/node71.html (1407 words)

	Faculty
		We are therefore exploring synaptic plasticity in both regions and its modulation by addictive drugs.
		Synaptic modifications in the hippocampus are likely to underlie both physiological mechanisms used for memory formation and pathological changes associated with epileptic activity.
		Abnormally generated synaptic plasticity could represent the first step in long-lasting alterations in brain function as a consequence of addictive drug abuse.
	bms.brown.edu /faculty/k/jkauer (773 words)

	Neurotrophin Signaling and Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity
		The ability of the brain to alter information processing by changing the structure and strength of synaptic connections is essential for the successful development and survival of organisms.
		Behavioral experiences can alter synaptic structure, (e.g., result in the formation or loss of synapses or change the shape of existing synapses), but how these behavioral experiences are transduced at the cellular level to promote structural changes is not completely understood.
		Since much of the plasticity during the development of the nervous system involves structural changes, many believe that a subset of the molecular interactions known to be important for neuronal development also may participate in modulating synaptic structure and function in the adult brain.
	www.promega.com /nnotes/nn201/201_03.htm (238 words)

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