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Method for producing immunosuppressive agents - Patent 5198538 The syncytiotrophoblast is the outer syncytial layer of the trophoblast, which is an extraembryonic tissue that supplies nutrition to the embryo. This suggests that extrinsic glycoproteins on the syncytiotrophoblast membrane help to mediate focal foetal allograft immunosuppression through the regulation of specific cytokine activities, and that the attached oligosaccharides are important in determining the clinical outcome of this activity. Syncytiotrophoblast microvilli membranes were isolated from human term placentae within one hour of delivery using the method of Smith et al., Nature 252, 302-303 (1974). www.freepatentsonline.com /5198538.html   (5023 words)

Placenta (open learning)   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30) Also, the surface of the syncytiotrophoblast that is in contact with the maternal blood becomes coated with fibrinoid, a fibrous material which might prevent immune cells from the mother’s blood coming into direct contact with fetal tissues. Therefore, syncytiotrophoblast is the outer syncytial layer derived from the original trophoblast. The syncytiotrophoblast is the most active producer of hormones, as evidenced by the rich array of organelles within the extended layer of cytoplasm, yet the cytotrophoblast has a controlling influence over its activities. www.nurseminerva.co.uk /placenta.htm   (4222 words)

The functional regeneration of syncytiotrophoblast in cultured explants of term placenta -- Simán et al. 280 ... The functional regeneration of syncytiotrophoblast in cultured explants of term placenta -- Simán et al. The functional regeneration of syncytiotrophoblast in cultured explants of term placenta When placental tissues are kept in culture, the syncytiotrophoblast tends to degenerate over the first few days. ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/280/4/R1116   (3905 words)

Comparative Placentation The syncytiotrophoblast lining the maternal blood lacunae is the secretory source of the progesterone-binding protein (PBP) (Perrot Applanat and David Ferreira, 1982). Most of these data (volume of syncytiotrophoblast, fetal vessel lumina, maternal blood volume, diffusion distance, ratio of fetal to maternal vascular surfaces) are surprisingly similar to those of the term human placenta. Throughout pregnancy the subplacental syncytiotrophoblast (guinea pig: Kaufmann and Davidoff, 1977; Wolfer and Kaufmann, 1980; chinchilla: King and Tibbitts, 1976) produces large amounts of secretory granules with glycoprotein character which are secreted into the maternal blood lacunae. www.medicine.ucsd.edu /cpa/guinea.htm   (7408 words)

Human trophoblast syncytialisation: a cornerstone of placental function The terminally-differentiated multinucleate form, syncytiotrophoblast, covers the surface of placental chorionic villi, forming a large microvillous epithelium in contact with the maternal circulation. Syncytiotrophoblast cannot regenerate itself, but relies upon continuous fusion with the underlying proliferating villous cytotrophoblasts for growth and renewal. The initial apoptotic steps may progress in the syncytiotrophoblast with the activation of effector caspase 3, or by caspase-independent mechanisms such as calpain. www.endocrine-abstracts.org /ea/0010/ea0010s15.htm   (298 words)

Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology | Full text | Expression of Bcl-2 and p53 at the fetal-maternal interface of ... On D17 and D19, apoptotic nuclei were observed in the syncytiotrophoblast layer covering the basal feet of the anchoring villi (Figure 2 A, B, arrowhead) and in the villous stromal cells (Figure 2 A, arrow), but not in the cytotrophoblasts. On D28 and D34, the apoptotic nuclei were present in the syncytiotrophoblast covering the villi (Figure 2 C, D), in the villous stromal cells (Figure 2 C, D, arrow), in the syncytiotrophoblast layer covering the basal feet of the anchoring villi (Figure 2 E), and in the cytotrophoblasts within the cell columns (Figure 2 F). The pattern of Bcl-2 expression in the syncytiotrophoblast was similar to that of the apoptotic nuclei distribution (Figure 2). www.rbej.com /content/3/1/4   (3787 words)

