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Topic: Synchrocyclotron

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Cyclotron

Synchrotron

Cyclotron radiation

Synchrotron light

	MSN Encarta - Search View - Particle Accelerators
		In this instrument, the oscillator (radio-frequency generator) that accelerates the particles around the dees is automatically adjusted to stay in step with the accelerated particles; as the particles gain mass, the frequency of accelerations is lowered slightly to keep in step with them.
		The largest synchrocyclotron is the 600-cm (236-in) phasotron at the Dubna Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Russia; it accelerates protons to more than 700 MeV and has magnets weighing 6,984 tonnes.
		Synchrocyclotrons cannot be adapted to make allowance for such large increases in mass.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /text_761553504__1/Particle_Accelerators.html (1643 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> cyclotron (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Their limitations caused the invention of the synchrocyclotron (to overcome relativistic effects), and finally the synchrotron, which overcomes the cyclotron's limitations: The electromagnet saturates, and larger cyclotrons are much too large because of the shape of their vacuum chambers.
		An alternative to the synchrocyclotron is the isochronous cyclotron, which has a magnetic field that increases with radius, rather than with time.
		The spiraling of electrons in a cylindrical vacuum chamber within a transverse magnetic field is also employed in the magnetron, a device for producing high frequency radio waves (microwaves).
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/cyclotron (1278 words)

	Cyclotron Accelerators
		This problem is addressed in the synchrocyclotron by varying the frequency of the accelerating voltage to track the relativistic effects.
		In 1945 the technology was developed to vary the frequency of the accelerating voltage to track the change in relativistic energy of the particles.
		Accelerating voltages in the synchrocyclotron are typically about 10 kV, and the limitation on maximum particle energy is set by the size of the device (i.e., the radius of the magnetic field region).
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/particles/cyclo.html (535 words)

	Display tag Groves admired Lawrence's drive and... LBNL Image Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		"[It is] in the best interest of the government," Groves said, and authorized the completion of the 184-inch synchrocyclotron and the construction of an electron synchrotron, both of which used a concept that McMillan had developed towards the war's end.
		The completion of the 184-inch synchrocyclotron cost the District $170,000, the construction of the electron synchrotron $230,000 in cash plus $203,000 in surplus capacitors from Oak Ridge.
		In 1945-46, the 184-inch was converted from a calutron to a synchrocyclotron; Lawrence and staff posed with the magnet.
	imglib.lbl.gov /ImgLib/COLLECTIONS/BERKELEY-LAB/PEOPLE/GROUPS/index/96602772.html (143 words)

	Lawrence and His Laboratory: Episode: Machine Made Mesons
		During the first six months of operation of the big synchrocyclotron, the film group found a few odd tracks unlike those for protons, alpha particles, and deuterons, and unlike one another, which they took to be the work of mesons.
		The curves gave the yield of pairs in the detector as a function of the energy of the photons producing them for two different cases: photons leaving the target in the direction of the proton beam and (after reversal of the synchrocyclotron fields) photons leaving against the direction of the beam.
		The two plots could be transformed into one another on the assumption that all the photons came from particles traveling along the beam at one third the velocity of light and emitting equal numbers of photons in opposite directions.
	www.lbl.gov /Science-Articles/Research-Review/Magazine/1981/81fepi3.html (1854 words)

	Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute - About (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The technique of crystal-diffraction spectroscopy of high resolution, with the help of which in PNPI first-class results were received in nuclear spectroscopy and solid state physics, made it possible to pass over the study of the particle channeling effect and to use it in accelerator technology and high energy physics.
		The sharp boarders of the irradiation zone and a high ratio of the dose in the centre of the irradiation object to the dose of surrounding tissues allowed to use this method for the effective bloodness surgery of head brain various diseases.
		The theoretical study results of the asymptotic behaviour of hadron interaction amplitudes, the perturbative and non-perturbative OCD, the extented standard electroweak model, the self-consistent methods in the theory of complex nuclei and heavy atoms, the description of P- and T-odd effects in atoms and molecules are also generally recognized.
	www.pnpi.spb.ru /eng/about/res.htm (440 words)

	synchrocyclotron -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Cyclotrons in which the frequency of the accelerating voltage is changed as the particles are accelerated are called synchrocyclotrons, frequency-modulated (FM) cyclotrons, or phasotrons.
		Because of the modulation, the particles do not get out of phase with the accelerating voltage, so that the relativistic mass increase does not impose a limit on the energy.
		Its advantage over the synchrocyclotron is that the beam is not pulsed and is more intense.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9070737 (371 words)

