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Topic: Synchrotron

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	History of Synchrotron Radiation Sources
		Fortunately for the future of synchrotron radiation, the machine was not fully shielded and the coating on the doughnut-shaped electron tube was transparent, which allowed a technician to look around the shielding with a large mirror to check for sparking in the tube.
		Under Madden and Codling, measurements began at the new NBS facility (Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility or SURF) to determine the potential of synchrotron radiation for standards and as a source for spectroscopy in the ultraviolet (the wavelength for peak radiated power per unit wavelength was 335 Å).
		With synchrotron radiation available at wavelengths in the x-ray region down to 0.1 Å, experimenters at DESY were able to carefully check the spectral distribution against Schwinger's theory, as well as begin absorption measurements of metals and alkali halides and of photoemission in aluminum.
	xdb.lbl.gov /Section2/Sec_2-2.html (4050 words)

	Canadian Light Source: Media
		Synchrotrons are used to probe the structure of matter and analyze a host of physical, chemical, geological and biological processes.
		Synchrotron light allows matter to be “seen” at the atomic scale – from the cross-sectional images of a mosquito’s knee to the nanosecond-by-nanosecond behavior of protein molecules such as antibodies.
		Synchrotron light can also be used more directly as an industrial tool, to etch microscopic patterns for more powerful computer chips, to machine tiny gears smaller than the width of a human hair, and to weld advanced ceramics that cannot be joined any other way.
	www.lightsource.ca /media/quickfacts.php (968 words)

	Synchrotron Experiments (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A synchrotron is a particular type of cyclic particle accelerator in which the magentic field (to turn the particles so they circulate) and the electric field (to accelerate the particles) are carefully synchronized with the travelling particle beam.
		However many scientists use synchrotron radiation (the light, which is channelled down beamlines to experimental workstations where it is used for research) and for them the of synchrotron radiation is the only purpose of a synchrotron.
		Synchrotron radiation is useful for a wide range of applications and many synchrotrons have been built especially to produce "synchrotron light".
	synchroexperiments.org (464 words)

	Untitled Document
		Synchrotron radiation is characterized by a generation of frequencies appreciably higher than the cyclotron frequency of electrons (or positrons) in a magnetic field, a continuous spectra whose intensity decreases with frequency beyond a certain critical frequency, highly directed beam energies, and polarized electromagnetic wave vectors.
		Therefore, the question of cosmic synchrotron radiation is closely connected with the physics and origin of cosmic rays and with gamma- and X ray astronomy.
		Synchrotron radiation was first brought to the attention of astronomers by H. Alfvn; and N. Herlofson in 1950, a remarkable suggestion at a time when plasma and magnetic fields were thought to have little, if anything, to do in a cosmos filled with ÒislandÓ universes (galaxies).
	public.lanl.gov /alp/plasma/synchrotron.html (676 words)

	Synchrotron - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Synchrotrons are now mostly used for producing high intensity X-ray beams; here, the synchrotron is the circular track, off which the beamlines branch.
		A synchrotron is a particular type of cyclic particle accelerator in which the magnetic field (to turn the particles so they circulate) and the electric field (to accelerate the particles) are carefully synchronized with the travelling particle beam.
		Currently, the highest energy synchrotron in the world is the Tevatron, at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, in the United States.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Synchrotron (1174 words)

	RSNZ: Synchrotron (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Synchrotron radiation is highly polarized (the electromagnetic radiation is restricted to vibrate in one dimension).
		Synchrotron light is a versatile and revolutionary tool for researchers in universities and industry who study physical, chemical, geological and biological processes.
		Synchrotron radiation is also used to study the brain and to develop new imaging techniques for medical diagnostics such as non-invasive angiography; X-ray study of the heart and blood vessels to reveal obstructions.
	www.rsnz.org /news/synchrotron (1459 words)

