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Topic: Synchronic linguistics

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Diachronic linguistics

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	Historical linguistics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Modern historical linguistics dates from the late 18th century and grew out of the earlier discipline of philology, the study of ancient texts and documents, which goes back to antiquity.
		At first historical linguistics was comparative linguistics and mainly concerned with establishing language families and the reconstruction of prehistoric languages, using the comparative method and internal reconstruction.
		In practice, a purely synchronic linguistics is not possible for any period before the invention of the gramophone: written records always lag behind speech in reflecting linguistic developments, and in any case are difficult to date accurately before the development of the modern title page.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Historical-comparative_linguistics (627 words)

	Descriptive linguistics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It has been suggested that Linguistic descriptivism be merged into this article or section.
		Descriptive linguistics is the work of analyzing and describing how language is spoken (or how it was spoken in the past) by a group of people in a speech community.
		The priorities of descriptive linguistics are essentially incongruous with those of prescriptive grammar, which is concerned not with describing how a language is actually spoken, but rather with pronouncing, in the form of normative statements or rules, how language users ought to properly speak or write a language.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Descriptive_linguistics (479 words)

	Linguistik - Wikipédia
		Synchronic and diachronic -- Synchronic study of a language is concerned with its form at a given moment; diachronic study covers the history of a language (group) and its structural changes over time.
		Sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics, and linguistic anthropology are where the social sciences that consider societies as whole and linguistics interact.
		For linguistic research that uses the methods of corpus linguistics and computational linguistics, written language is often much more convenient for processing large amounts of linguistic data.
	su.wikipedia.org /wiki/Linguistik (1393 words)

	Linguistics
		Linguists often divide the study of language into a number of separate areas, to be studied more or less independently.
		Most cognitive linguists, for example, would probably find the categories "semantics" and "pragmatics" to be arbitrary, and nearly all linguists would agree that the divisions overlap considerably.
		Linguists can be broadly divided into those that study language at a particular point in time (usually the present) and those that study how language changes through time, sometimes over centuries.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/li/Linguist.html (1159 words)

	Ferdinand de Saussure's Course in General Linguistics
		Saussure defines linguistics as the study of language, and as the study of the manifestations of human speech.
		He says that linguistics is also concerned with the history of languages, and with the social or cultural influences that shape the development of language.
		Synchronic linguistics is the study of language at a particular point in time.
	www.angelfire.com /md2/timewarp/saussure.html (928 words)

	Anthropological linguistics - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Anthropological linguistics is the study of language through human genetics and human development.
		Whatever one calls it, this field has had a major impact in the studies of visual perception (especially colour) and bioregional democracy, both of which are concerned with distinctions that are made in languages about perceptions of the surroundings.
		This study includes the study of linguistic divergence and language families, comparative linguistics, etymology, and philology.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Linguistic_anthropology (366 words)

	Mazzon: language varieties in diachrony and synchrony
		For structuralism, this meant a total separation between historical linguistics and linguistics proper, a position that was held in the early stages of generativism, too.
		Martinet (1954-5:8) noted that it is often difficult for the linguist to make decisions: "in border-line cases, the linguist tends to be just as hesitant as the layman, because actually both use the same terms, and the linguist has simply never taken the trouble to redefine them scientifically" [5].
		Diachronic and synchronic dialectologies are, of necessity, quite far apart, both as regards methods and kinds of material studied[25].
	www.univie.ac.at /Anglistik/hoe/pmazzon.htm (10515 words)

	Linguistics - Gurupedia
		Synchronic and diachronic -- Synchronic study of a language is concerned only with the language as it is at a given time; diachronic study is concerned with the history of a language or group of languages, and what structural changes have occurred.
		Contextual linguistics is concerned with how language fits into the world: its social function, but also how it is acquired, and how it is produced and perceived.
		linguistic anthropology are where the social sciences that consider societies as whole and linguistics interact.
	www.gurupedia.com /l/li/linguistics.htm (1304 words)

	Linguistics
		Linguistics is the science that studies the phenomenon of human language.
		Most linguists study foreign languages as a tool for his work, but their aim is not to gain the kind of knowledge that permit them to speak as a native of the country.
		After the war, linguistic studies resurged in a number of European countries, and in the USA a theory of language analysis known as 'structural linguistics' was consolidated.
	www.mindfocus.net /na04030.html (693 words)

	More on Linguistics
		Whereas theoretical linguistics is concerned with finding and describing generalities both within particular languages and among all languages, applied linguistics takes the results of those findings and applies them to other areas.
		Often applied linguistics refers to the use of linguistic research in language teaching, but results of linguistic research are used in many other areas, as well.
		Applications of computational linguistics in machine translation, computer-assisted translation, and natural language processing are extremely fruitful areas of applied linguistics which have come to the forefront in recent years with increasing computing power.
	www.artilifes.com /linguistics.htm (1514 words)