	LBL News Magazine, Fall 1981, Episode: Machine Made Mesons
		By then theorists had made it appear likely that the "4000 ton atom smasher"-as journalists liked to call the synchrocyclotron, creating the impression that it split nuclei by falling on them-could indeed make mesons, and with something to spare.
		Coincidences registered as a function of the angles [alpha] and [beta] agreed with thi hypothesis that the photons, which created the pairs that activated the countrs, were the only decay products of a neutral relativistic pion, 1950.
		Further evidence-coincidences between photons liberated in opposite directions-could not then be obtained at the synchrocyclotron because its concrete shielding blocked the necessary observations.
	imglib.lbl.gov /LBNL_Res_Revs/RR_online/81F/81fepi3.html (1970 words)

	Synchrocyclotron - TheBestLinks.com - TheBestLinks.com:Find or fix a stub, Cyclotron, TheBestLinks.com:Perfect stub ...
		Synchrocyclotron - TheBestLinks.com - TheBestLinks.com:Find or fix a stub, Cyclotron, TheBestLinks.com:Perfect stub article, Synchrotron,...
		A synchrocyclotron is a cyclotron that varies either its magnetic field or its frequency to compensate for mass gain of the particles accelerated to near the speed of light.
		This does not address the physical cost constraints of the cyclotron structure and so the synchrotron was invented to achieve higher powers.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Synchrocyclotron.html (119 words)

	nucleus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Synchrocyclotron is a part of High Energy Physics Department of PNPI.
		The research program on HEP-Department consists of the experiments on Gatchina synchrocyclotron, on Russian and foreign accelerater centres.
		Gatchina synchrocyclotron is being used as well for home research program as for development, testing and calibration the equipment for experiments on the another research centres.
	dbserv.pnpi.spb.ru /~ivanovem/ad1/nuclear.html (172 words)

	Fermi's legacy : Nature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		He also discovered the artificial radioactivity caused by neutron bombardment, and was awarded a Nobel prize in 1938 for his discovery of the properties of slow neutrons.
		On his return to Chicago after the war, he founded the most important school of physics in the world: many of its students were to be outstanding figures in physics in the second half of the century.
		He also came back to theoretical and experimental physics, achieving important feats in both fields, such as the idea of the compound pion — that pions are composed of a nucleon and an antinucleon — and the hint of the first pion-nucleon resonance, obtained with the Chicago synchrocyclotron, which came into operation in September 1951.
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v433/n7025/full/433460a.html (776 words)

	Lawrence and His Laboratory: Chapter 4: Demobilized Physics
		McMillan (and, independently, the Soviet physicist V. Veksler) showed, a net acceleration might be achieved by decreasing the oscillator frequency without changing the magnetic field (the principle of the synchrocyclotron) or by changing both frequency and field so that the accelerated particles describe a path of constant radius (the proton synchroton).
		After months of experiment with exposure and development times, and with the position and orientation of the film in secondary beams from targets struck by deuterons and alpha particles, Gardner's group had not found a trace of a pion.
		The minutes of the meeting record its consensus that the performance of the synchrocyclotron "raise [d] many questions which cannot be answered without a 2.5 to 3 BeV proton accelerator." That satisfied Lawrence.
	www.lbl.gov /Science-Articles/Research-Review/Magazine/1981/81fchp4.html (2575 words)

	[No title]
		The synchrocyclotron constructed at the Institute allows to accelerate protons up to 1 GeV energy with the size of proton beam of 1-2 cm on the targets in the experimental hall and beam intensity up to 2x1012 proton/sec.
		Beam intensity inside the synchrocyclotron camera is 1 mcA, and efficiency of extraction is 25-30 %.
		The accelerator has three stationary tracts of proton beams, two pi-meson tracts, mu-meson tract, proton beam for medical research and a tract of impulse neutron beam with a pulse length of 20 nsec.
	www.nucleus.ru /en/nii/gatchina.doc (667 words)

