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Topic: Synaptic transmission

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Synapse

Excitatory postsynaptic potential

Action potential

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

Neurotransmitter

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	Synapse -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Receptors on the opposite side of the synaptic gap bind neurotransmitter molecules and respond by opening nearby ion channels in the post-synaptic cell membrane, causing ions to rush in or out and changing the local (additional info and facts about transmembrane potential) transmembrane potential of the cell.
		Synaptic strength is the amount of (A steady flow (usually from natural causes)) current, or, more strictly, the change in transmembrane potential of the synapse.
		The variability of synaptic strength is often referred to as (additional info and facts about synaptic plasticity) synaptic plasticity.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/sy/synapse.htm (1047 words)

	Molecular Pain \| Full text \| Increased glutamate synaptic transmission in the nucleus raphe magnus neurons from ...
		Increased glutamate synaptic transmission in the nucleus raphe magnus neurons from morphine-tolerant rats
		MDL12330a, an adenylyl cyclase inhibitor, and H89, a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, reversed the increase in glutamate synaptic transmission induced by chronic morphine.
		In the present study, the effect of chronic morphine on glutamate synaptic transmission was primarily assessed by using the paradigm of EPSC PPR in NRM neurons kept in a tolerant state from morphine-tolerant rats [14].
	www.molecularpain.com /content/1/1/7 (4796 words)

	Maturation of synaptic transmission at end-bulb synapses of the cochlear nucleus. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Maturation of synaptic transmission at end-bulb synapses of the cochlear nucleus.
		We studied developmental changes in synaptic transmission that enable the end-bulb synapse to function as a synaptic relay.
		Synaptic physiology was investigated via patch-clamp recordings from bushy cells in brainstem slices during stimulation of auditory nerve fibers at 35 degrees C.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_11717383.html (248 words)

	Selective inhibition of local excitatory synaptic transmission by serotonin through an unconventional receptor in the ...
		The modulation of synaptic transmission by serotonin (5-HT) was studied using whole-cell voltage-clamp and sharp-electrode current-clamp recordings from CA1 pyramidal neurones in transverse rat hippocampal slices in vitro.
		Under such conditions, polysynaptic excitatory transmission may be modulated by 5-HT, either through a change in the excitability of pyramidal neurones in the network or by eliciting a modification in synaptic transmission among them.
		This favours modulation of synaptic transmission as an underlying mechanism, since modulation of excitability could be overcome with the increase in stimulation intensity.
	www.jphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/534/1/141 (10644 words)

	Synaptic Transmission Unit
		His laboratory is using electrophysiological, imaging, biochemical and molecular biological techniques to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying generation and regulation of endocytosis and synaptic plasticity at the calyx-type synapse.
		Although it is essential for the maintenance of synaptic transmission, its mechanisms and functions are much less known as compared to its reverse process, vesicle fusion.
		The goal of the Synaptic Transmission Unit is to improve our understanding of the mechanisms and functions of vesicle endocytosis.
	intra.ninds.nih.gov /Lab.asp?Org_ID=497 (532 words)

	Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Differentially Regulates Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission in ...
		quantal amplitude and the amplitude of evoked synaptic transmission
		BDNF appeared to increase excitatory synaptic transmission directly because the increase in spontaneous firing rates of pyramidal neurons persisted after acute blockade of inhibitory transmission by bicuculline during the recording period.
		Sermasi E, Tropea D, Domenici L (1999) A new form of synaptic plasticity is transiently expressed in the developing rat visual cortex: a modulatory role for visual experience and brain-derived neurotrophic factor.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/20/9/3221 (7450 words)

	glycolysis prevents anoxia damage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		We tested the hypothesis that lack of glucose is the major cause of irreversible anoxic transmission damage, and that anoxic synaptic transmission damage could be prevented by glycolysis in rat hippocampal slices.
		The results indicate that elevated glucose concentration powerfully protected the synaptic transmission against anoxic damage, and the powerful protection is due to anaerobic metabolism of glucose and not a result of the higher osmolality in higher glucose ACSF.
		We conclude that lack of glucose is the major cause of anoxia-induced synaptic transmission damage, and that if sufficient glucose is supplied, glycolysis could prevent this damage in vitro.
	www.cryonet.org /cgi-bin/dsp.cgi?msg=14441 (316 words)

	Neurotrophin-3 potentiates excitatory GABAergic synaptic transmission in cultured developing hypothalamic neurones of ...
		Spontaneous GABAergic synaptic activity was recorded in cultures less than a week old in the presence of the glutamate receptor antagonists CNQX (10 µM) and AP5 (50 µM).
		In immature 3- to 7-day-old hypothalamic cultures, the frequency of GABAergic mPSCs was from 0·52 to 1·78 Hz, and the amplitude of mPSCs was from 4·1 to 130 pA. As shown in Fig.
		Thus an NT-3 enhancement of synaptic activity may be one mechanism where the excitatory nature of the early actions of GABA may lead to the stabilization of developing GABAergic synapses.
	jp.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/518/1/81 (8354 words)

