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	Synephrine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Synephrine is a dietary supplement aimed at encouraging fat loss.
		Synephrine is derived from the fruit plant zhi shi, also known as green orange, sour orange, and bitter orange.
		Synephrine is structurally similar to ephedrine and has vasoconstrictor properties.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Synephrine (464 words)

	Synephrine - Supplements
		Synephrine is chemically very similar to the ephedrine and pseudo-ephedrine found in many OTC cold/allergy medications and in a number of weight loss and energy supplements which contain Ma Huang.
		Although synephrine and several other compounds found in zhi shi are structurally similar to ephedrine and are known to act as stimulants (via adrenergic activity), zhi shi does not appear to have the same negative central nervous effects of ma huang (ephedra).
		The effects of synephrine alone or in combination with other ingredients such as kola nut and guarana (both are caffeine sources) or with salicylates such as white willow (a natural form of aspirin) generally fall into the category of acting as a mild stimulant.
	www.supplementwatch.com /supatoz/supplement.asp?supplementId=273 (819 words)

	Synephrine: Is chih-shih (zhishih) toxic?
		A wide variety of citrus materials containing synephrine are used in Chinese medicine and have generally been regarded as non-toxic; indeed, synephrine is used as a marker for chemical identification and relatively high synephrine content is a measure of herb quality.
		Synephrine is an alkaloid similar in structure to ephedrine (see Figure 1), the main active component of ma-huang.
		Synephrine is only rarely used as a drug in China, sometimes in high doses to treat shock, similar to the use of high doses of ephedrine for emergency cases of asthma.
	www.itmonline.org /arts/syneph.htm (3650 words)

	Synephrine
		Synephrine is a biogenic amine derived from the Citrus aurantium fruit, which is used for a variety of reasons in Traditional Chinese Medicine.
		Synephrine binds with the Beta 3 cell receptors to increase the rate at which fat is released from body stores (lipolysis), along with increasing the metabolic rate.
		Synephrine is a stimulant, similar to caffeine and ephedrine and it is thought to have similar effects in terms of providing an energy boost, suppressing appetite and increasing metabolic rate leading to the burning or more calories.
	www.greatvistachemicals.com /herb_extracts/synephrine.html (893 words)

	Debunk Big Pharma \| Value of Supplements \| Dangers of Drugs :: Bitter Orange May be Helpful for Weight Reduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Synephrine given intravenously in men increases systolic blood pressure, but doesn't seem to increase diastolic blood pressure or heart rate (12193).
		Synephrine is similar to phenylephrine and the ephedrine contained in the herb ephedra.
		Theoretically, synephrine might cause similar side effects such as myocardial infarction, stroke, seizure, and other serious side effects; however, in one clinical trial of bitter orange extract there were no significant changes in blood pressure, heart rate, or electrocardiogram measurements in normotensive patients (11268).
	debunkbigpharma.blognation.us /blog/_archives/2005/9/25/1258065.html (2476 words)

	Phil Kaplan on Synephrine and the new Fat Burners
		Phenylephrine and synephrine are isomers (they are composed of the same molecular material in different configurations) thus it's probable many of their effects will be the same.
		Synephrine and phenylephrine are both categorized as alpha-adrenergic agonists.
		The abstract discusses an incident of a 55-year old woman who went to the hospital with dull aching pain in her shoulder was diagnosed with a lesion in the left main coronary artery.
	www.philkaplan.com /thefitnesstruth/synephrine.htm (1301 words)

	Synephrine
		Synephrine is chemically very similar to the ephedrine and pseudo-ephedrine found in many OTC cold/allergy medications and in a number of weight loss and energy supplements which contain
		Although synephrine and several other compounds found in zhi shi are structurally similar to ephedrine and are known to act as stimulants (via adrenergic activity), zhi shi does not appear to have the same negative central nervous effects of
		Synephrine the standardized ingredient in Bitter Orange has been the focus of studies because of it's thermogenic properties.
	www.bodyandfitness.com /Information/Weightloss/Research/synephrine.htm (673 words)

	Bitter Orange, advantra z, citrus aurantium, zhi shi extract, alternative to ephedra, synephrine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		While foods and medicinal herbs derived from Citrus species have been used, and continue to be used, for a variety of food purposes and for their health benefits, they have not previously been identified as herbs or plants which have value in the treatment of weight problems or for improving physical performance and fitness.
		The main adrenergic amines (alkaloids) of the citrus extract, Advantra Z®, are synephrine and N-methyltyramine, which act almost wholly indirectly and are active by mouth.
		Synephrine is used in medicine in Europe, but has been replaced in North America by ephedrine and pseudo-ephedrine.
	www.exercisedrops.com /bitter_orange.htm (1244 words)

	Synephrine Science by David Tolson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Synephrine is an agonist of the alpha(1) adrenoreceptor [1-2], which is involved in many physiological processes.
		The dosage of synephrine typically used is 10-20 mg daily, although some use as much as 50 mg daily.
		Synephrine should not be taken if one is taking an MAO inhibitor or blood pressure medication.
	www.beyondmuscle.com /a44_Synephrine_Science.html (427 words)