	Accelerator : Circular Accelerators (SLAC VVC)
		A synchrotron (sometimes called a synchro-cyclotron) is a circular accelerator which has an electromagnetic resonant cavity (or perhaps a few placed at regular intervals around the ring) to accelerate the particles.
		Synchrotron radiation is the name given to the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the charged particles circulating in a synchrotron.
		A storage ring is the same thing as a synchrotron, except that it is designed just to keep the particles circulating at a constant energy for as long as possible, not to increase their energy any further.
	www2.slac.stanford.edu /vvc/accelerators/circular.html (1006 words)

	Absorption and phase imaging with synchrotron radiation
		Synchrotron radiation refers to the electromagnetic radiation emitted by ultrarelativistic electrons (energies of several GeV), circulating in storage rings, at those parts of the rings where they are accelerated by a magnetic field.
		The advent of synchrotron radiation was a boon to X-ray imaging through the possibilities for real-time observation or for refined beam preparation offered by the increase in intensity.
		The advent of synchrotron radiation also stimulated the development of microscopes for soft X-rays, in particular for the wavelength range (the "water window") where absorption by carbon is much stronger than by water.
	www.europhysicsnews.com /full/08/article3/article3.html (3720 words)

	Mini Synchrotron
		The CLS brings the brightness and quality of a synchrotron x-ray beam to a scale that can be used in a local experimenter’s laboratory or, eventually, in a hospital or clinic.
		Synchrotrons produce x-rays by accelerating electrons sideways—basically wiggling them back and forth, or bending them in a circle.
		Pisano’s work with synchrotrons has involved diffraction enhanced imaging (DEI), which uses a crystal downstream of the object being radiated to capture the diffraction part of the x-ray beam.
	www.rsna.org /Publications/rsnanews/june06/Mini_Syn_June-06.cfm (985 words)

	Synchrotron Radiation
		Synchrotron radiation is the name given to the radiation which occurs when charged particles are accelerated in a curved path or orbit.
		Particularly in the application to circular particle accelerators like synchrotrons, where charged particles are accelerated to very high speeds, the radiation is referred to as synchrotron radiation.
		For an accelerator like a synchrotron, the radius is fixed after construction, but the inverse dependence of synchrotron radiation loss on radius argues for building the accelerator as large as possible.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/particles/synchrotron.html (550 words)

	Synchrotron radiation impacts discussed
		In a demonstration of synchrotron radiation's applications in areas outside of science, Winick also showed how the technology is being used to restore Renaissance paintings at the Cantor Arts Center.
		Synchrotron radiation is used to provide information about the paint used, helping resolve questions about a painting's origins.
		Largely though, synchrotron light is being used to address biomedical and environmental concerns around the world.
	news-service.stanford.edu /news/2004/may12/winick-212.html (454 words)

	U.S. Synchrotron Radiation Light Sources
		The unique properties of synchrotron radiation are its continuous spectrum, high flux and brightness, and high coherence, which make it an indispensable tool in the exploration of matter.
		The wavelengths of the emitted photons span a range of dimensions from the atomic level to biological cells, thereby providing incisive probes for advanced research in materials science, physical and chemical sciences, metrology, geosciences, environmental sciences, biosciences, medical sciences, and pharmaceutical sciences.
		SPECTROSCOPY techniques are used to study the energies of particles that are emitted or absorbed by samples that are exposed to the light-source beam and are commonly used to determine the characteristics of chemical bonding and electron motion.
	www.sc.doe.gov /bes/synchrotron_techniques/index.htm (314 words)

	ASRP - Introduction to Synchrotron Radiation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Wide energy spectrum: synchrotron radiation is emitted with a wide range of energies, allowing a beam of any energy to be produced.
		First generation synchrotron sources were high energy physics accelerators, where the synchrotron radiation was an unwanted by-product.
		The second generation of synchrotron radiation facilities, such as the Photon Factory in Japan, were constructed expressly to provide synchrotron X-rays for research.
	www.ansto.gov.au /natfac/asrp4.html (644 words)