	Activation of the Cannabinoid Receptor Type 1 Decreases Glutamatergic and GABAergic Synaptic Transmission in the ...
		synaptic transmission in the hippocampus are not mediated by CB1.
		Cannabinoids inhibit GABAergic synaptic transmission in mice nucleus accumbens.
		Sullivan, J.M. Mechanisms of cannabinoid-receptor-mediated inhibition of synaptic transmission in cultured hippocampal pyramidal neurons.
	www.learnmem.org /cgi/content/full/10/2/116 (5717 words)

	Direct Actions of Cannabinoids on Synaptic Transmission in the Nucleus Accumbens: A Comparison With Opioids -- Hoffman ...
		Synaptic input and output of parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in the neostriatum of the rat.
		Mechanisms of cannabinoid inhibition of GABA(A) synaptic transmission in the hippocampus.
		Dopamine depresses excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission by distinct mechanisms in the nucleus accumbens.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/85/1/72 (7693 words)

	Synaptic Transmission
		In a neural network, the nerve terminal of a neuron may form a synapse with either the dendrite or nerve terminal of another neuron.
		The synaptic cleft between two neurons is about 200 - 500 Å wide.
		Neurotransmitters released from the vesicle may diffuse through the synaptic cleft to act on their receptors in the postsynaptic neuron (Figure 11).
	www.web-books.com /MoBio/Free/Learning/Synapse.htm (443 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In computational models of cortical function, recall of previously stored memories during storage of new memories can result in runaway synaptic modification, in which a large number of synapses are strengthened within the network.
		Cholinergic suppression of synaptic transmission during learning of new information can prevent runaway synaptic modification, whereas loss of this cholinergic modulation could speed the progression of runaway synaptic modification.
		The figure shows the matrix of excitatory synaptic connectivity between 240 pyramidal cells in a biophysical simulation of the piriform cortex (using the GENESIS simulation package).
	people.bu.edu /hasselmo/Alz.html (191 words)

	The Silver Lab at UCL Physiology Department
		Transmission of electrical signals from one neuron to the next within a network is mediated by chemical neurotransmitters which are released at synapses and either excite or inhibit the postsynaptic cell.
		It is the properties of these synaptic connections and the electrical properties of neurones that determine how information is processed and how ‘memories’ are stored in the CNS.
		The main aim of our research is to elucidate the basic mechanisms underlying central synaptic transmission and to understand how the properties of synaptic connections influence higher level processing of electrical signals between neurons.
	www.physiol.ucl.ac.uk /research/silver_a (309 words)

	The Scientist :: Synaptic transmission queried, Feb. 18, 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Two distinct pools of synaptic vesicles appear to be involved in the spontaneous release of neurotransmitters and in neurotransmission triggered by a stimulus, researchers report in Neuron this week.
		The results raise the question of whether miniature synaptic potentials reflect accidental release at synapses with a hair trigger for evoked release or a background form of transmission cycling within their own vesicle pool, he said.
		Prange, T.H. Murphy, "Correlation of miniature synaptic activity and evoked release probability in cultures of cortical neurons," J Neurosci, 19:6427-38, August 1, 1999.
	www.biomedcentral.com /news/20050218/01 (492 words)

	The Dynamic Range for Gain Control of NMDA Receptor-Mediated Synaptic Transmission at a Single Synapse -- Wang 20 (24): ...
		transmission is approximately three-fold of the basal synaptic
		Mainen ZF, Malinow R, Svoboda K (1999) Synaptic calcium transients in single spines indicate that NMDA receptors are not saturated.
		Morest DK (1968) The growth of synaptic endings in the mammalian brain: a study of the calyces of the trapezoid body.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/20/24/RC115 (3382 words)

	Neural Plasticity Research Group (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		My general interest is to study the principles and cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for changes of synaptic transmission in strength, so-called ‘synaptic plasticity’, at primary afferent fiber-spinal cord dorsal horn neuron synapses.
		By recording synaptic responses in the spinal dorsal horn in glutamate receptor subunit knockout mice, I could have revealed that each glutamate receptor subunit are involved in the synaptic plasticity at primary afferent synapses in a different way, negatively or positively, and in the modulation of glutamatergic transmission in the spinal dorsal horn.
		One of my projects is to study how inhibitory synaptic transmission is changed under the state of nerve injury or a pharmacologically-treated state after nerve injury in adult rat.
	www.massgeneral.org /nprg/dongho.htm (254 words)

	Neuro_Synaptic_Transmission (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This is a 90 minute lecture covering the basics of synaptic transmission.
		We discuss excitatory synaptic transmission as exemplified by the vertebrate neuromuscular junction and by glutamatergic synapses in the CNS.
		Understand the mechanism and ionic basis of inhibitory synaptic transmission.
	itsa.ucsf.edu /~sargent/curriculum/Neuro_Synaptic_Transmission.htm (277 words)