APStracts 2:0145C, 1995.   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30) Transport proteins located in the microvillous and basal membrane of the syncytiotrophoblast are the principle mechanism for transfer from maternal blood to fetal blood. Knowledge of the function and regulation of syncytiotrophoblast amino acid transporters is of great importance in understanding the mechanism of placental transport and potentially improving fetal and newborn outcomes. The current state of knowledge as to the types of transport systems present in syncytiotrophoblast, their regulation, and the effects of maternal consumption of drugs on transport will be discussed. www.uth.tmc.edu /apstracts/1995/cell/March/145c.html   (275 words)

Welcome to Placental Triage 101! The syncytiotrophoblast no longer has the ability to evolve into other cell types, whereas the cytotrophoblasts acts as the placenta's stem cells from which all the other specialized placental cells develop. The incorporation of the syncytiotrophoblast into the spiral artery wall is a critical part of establishing maternal-placental, utero-placental blood flow. The mass of syncytiotrophoblast prepares for this maternal vascular connection by creating spaces within its mass to accept the maternal blood, thereby establishing blood flow from the maternal uterus into the placenta. showcase.netins.net /web/placenta/placentaltriage101.htm   (3306 words)

Localization and Developmental Regulation of 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase-1 and -2 in the Baboon ... Representative photographs of the EM immunocytochemical detection of 11ß-HSD-1 in baboon placental syncytiotrophoblast at mid (A and C) and late (B) gestation. Representative photographs of the EM immunocytochemical detection of 11ß-HSD-2 in baboon placental syncytiotrophoblast at mid (A and C) and late (B) gestation. the expression of 11ßHSD-1 and -2 in baboon syncytiotrophoblast increased endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/142/1/68   (5397 words)

Placenta Later in pregnancy, as in this slide, this layer is reduced to a few scattered large pale cells with pale nuclei, located between the syncytiotrophoblast and underlying connective tissue. The mitotic cytotrophoblast provide new cells which fuse with the syncytiotrophoblast and contribute to its growth. Examine the small branches of the villi and note the characteristics of a late placenta: large capillaries, often near the surface, syncytial knots, thinned syncytial cytoplasm of the syncytiotrophoblast, few cytotrophoblast cells and fibrin deposits in the intervillous space. ect.downstate.edu /courseware/histomanual/placenta.html   (708 words)

Expression of the mRNAs and Proteins for the Na+/H+ Exchangers and Their Regulatory Factors in Baboon and Human ... Syncytiotrophoblast MVM were isolated by mechanical agitation and differential centrifugation, and the BM were released by sonication and isolated by centrifugation. Immunocytochemical expression of NHE1 (A and B) and NHE3 (C–E) in syncytiotrophoblast of the human (A and C) and baboon (B and D) villous placenta and in the kidney of the adult baboon (E). Syncytiotrophoblast MVM and BM proteins were loaded (35 µg/lane) onto discontinuous SDS-polyacrylamide gels, transferred to Immobilon P, and incubated with polyclonal antibodies to human E3KARP, NHE-RF, or ezrin. endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/142/8/3685   (4405 words)

[No title]   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30) The syncytiotrophoblast is nonantigenic (it lacks MHC’s), so as it invades the maternal tissue, no immune response is triggered. As the syncytiotrophoblast encounters maternal blood vessels, it surrounds them and digests away the vessel wall, forming cavities called lacunae. In later pregnancy, the cytotrophoblast degenerates and the mesenchyme is displaced by the growth of fetal capillaries, leaving the embryonic blood supply separated from the maternal blood supply by only the embryonic capillary wall, a basement membrane and a thin layer of cytotrophoblast. www.muhealth.org /~md2003/update8/4-18pathology.doc   (1230 words)

Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology | Full text | The subplacenta of the red-rumped agouti (Dasyprocta leporina L) The cytoplasm of the syncytiotrophoblast is eosinophilic, with basophilic granules, and the nuclei are irregular. The syncytiotrophoblast is PAS-positive and PAS-positive granules are present in the cytoplasm (Figure 3C). In the syncytiotrophoblast, the advance of gestation is marked by the appearance of extensive lacunae. www.rbej.com /content/4/1/31   (3960 words)