	Bloomsbury.com - Research centre
		Linguistics, the scientific study of language, has a long historical pedigree, since an interest in language is evident in the works of Greek and Indian scholars more than 2,500 years ago.
		The development of synchronic linguistics coincided with the growing interest in North America to record and describe adequately the numerous languages of native Americans which were under threat of extinction.
		Hence, linguists nowadays generally regard their task as one of describing how a language actually is, as opposed to promoting ideas about how it should be.
	www.bloomsburymagazine.com /ARC/detail.asp?entryid=102377&bid=2 (1122 words)

	MrSci.com: All Science, All the Time
		Synchronic vs Diachronic: Synchronic study of a language is concerned with its form at a given moment; Diachronic study covers the history of a language or family of languages and structural changes over time.
		Sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics, and linguistic anthropology are social sciences that consider the interactions between linguistics and society as a whole.
		Linguistics is the scientific study of human language, and someone who engages in this study is called a linguist...
	www.mrsci.com /social/linguistics.html (1648 words)

	Institut für Anglistik an der RWTH Aachen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Synchronic English Linguistics deals with the English language as it is spoken and written in the world today as well as distinguishing between the language system and its actual usage.
		The study of synchronic linguistics will cover the topics of phonology (sounds), morphology (inflections and word-formation), syntax (sentence structure), and semantics (meaning); in addition, synchronic linguistics studies other factors that may have an impact on language and language use (e.g.
		The main focus of applied linguistics is: technical terminology and how to teach it, translation theories and practices, theory and practice of intercultural communication, and language politics and planning.
	www.rwth-aachen.de /anglistik/en/studieninhalte.html (597 words)

	APPROACHES TO GRAMMAR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		In contrast to the work of philologists, the majority of linguists of the present century carry out their analysis on the present state of a language; they compare versions of the same language as they observe it originating from different speakers and writers.
		The linguist in the Popperian spirit of this period, as many even today, was discovering, in the terminology of C. Householder, “God’s truth.” Linguists generally understood that they would have to emphasize thorough observation if they were to make progress.
		Stuurman points out that it is possible that linguists of the former grammatical tradition limited their study to written evidence because they were sensitive to a certain detached approach that a number of foreign scholars had brought to English grammar.
	userpages.burgoyne.com /bdespain/grammar/gram022.htm (2656 words)

	Linguistics...Artilifes.com
		Synchronic and diachronic - Synchronic study of a language is concerned with its form at a given moment; diachronic study covers the history of a language (group) and its structural changes over time.
		Theoretical and applied - Theoretical (or general) linguistics is concerned with frameworks for describing individual languages and theories about universal aspects of language; applied linguistics applies these theories to other fields.
		Whereas core theoretical linguistics studies languages for their own sake, the interdisciplinary areas of linguistic consider how language interacts with the rest of the world.
	www.artilifes.com /linguistics.html (587 words)

	Linguistics and poetics
		Since linguistics is the global science of verbal structure, poetics may be regarded as an integral part of linguistics.
		Linguistics is likely to explore all possible problems of relation between discourse and the ‘universe of discourse’: what of this universe is verbalized by a given discourse and how is it verbalized.
		Synchronic poetics, like synchronic linguistics, is not to be confused with statics; any stage discriminates between more conservative and more innovatory forms.
	courses.essex.ac.uk /lt/lt204/lingpoetics.htm (3402 words)

	Linguistics, Program in
		Linguists study language as a specialized communicative system with its own distinctive principles of structure and patterning.
		Many combine linguistics with a major in a related field such as a foreign language, psychology, or anthropology.
		Linguistics classes are generally small, with an emphasis on class participation and problem-solving.
	www.virginia.edu /registrar/records/04-05ugradrec/chapter6/chapter6-29.htm (1095 words)

	English Linguistics
		Linguistics thus distinguishes between the historical (diachronic) and the systematic (synchronic) study of language.
		Synchronic linguistics examines all aspects of linguistic communication as well as the rules that are known to and used by all members of a language community.
		The traditional areas of synchronic linguistics taught in Bayreuth are phonetics, which deals with the physical aspects of sounds (their formation in the speaker's mouth, their acoustic qualities, and their perception by the listener), and phonology, which describes the phonological system of distinctive sounds common to all members of a speech community.
	www.uni-bayreuth.de /departments/anglistik/Ling_Eng.htm (1272 words)

	Untitled Document
		Synchronic linguistics is concerned with the structure of language and individual languages at a particular, fixed point in time: for example 20
		Whether one does historical or synchronic linguistics, linguistics has many subdisciplines concerned with the different components of language and languages.
		Formal linguistics adopts a relatively mathematical and logical approach to language and languages, with the goal of integrating all the parts of language mentioned above into a comprehensive system of rules and constraints interacting with one another.
	www.humnet.ucla.edu /humnet/germanic/Linguistics.htm (777 words)

	Changing Perspectives on Change in the Lithuanian Language
		Once Ferdinand de Saussure, the founder of modern linguistics, changed the focus of linguistics from the historical approach to the study of the systematic structures of contemporary languages, interest in linguistics spread at an accelerated pace.
		Although the majority of the structural linguists of this period were immersed in refining synchronic theory, concentrating on two components of language structure: phonology (contrastive sounds) and morphology (meaningful minimal parts of words), Klimas and Schmalstieg put theory into practice in their descriptions of the Lithuanian language.
		In the mid-twentieth century, despite the virtual monopoly of synchronic linguistics, many important historical questions dealing with the Baltic languages continued to be raised or investigated anew by structural linguists in America and Europe.
	www.lituanus.org /1986/86_2_04.htm (2408 words)