	THE NERVE IMPULSE AND SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION
		The action potential obeys the all-or-none law, that is, it once it starts you always get a full size action potential is just as big when it reaches the end of the axon as it was at the start.
		The NTS is dumped into the synaptic cleft which is the space between the end foot of one neuron (presynaptic membrane) and the dendrite of the next (postsynaptic membrane).
		The NTS diffuses across the synaptic cleft and some of the molecules of NTS bond to postsynaptic receptors on the postsynaptic membrane (on the dendrite of the post synaptic neuron) causing sodium gates to open.
	www.psychology.eku.edu /FALKENBE/PSY311/synaessa.htm (561 words)

	Age-related impairment of synaptic transmission but normal long-term potentiation in transgenic mice that overexpress ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		We have studied synaptic function in a transgenic mouse strain relevant to Alzheimer's disease (AD), overexpressing the 695 amino acid isoform of human amyloid precursor protein with K670N and M671L mutations (APP(695)SWE mice), which is associated with early-onset familial AD.
		At 18 months of age, a selective deficit in basal synaptic transmission was observed in the CA1 region despite treatment with kynurenate.
		Thus, although aged APP(695)SWE transgenic mice have greatly elevated levels of Abeta protein, increased numbers of plaques, and reduced basal synaptic transmission, LTP can still be induced and expressed normally.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_11425896.html (270 words)

	Synaptic Transmission: A Four Step Process (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		First, the neurotransmitter must be synthesized and stored in vesicles so that when an action potential arrives at the nerve ending, the cell is ready to pass it along to the next neuron.
		Whether due to genetics, drug use, the aging process, or other various causes, biological disfunction at any of the four steps of synaptic transmission often leads to such imbalances and is the ultimately source of conditions such as schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease.
		The causes and characteristics of these conditions and others will be studied more closely are as we focus specifically on the four steps of synaptic transmission, and trace the actions of several important neurotransmitters.
	www.williams.edu:803 /imput/introduction_main.html (741 words)

	Biochemistry of Neurotransmitters
		Synaptic transmission refers to the propagation of nerve impulses from one nerve cell to another.
		, reaches the end of a presynaptic axon, molecules of neurotransmitter are released into the synaptic space.
		The influx of calcium ions, Ca, stimulates the exocytosis of presynaptic vesicles containing ACh, which is thereby released into the synaptic cleft.
	web.indstate.edu /thcme/mwking/nerves.html (1588 words)

	Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission
		Similar mechanisms to those that exist for excitatory transmission may also exist for the effects of presynaptic kainate receptors on inhibitory synaptic transmission.
		Application of either kainate or ATPA has been shown to reduce the inhibitory post synaptic potential (IPSP) when AMPA receptors are blocked by GYKI 53655, an effect blocked by the kainate receptor antagonists, LY294486 (Clarke et al, 1997, y).
		However, it should be noted that knockout of the GLUK6 subunit protects mice from kainate-induced seizures and hippocampal neurotoxicity; as yet there is no evidence for a pre-synaptic locus for this subunit.
	www.bris.ac.uk /Depts/Synaptic/info/kainate/kainate_3.htm (141 words)

	A Genetic Screen for Synaptic Transmission Mutants Mapping to the Right Arm of Chromosome 3 in Drosophila -- Babcock et ...
		The synaptic transmission mutants were mapped in two ways.
		Map positions of synaptic transmission mutants identified in this analysis and candidate genes residing on the same chromosome arm.
		Synaptic transmission mutants recovered in this study are depicted above the chromosome arm and candidate genes are shown below.
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/165/1/171 (5567 words)

	Synaptic transmission: reliability and variability (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Synaptic transmission is an essentially probabilistic process: when a nerve terminal is depolarized, vesicular fusion and neurotransmitter release do not always occur from each release site.
		Further, synaptic efficacy can be modified by many factors and on many time scales by a large number of factors (eg, spike train history, neuromodulators).
		The primarly goal of this workshop is to explore the consequences of the stochastic nature of synaptic transmission for neural computation.
	www.cnl.salk.edu /~venk/nips-syn.html (391 words)

	Synaptic Plasticity in the Lateral Amygdala: A Cellular Hypothesis of Fear Conditioning -- Blair et al. 8 (5): 229 -- ...
		of verapamil on synaptic transmission and LTP induction in amygdala
		Long-lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission in the dentate area of the anaesthetized rabbit following stimulation of the perforant path.
		NMDA and non-NMDA receptors contribute to synaptic transmission between the medial geniculate body and the lateral nucleus of the amygdala.
	www.learnmem.org /cgi/content/full/8/5/229 (7910 words)

	2004 GRC on Synaptic Transmission
		Molecular determinants of endocytosis speed at synaptic terminals.
		Bradykinin - a pain-producing synaptic modulator in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
		Synaptic plasticity in spinal neurons that mediate hyperalgesia
	www.grc.uri.edu /programs/2004/synap.htm (235 words)

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