	About Fermilab - History and Archives Project - Neutrino Area
		The synchrocyclotron was totally dismantled at the University on October 15, 1971.
		Sachs noted that some of the synchrocyclotron's greatest work was being done right up until the last minute of its operation, 8 a.m., July 12, 1971 on an experiment involving muonium by Valentine L. Telegdi, Professor in the Department of Physics and the Institute, and his collaborators.
		The synchrocyclotron was an important facility at the University of Chicago and is referred to with affection by scientists who have used it.
	history.fnal.gov /neutrino.html (12668 words)

	TSL - Historical page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Gustaf Werner Institute with the synchrocyclotron as the main research instrument was founded in 1949 and continued to act as a base for research in high-energy physics and radiation biology until 1986 when The Svedberg Laboratory was established.
		Intensive discussions concerning the type and size of accelerators Swedish research in nuclear and high-energy physics should have at its disposal took place in early 1980's, One result of this process was that a decision was taken to bring the magnets of the so-called ICE-ring (Initial Cooling Experiment) from CERN to Uppsala.
		From 1994 until 2004 The Svedberg Laboratory was a national research facility funded to a large fraction from the Swedish Natural Science Research Council.
	www.tsl.uu.se /tsl/tsl/tsl_history.html (413 words)

	synchrocyclotron (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The main parameters of a synchrocyclotron are presented in
		Briefly the main features of 1 GeV synchrocyclotron facility can be formulated as follows.
		of synchrocyclotron beam has been developed by means using a C-electrodes.
	dbserv.pnpi.spb.ru /hepd/structure/div/ad1 (214 words)

	Talk:Cyclotron - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It was these problems that were effectively addressed by the cyclotron.
		The cyclotron and its successor the synchrocyclotron have their own peculiar limitations but offered a significant advance over linear accelerators of the time.
		Their succesor, the synchrotron overcame the limitations of the cyclotron and synchrocyclotron.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Cyclotron (336 words)

	Dinosaur bones from Africa arrive on the University of Chicago campus
		The high-bay accelerator building in the institute once housed the world's most powerful particle accelerator, the 450 MeV synchrocyclotron, built for Enrico Fermi in 1950 and operational until 1972.
		The space adjacent to the high bay that was remodeled as a facility for the dinosaur bones once housed the electrical generators for the synchrocyclotron.
		The accelerator building is now actively used as a staging area for a variety of scientific experiments, largely for the construction of instrumentation for use in high-energy physics and astrophysics experiments.
	www-news.uchicago.edu /releases/98/980226.sereno.shtml (515 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Cyclotron
		While a significant technical achivement at the time, the configuration of the device limits its cost effectiveness at higher power.
		These limitations were addressed with the invention of the synchrocyclotron (to overcome relativistic effects) and finally the synchrotron, which overcomes the cyclotron's limitations of electromagnet saturation and device size impracticalities imposed by the shape of the vacuum chamber.
		The electrodes shown at the right would be contained within the vacuum chamber.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Cyclotron (1018 words)

	Cold War Science -- Ernest Lawrence and the Cyclotron: AIP History Center Web Exhibit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Lawrence and staff posing with the magnet for the 184-inch synchrocyclotron.
		In November 1946, the 184-inch frequency-synchronized cyclotron, or “synchrocyclotron,” gave its first beam.
		In the meantime, however, a group in Berkeley managed to detect mesons from the 184-inch synchrocyclotron.
	www.aip.org /history/lawrence/cws.htm (1064 words)

	About Dubna (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Extensive fundamental and applied investigations into the properties of nuclear matter immediately started at the newly-established Institute for Nuclear Problems (INP) with its operating 680 MeV synchrocyclotron, headed by young physicists M.
		Apart from the phasotron (before 1984 - synchrocyclotron) and the synchrophasotron, there are accelerators of heavy ions U-200 and U-400.
		In 1993 a beam of ions was extracted from a new accelerator U-400M.
	www.jinr.dubna.su /dubna-e.htm (1411 words)