	Synchrotrons-Key text
		Synchrotrons are particle accelerators –; massive machines built to accelerate sub-atomic particles to almost the speed of light.
		They produce synchrotron radiation –; an amazing form of light that researchers are shining on molecules, atoms, crystals and innovative new materials in order to understand their structure and behaviour.
		Synchrotron radiation –; also referred to as synchrotron light –; is a type of electromagnetic radiation –; energy that travels in the form of electromagnetic waves.
	www.science.org.au /nova/068/068key.htm (1239 words)

	Welcome to the Applied Centre for Structural and synchrotron Studies website
		The Applied Centre for Structural and Synchrotron Studies was launched in August 2004 and became the 10th Centre in the Division of Information Technology, Engineering and the Environment.
		A synchrotron produces extremely bright light, which can be used to probe the physical and electronic structure of matter.
		Synchrotron light is therefore used as an analytic tool in the quest for improved materials in every walk of life.
	www.unisa.edu.au /synchrotron (261 words)

	Structural Biology and Synchrotron Radiation: Evaluation of Resources and Needs
		The Study Group of experienced structural biologists and synchrotron radiation experts met to evaluate the survey data, to assess the size and needs of the community, to predict what synchrotron radiation facilities would be needed in the future, and to write the report, which was published in July, 1991.
		The object of this report is to evaluate what synchrotron facilities and support operations are currently needed, and to anticipate what will be required to sustain the exciting progress in structural biology in the coming years.
		The benefits of synchrotron radiation include substantial increases in resolution over those available with laboratory sources and the ability to study crystals that are too small or have a unit cell too large to be studied using home X-ray sources.
	www.ornl.gov /sci/techresources/Human_Genome/biosync/intro.shtml (3247 words)

	News in Science - Synchrotron could get science closer to business - 11/07/2002
		Synchrotrons take electrons generated by a cathode ray tube and use powerful electric fields to accelerate them to close to the speed of light.
		A synchrotron can be used for many diverse applications, said Sir Peter, particularly in areas such as biotechnology, medical research, drug development, minerals technology and microelectronics.
		Knowledge of the structure, function and development of materials underpins much of what is regarded as high technology — the use of proteins for drugs, machining new computer chips, analysing mineral ores, medical imaging, and the development of new plastics and composites.
	www.abc.net.au /science/news/stories/s602946.htm (578 words)

	Stanford Synchrotron Lab steps out on its own
		Synchrotron radiation is intensely bright, highly concentrated light, in a spectrum from x-rays to ultraviolet.
		The lab's beams of synchrotron light are a byproduct of high-energy physics experiments - the energy given off when electrons are forced to change speed or direction.
		The Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center are national laboratories, operated by the Department of Energy.
	www.stanford.edu /dept/news/pr/92/920219Arc2403.html (999 words)

	National Synchrotron Light Source
		In 1945, the synchrotron was proposed as the latest accelerator for high-energy physics, designed to push particles, in this case electrons, to higher energies than could a cyclotron, the particle accelerator of the day.
		Radiation by orbiting electrons in synchrotrons was predicted by, among others, John Blewett, then a physicist for GE who went on to become one of Brookhaven's most influential accelerator physicists, working on both the Cosmotron and the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron.
		Because synchrotron light is very intense and well collimated, it is preferred to light produced by conventional laboratory sources.
	www.nsls.bnl.gov /about/history (677 words)

	CBC News Indepth: Synchrotron
		The Canadian Light Source Synchrotron at the University of Saskatchewan is a football field-sized facility that uses extremely bright light to peer inside matter.
		As one of the few "third generation" synchrotrons in the world, CLS produces even more light to investigate the nature and structure of matter at the atomic level.
		A synchrotron uses powerful magnets to accelerate tiny particles to nearly the speed of light.
	www.cbc.ca /news/background/synchrotron (421 words)

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