	Article: Ephedrine vs. Synephrine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The synephrine formula did not significantly elevate resting metabolic rate for any one 15 minute period during the 195 minutes of measurement.
		When you compare a synephrine based mixture to an ephedrine based one for fat burning potential, the ephedrine formulations appear to have the edge, based on available research.
		Ephedrine is an indirect and direct acting beta agonist with relatively slight activation of the alpha receptors; synephrine is a direct acting alpha agonist with relatively slight activation of beta receptors, via release of norepinephrine and epinephrine.
	www.getbig.com /articles/ephed1.htm (531 words)

	Synephrine--Citrus aurantium
		Synephrine is a well known bronchial dilator, and is used extensively in with diet pills and weight loss formulas.
		Synephrine extract is available at 4% min., 6% min., 8% min., 10% min., 30% min., and 95% max.
		The pharmacological action of Synephrine include decongestant effects on respiratory system, helpful in the maintenance of normal levels of blood pressure, and it is the most powerful fat loss stimulant.
	www.nwbotanicals.org /nwb/synephrine.htm (355 words)

	Synephrine
		Synephrine is chemically very similar to the ephedrine and pseudo-ephedrine found in many OTC cold/allergy medications and in a number of weight loss and energy supplements.
		But synephrine differs from ephedrine in that synephrine targets some tissues such as fat, more than it targets others such as the heart.
		There is definitely more research on ephedrine and caffeine combinations for fat loss but one good study published in the Current Therapeutic Research journal in 1999 showed that a combination of citrus aurantium extract, caffeine and St John’s Wort caused significant body fat loss in overweight healthy adults.
	www.cortisyn.com /html/synephrine.html (341 words)

	O.A.K.,Inc.:Alternative Agriculture: Synephrine--A Natural Alternative to Ephedrine(Ephedra)
		Unlike ephedrine users, synephrine users experience very little, if any, of the "agitation" some users associate with the use of ephedrine (Note, this also means that synephrine users will be less likely to experience the "energy" reported by ephedrine users).
		Synephrine extract is available at 4% min., 6% min., 8% min., 10% min., with higher percent extract available.
		Synephrine does the same things, and works in much the same way, as ephedrine, so the two chemicals together add up to a much stronger effect, and much more toxicity.
	www.nwbotanicals.org /oak/altagri/syn3.htm (3781 words)

	Ephedrine vs. Synephrine - INTENSE TRAINING
		Since very little published research compares supplementation of ephedrine to synephrine in lean individuals, I set up a study at the University of Utah that compared these two compounds to one another as well as to a placebo.
		The bottom line here is that although the synephrine formulation seemed to have a mild effect, the ephedrine formulation outperformed synephrine across the board for elevating metabolic rate and shifting respiratory exchange ration toward fat burning.
		Admittedly, in this study, the dosage of ephedrine and synephrine in each formulation was not equivalent, so these data cannot be considered conclusive; however, those who tout synephrine as superior to ephedrine for the purpose of getting lean are reaching for data that are not in evidence.
	www.intense-training.com /forums/showthread.php?t=991 (578 words)

	Bitter Orange Peel and Synephrine
		Synephrine and related alkaloids appear to be present in slightly higher quantities in the unripe fruit than in the ripe fruit.
		As an isolated pure drug, synephrine is often administered via injection; thus, the pharmacological effects observed for synephrine when injected are not generally applicable to its effects when it is consumed as part of a bitter orange extract-containing dietary supplement.
		Synephrine is a substrate for monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B, according to research on rat brain mitochondria (Suzuki et al., 1979).
	www.herbalgram.org /browsedev.php?content_name=Bitter_Orange (7262 words)

	Synephrine: The truth about ephedra-free diet pills.
		It is the common substitute for ephedrine in diet pills that are labeled "ephedra-free." The fruit is also known as zhi shi, green orange, sour orange or bitter orange in other parts of the world.
		Synephrine is chemically very similar to the ephedrine and pseudo-ephedrine found in many OTC cold/allergy medications and in weight loss and energy supplements which contain Ma Huang.
		Although synephrine and several other compounds found in zhi shi are structurally similar to ephedrine and are known to act as stimulants, zhi shi does not appear to have the same negative central nervous effects of ephedra.
	www.chasefreedom.com /synephrine.html (715 words)

	advantra z, citrus aurantium, zhi shi extract, alternative to ephedra, synephrine
		However, recent studies have shown that both octopamine and synephrine, alkaloids in the extract, are ß3-receptor agonists in mammalian cells (Carpene et al., 1999; Fontana et al., 2000).
		(1967) had previously demonstrated that octopamine had a significant lipolytic effect, but that synephrine was about 3.5 times as potent, also indicating that these components of Advantra Z® have high specificity for ß3-receptors.
		Thus while there is some direct evidence from actual receptor studies that the Advantra Z® alkaloids (octopamine and synephrine) show specificity for ß3-receptors, the experimental evidence from studies in humans suggests strongly that this must indeed be one of the main mechanisms of action:
	www.liquafit.com /bitter_orange.htm (2573 words)