	JINR - 40th Anniversary
		In 1947 a group of scientists led by Academician I.V.Kurchatov initiated construction of the then largest accelerator of charged particles - synchrocyclotron - on the bank of the Volga river, 120 km from Moscow.
		Extensive fundamental and applied investigations into the properties of nuclear matter immediately started at the newlyestablished Institute for Nuclear Research (INP) with its operating 680 MeV synchrocyclotron, headed by young physicists M.G.Mescheryakov and V.P.Dzhelepov, later world-known scientists and Corresponding Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
		Apart from the synchrocyclotron and the synchrophasotron, there are accelerators of heavy ions U-200 and U-400.
	www.jinr.ru /jinr/dubna40.html (1412 words)

	CERN Courier - CERN-Dubna exchange begins - IOP Publishing - article
		Yuri Sherbakov, the third scientist, is an experimental physicist who has been attached to the Russian Centre of Dubna since 1953.
		He was born at Valsk on the Volga in August 1925, and was a student at the Moscow Institute of Technology, studying physics under Professor Kosadev.
		He went to Dubna in 1953 and has been working there for five years on the 680 MeV synchrocyclotron.
	www.cerncourier.com /main/article/44/9/5 (344 words)

	synchrocyclotron - OneLook Dictionary Search
		We found 12 dictionaries with English definitions that include the word synchrocyclotron:
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "synchrocyclotron" is defined.
		synchrocyclotron : The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language [home, info]
	www.onelook.com /?w=synchrocyclotron&loc=resrd (131 words)

	The University of Chicago Magazine: April 2001, Class Notes
		After several years of planning and construction, the University's $2.5 million synchrocyclotron was almost complete.
		Co-designed by Herbert L. Anderson and John Marshall, the synchrocyclotron would accelerate protons to 450 million electron volts, making it "the most powerful accelerator of positive ions in the western world." Operational until 1972, the synchrocyclotron has since been surpassed by the accelerators at Fermilab and at CERN in Switzerland.
		The cyclotron was housed at the northwest corner of campus in the new Accelerator Building, which the April Magazine described as "vaulted and spacious as Grand Central Station, [and] looks and sounds like a giant's workshop."
	magazine.uchicago.edu /0104/class-notes/ourpages.html (367 words)

	GPN-2000-001974 - Massive Magnetic Core
		The massive magnetic core of the Space Radiation Effects Laboratory's Synchrocyclotron at NASA's Langley Research Center.
		The 3000 ton (6 million pound), 36' x 21'x 19.5' assembly of forged steel serves as the heart of the 600 million electron volt, high energy proton accelerator.
		Synchrocyclotron Magnetic Proton Space Radiation Effects Laboratory Langley
	grin.hq.nasa.gov /ABSTRACTS/GPN-2000-001974.html (52 words)

	HEPD-Activities/Proton Therapy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The presents status and results of proton therapy are shown in tables 1 and 2 (results.doc or results.pdf) and for some fixed deseases in figure.doc
		The scales of this method application allowing to releive patients of the difficult and expensive neurosurgical operations will be extended in the process of development and improvment of diagnostic methods of the head brain diseases.
		(For more detail review see article "Proton therapy at PNPI synchrocyclotron" in PNPI report of the High Energy Physics Division "Main Scientific Activities 1971-1996" p.295-303).
	hepd.pnpi.spb.ru /hepd/activities/protontherapy.html (377 words)

	Physics Today March 2001
		) why Leo Szilard abandoned his early patent applications on the linear accelerator, cyclotron, betatron and synchrocyclotron.
		Perhaps, he suggests, Szilard "lost interest in pursuing them," or the patent examiners "may have raised questions of novelty" if they knew the work of Gustaf Ising or others.
		Telegdi notes that in 1934, after fleeing Germany, Szilard filed an application in the UK on betatron and synchrocyclotron designs that were even more sophisticated.
	physicstoday.org /pt/vol-54/iss-3/p102.html (568 words)

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