	Introducing Linguistics
		Trask begins with the history of linguistics as a discipline, tracing it from Panini's work on Sanskrit, through Aristotle and the Greco-Latin scholars, and the European approaches of the 14th and 15th centuries, to the modern day subject.
		Ferdinand de Saussure's hugely influential ideas, which revolutionised linguistics are explained, and we learn how his work emphasised two different approaches: synchronic linguistics (language studied at a particular time) and diachronic linguistics (the development of language over time).
		Trask's background in historical linguistics is evident, for there is a strong emphasis on the development of the subject and on diachronic studies throughout.
	www.fun-with-words.com /introducing_linguistics.html (750 words)

	Dartmouth Library Collection Development Policy
		This policy statement is restricted to linguistics as the science of language.
		Furthermore, at Dartmouth majors in Linguistics are possible in combination with a variety of subjects in the Humanities, Social Sciences, and Mathematics (computer linguistics).
		Some linguistic atlases are treated as maps (Library of Congress G class, located in the Map Room).
	www.dartmouth.edu /~cmdc/cdp/linguistics.html (373 words)

	Talk:Linguistics - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks
		Sometimes it is called diachronic linguistics, as opposed to synchronic linguistics, which studies language at a particular point in time.
		The most famous achievement of historical linguistics to date is the Indoeuropean theory, which shows that most of the languages in a wide band stretching from Europe through Central Asia to India are related, and are descended from a single ancestral language, called Proto-Indo-European.
		By careful comparative methods, linguists have been able to reconstruct much of the grammar and vocabulary of this extinct language, the common ancestor of Latin, Greek, Sanskrit, and all the Germanic and Slavic languages as well.
	en.wikibooks.org /wiki/Talk:Linguistics (939 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Linguistics is the study of the phenomenon of language.
		Students majoring in Linguistics survey the principal areas of linguistic interest: the study of language as a historical product (diachronic linguistics), the study of language as a communications system at any given time (synchronic linguistics), and the theory of language in general (theoretical linguistics).
		A major in Linguistics can be used as a basis for graduate study in the field, as an adjunct to related areas with practical application (e.g.
	web.utk.edu /~casadv/ling.html (186 words)

	6-09 Diachronic and synchronic linguistics. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Statements that are now false under synchronic linguistics (the study of language at a given time) may become false, as revealed by diachronic linguistics (the study of language through time).
		Putnam argues as follows: "(1) Pain is identical with stimulation of C-Fibers....There is nothing wrong with trying to bring linguistic theory to bear on this issue, but one must have a sufficiently sophisticated linguistic theory to bring to bear.
		The real question is not a question in synchronic linguistics but one in diachronic linguistics, not 'Is (1) now a deviant sentence ?' but 'If a change in scientific knowledge (e.g.
	www.macrovu.com /CCT6/CCTMap609.html (267 words)

	CGSW21 @ UCSC -- Participant Bios
		After completing an M.A. in General Linguistics at the University of Stellenbosch in South Africa in 1996, she went to Cambridge where she did an M.Phil., followed by a Ph.D. focusing on word-order variation in Afrikaans, which was completed in 2003.
		She is currently a member of the U.K.'s Arts and Humanities Research Council-funded research project (AR14458) investigating “Null subjects and the structure of parametric theory”, and is in the process of editing a volume (The Limits of Syntactic Variation) containing selected papers from the conference on Parametric Theory that was held in Newcastle last summer.
		Ian Roberts was born in Stamford, England, 1957, obtained a BA in Linguistics with French minor from the University College of North Wales (now University of Wales, Bangor) in 1979.
	ling.ucsc.edu /~cgsw/bios.html (1010 words)

	ipedia.com: Descriptive linguistics Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Descriptive Linguistics is the work of analyzing and describing the actual language spoken now, or in the past, by any group of people.
		An extreme mentalist viewpoint appears to deny that the linguistic description of a language can be done by anyone but a competent speaker.
		Be that as it may be there are practical immediate needs for linguistic descriptions and we cannot wait for a full exploration of linguistic competence.
	www.ipedia.com /descriptive_linguistics.html (442 words)

	UT-Austin Linguistics Courses: Graduate
		Primary emphasis is on work within the area of ìsocially linguisticî linguistics (Hymes 1973), which brings social considerations to bear on problems of description and analysis common to phonology, syntax, historical linguistics and other ìcoreî areas of linguistics.
		Contemporary research in the fields of sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology often takes one of two foci: the individual and his or her identity (or, more properly, identities) or language ideology, the beliefs about language that language users hold.
		To achieve this goal, we'll read broadly in work from linguistic anthropology and sociolinguistics that takes identity or ideology as its focus; however, we'll also read researchers from other fields who consider identity and/or ideology with the hope of applying their constructs to questions of language and linguistic practices.
	www.utexas.edu /courses/linguistics/spring03/grad.html (4575 words)

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