	fatloss.ca - Synephrine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Because synephrine is a mild stimulant similar in some ways to caffeine and ephedrine, it is thought to have similar effects in terms of providing an energy boost, suppressing appetite, and increasing metabolic rate and caloric expenditure.
		At this writing, there are now at least two clinical studies showing that synephrine-containing supplements help promote weight loss, and at least three clinical studies showing an enhanced thermogenesis (calorie expenditure) from these supplements.
		Early animal studies using high doses of isolated (purified) synephrine have been shown to raise blood pressure - but more recent human studies of citrus aurantoum extracts (standardized for synephrine) have not demonstrated any cardiovascular side effects.
	www.fatloss.ca /supplements/article/74.php (817 words)

	[No title]
		The average level of synephrine was 56.9 +/- 0.52 micrograms per milliliter (computed by Bent et al [2004] as approximately 13 to 14 mg of synephrine) and no octopamine was detected (consistent with other research, despite some erroneous reports of its presence in bitter orange; see Chemistry section in part 1, March 2004).
		synephrine’s chemical similarity to ephedra, and the possibility that it may exhibit pharmacologically similar yet milder activity (even without any CNS activity), would appear to be negative strikes against it, so far as the media, medical professionals, congressional members, and even regulators are concerned.
		It is possible that synephrine in bitter orange could be considered an NDI due to the relatively high levels of synephrine compared to synephrine levels in bitter orange acknowledged as GRAS by FDA.
	www.herbalgram.org /herbalgram/articleview.asp?a=2833 (9568 words)

	Bodybuilding.com - Synephrine Information and Product Listing! Synephrine FAQ!
		Synephrine is one of the adrenergic amines that stimulates the beta-3 receptors with minimal impact on the other receptor sites.
		Synephrine is used to activate the adrenaline system without the stimulatory effect posed by ephedra-based products.
		BSN Thermonex EF Synephrine is a stimulant, similar to caffeine and ephedrine.
	www.bodybuilding.com /store/syn.html (322 words)

	Advantra Z® Found to Contain Only P-Synephrine Isomer :: Natural and Nutritional Products Industry Center :: News
		The report observed that bitter orange is comprised of a number of constituents – the most prominent being synephrine – and that there are six possible isomers of synephrine (para, meta, ortho; and for each a “d” or “l” form).
		The “m” form, called phenylephrine, is used in nasal decongestants, such as Neo-Synephrine, and to treat hypotension (low blood pressure) and is said to be a strong vasoconstrictor (causing a narrowing of the blood vessels) and, in turn, may raise blood pressure.
		“Understanding which synephrine isomer is used in Advantra Z is important since bitter orange and the possibility that it raises blood pressure has been the topic of a variety of studies and media reports during the past year,” said Green.
	www.npicenter.com /anm/anmviewer.asp?a=13100&z=28 (469 words)

	Avant Labs -> synephrine hcl
		We are eventually, when we get around to it, going to release basically all of the individual ingredients from all of our products in bulk, but until then, synephrine is a bitch to find, to be honest.
		Would prefer 10mg caps, but 20mg Synephrine HCl caps is better than no Synephrine HCl caps, that's for damn sure...
		Synephrine does both, but it is easier to say appetite suppressant than to say both.
	forum.avantlabs.com /topic9053.html (2210 words)

	Citrus aurantium, an Ingredient of Dietary Supplements Marketed for Weight Loss: Current Status of Clinical and Basic ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Synephrine is structurally similar to epinephrine, and octopamine
		Synephrine has been identified in a variety of C.
		Effect of intracerebroventricularly administered octopamines and synephrines on angiotensin II-induced water intake in rats.
	www.ebmonline.org /cgi/content/full/229/8/698 (3197 words)

	Bitter Orange is a fat burner that increases metabolism, promotes weight loss, and increases energy levels.
		Synephrine is the primary active alkaloid in Bitter Orange.
		Because Synephrine is a mild stimulant similar in some ways to caffeine and ephedrine, it is thought to have si
		There is a great deal of research currently underway into the weight loss benefits of Synephrine and supplements with related thermogenic effects, leading researchers in the Department of Physiology at Georgetown University to conclude that Citrus Aurantium, "Bitter Orange" may be the best thermogenic substitute for ephedra.
	www.fataway.org /bitter_orange_extract.htm (578 words)

	Ephedra Free Alternative - Fat Burner by MaxOut Body (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		MaxoutBody™ Fat Burner is a Thermogenic supplement containing Synephrine Salycilate and Caffeine…; designed to increase your metabolic rate (even at rest).
		Description: Synephrine is the main "active" compound found in the fruit of a plant called Citrus aurantium.
		Synephrine differs from ephedrine in that synephrine is considered a semi-selective sympathomimetic (because it targets some tissues such as fat, more than it targets others such as the heart) versus a non-selective sympathomimetic (like ephedra which targets many tissues equally and thus often causes side effects).
	www.maxoutbody.com /fatburner.htm (687 words)

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