IFPA8 Using Western blotting techniques we have previously shown that both NHE 1 and 3 isoforms are present in the microvillous plasma membrane of the human placental syncytiotrophoblast (Hughes et al, 2000). The syncytiotrophoblast (SYN) of term human placental explants (HPE) degenerates over days 0-4 of culture and thereafter regenerates to form a new SYN by day 11 of culture, morphologically indistinguishable from that of fresh placenta (1; Siman et al, 2001, Am J Physiol 280: R1116-R1122). These data suggest that the expression and activity of proteins, normally polarised in the syncytiotrophoblast, is maintained throughout HPE culture. www.rch.org.au /ifpa8/pages/progAbstracts-cell.html   (3303 words)

Formation of the embryonic disc The syncytiotrophoblast expands and contacts the glands and blood vessels of the endometrium. As the syncytiotrophoblast expands, spaces appear within it, filled with secretions from the endometrial glands and blood from the eroded vessels. Expansion of the syncytiotrophoblast and continued erosion of vessels results in the development of a sponge-like syncytiotrophoblast. www.med.mun.ca /anatomyts/embryo/emb2.htm   (834 words)

SIU SOM Histology ERG The surface of the chorionic villi is an epithelial layer, the fetal syncytiotrophoblast, which has the ability to grow invasively into the maternal endometrium. Beneath the syncytiotrophoblast (i.e., toward the core of the villus), is the cytotrophoblast, a layer of cuboidal cells which eventually disappear. Between maternal blood and fetal blood lies the thin syncytiotrophoblast and the fetal capillary endothelium, across which all exchange of gases, nutrients, hormones, and wastes occurs. www.siumed.edu /~dking2/erg/placenta.htm   (417 words)

Placenta and Membranes By about twelve days the syncytiotrophoblast has become vacuolated and blood from the maternal circulation and secretions from the endometrial glands fill the spaces. Blood flows through the capillaries of the villi, where gas exchange occurs, to be collected in the branches of the umbilical vein to be returned to the fetal circulation. As development proceeds the capillaries move towards the syncytiotrophoblast, and the cytotrophoblast degenerates so that the barrier bocomes a thin layer of syncytiotrophoblast apposed to the capillary endothelium (i.e. www.med.mun.ca /anatomyts/embryo/emb5.htm   (1123 words)

Bidirectional enhancing activities between human T cell leukemia-lymphoma virus type I and human cytomegalovirus in ... The syncytiotrophoblast layer of the human placenta has an important role in limiting transplacental viral spread from mother to fetus. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is capable of establishing a latent infection in syncytiotrophoblast cells, with restriction of gene expression to immediate-early and early proteins. Although syncytiotrophoblasts could be infected with cell-free HTLV-I, no viral protein expression was found in the singly infected cells. www.aegis.com /aidsline/1996/oct/M96A0721.html   (510 words)

Human syncytiotrophoblast NPY receptors are located on BBM and activate PLC-to-PKC axis -- Robidoux et al. 274 (3): ... Protein kinase C (PKC) activation in BBM of syncytiotrophoblast in presence of increasing concentration of NPY or PYY. Identification and chromatographic separation of protein kinase C isotypes in syncytiotrophoblast brush border membranes and basal plasma membranes of human placenta. Asymmetrical distribution of G proteins in syncytiotrophoblastic brush-border and basal-plasma membranes of human term placenta. ajpendo.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/274/3/E502   (4173 words)

hCG Reference Service - hCG, phantom hCG, hCG Reference Service, trophoblast In both cases, intermediate and highly differentiated syncytiotrophoblast cells were observed, with a clear absence of cytotrophoblast cells that mark most cases of choriocarcinoma (45, 46). It is inferred that the presence of syncytiotrophoblast cells with the absence of invasive cytotrophoblast cells is the nature of quiescent gestational trophoblastic disease. We have interpreted this to mean that syncytiotrophoblast cells commonly remain outside of the uterus after a gestational event or, alternatively, are transposed through the fallopian isthmus by an endometriosis-like mechanism. www.hcglab.com /quiescent.htm   (2107 words)

Cyclohexylamine inhibits the adhesion of lymphocytic cells to human syncytiotrophoblast. Cyclohexylamine inhibits the adhesion of lymphocytic cells to human syncytiotrophoblast. We have previously shown that lymphocytic cells adhere to cultured syncytiotrophoblast and that this may be important in the lymphocyte-mediated infection of trophoblast with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). During the course of studies aimed at investigating the role of cell surface carbohydrates in adhesion, it was discovered that a contaminant of commercial fucose-1-phosphate, dicyclohexylamine, inhibited MOLT-trophoblast adhesion. www.aegis.com /aidsline/1995/sep/M9590823.html   (522 words)

Regulation of Pathways Determining Cholesterol Availability in the Baboon Placenta with Advancing Gestation -- Shi et ... isolated by this method are primarily syncytiotrophoblasts [12]. syncytiotrophoblast cells as a consequence of gestational age. Levels of LDL receptor mRNA transcripts in syncytiotrophoblast cells prepared from early (n = 3), mid (n = 4), and late (n = 4) baboon pregnancy. www.biolreprod.org /cgi/content/full/61/6/1499   (4485 words)

Activity and Protein Expression of Na+/K+ ATPase Are Reduced in Microvillous Syncytiotrophoblast Plasma Membranes ... Activity and Protein Expression of Na+/K+ ATPase Are Reduced in Microvillous Syncytiotrophoblast Plasma Membranes Isolated from Pregnancies Complicated by Intrauterine Growth Restriction -- Johansson et al. and the basal membrane (BM) of the placental syncytiotrophoblast. Western blot of placental syncytiotrophoblast MVM isolated from IUGR (I) and AGA (A) pregnancies. jcem.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/88/6/2831   (4581 words)

USF1 and USF2 Mediate Inhibition of Human Trophoblast Differentiation and CYP19 Gene Expression by Mash-2 and Hypoxia ... Binding activity of trophoblast nuclear proteins for three E boxes upstream of placenta-specific exon I.1 of the hCYP19 gene is elevated in freshly isolated cytotrophoblasts and is reduced upon syncytiotrophoblast differentiation. USF1 and USF2 protein levels decline during syncytiotrophoblast differentiation and are kept elevated by hypoxia and by overexpression of Mash-2. Nuclear levels of USF1 and USF2 proteins decline with syncytiotrophoblast differentiation and are maintained at elevated levels by hypoxia and Mash-2 overexpression, while USF1 mRNA levels are unaffected. mcb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/23/17/6117   (7061 words)

L-Arginine Depletion in Preeclampsia Orients Nitric Oxide Synthase Toward Oxidant Species -- Noris et al. 43 (3): 614 ... In NP villous tissue (G) and in preeclamptic villi (F), intense ecNOS immunostaining (brown) is evident throughout the syncytiotrophoblast. In preeclamptic placenta, intense 4-HNE-lysine staining is evident in syncytiotrophoblast and in the villous endothelium (C and E). Intense arginase II staining is evident in preeclamptic villous tissue (C) and faint staining is shown in NP villi (B). hyper.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/43/3/614   (4135 words)

Na+-K+-ATPase is distributed to microvillous and basal membrane of the syncytiotrophoblast in human placenta -- ... Na+-K+-ATPase is distributed to microvillous and basal membrane of the syncytiotrophoblast in human placenta -- Johansson et al. In the human placenta the syncytiotrophoblast cell layer represents the interface between the maternal and fetal circulations. Western blot analysis of syncytiotrophoblast MVM and BM demonstrated the presence of the ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/279/1/R287   (4476 words)

Hypoxia-Reoxygenation: A Potent Inducer of Apoptotic Changes in the Human Placenta and Possible Etiological Factor in ... Significant vacuolar formation and swollen, pale-looking nuclei were noted in the syncytiotrophoblast of tissues kept under hypoxia (b). The microvilli on the apical surface of the syncytiotrophoblast (arrows) were short and distorted after hypoxia (c) and appeared more fragmented after H/R (d). Morphologically, breakdown of the apical membrane of the syncytiotrophoblast circres.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/90/12/1274   (4699 words)

Intracellular pH homeostasis in cultured human placental syncytiotrophoblast cells: recovery from acidification -- ... Intracellular pH homeostasis in cultured human placental syncytiotrophoblast cells: recovery from acidification -- Cowley et al. Fluorescent intensities (495- to 440-nm ratio) are measured in a syncytiotrophoblast cell at the indicated extracellular (and intracellular) pH values. Beta-adrenergic regulation of cyclic AMP synthesis in cultured human syncytiotrophoblast. ajpcell.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/288/4/C891   (4435 words)

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