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	Synesius of Cyrene
		Synesius of Cyrene (c.370-c.413): Neo-Platonic philosopher, sophist, and bishop of Ptolemais in the Cyrenaica.
		Synesius was a member of a well-known and rich family of Cyrene, which claimed descent from the half-legendary founders of the city, members of the Spartan royal house.
		Synesius' speech In Praise of Baldness, 7, suggests that he was initiated in the Eleusinian Mysteries, which were -at the end of the fourth century- falling into decay.
	www.livius.org /su-sz/synesius/synesius_cyrene.html (1185 words)

	Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume 14: Simony-Tournon \| Christian Classics Ethereal Library
		Synesius pursued his higher studies at Alexandria, where he became a devoted disciple of the famous Hypatia, to whom several of his letters are addressed and for whom he entertained a life-long devotion.
		Baronius held that Synesius defamed himself to escape the episcopate, and this was also the opinion of Jeremy Taylor, "for all this Theophilus, Bishop of Alexandria, consecrated him, as knowing all this to be but stratagem and the arts of an odd fantastic humility" [Ductor dubitantium, iii, 2].
		As a bishop, Synesius devoted himself to the multiform duties of this office, without, however, concealing how uncongenial such a press of business was to him.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/herbermann/cathen14.html?term=Synesius%20of%20Cyrene (1105 words)

	Synesius of Cyrene
		Synesius of Cyrene, a Neoplatonist as well as a bishop, was an influence on Amos Bronson Alcott.
		Synesius was a close friend of Theophilus, patriarch of Alexandria, who was the uncle and predecessor of St. Cyril of Alexandria.
		Synesius was a student of Hypatia of Alexandria, a Neoplatonist widely recognized for her great intellect and ability at philosophy.
	www.alcott.net /alcott/home/champions/Synesius.html (300 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 98.3.08
		At the heart of Synesius' advice is his insistence that Arcadius dismantle the influence of barbarian military leaders and seize control of the military himself.
		For instance, previous scholars had taken Synesius' description of Osiris and Typhos (88A) as the "sons of Taurus" to mean that Aurelian and Caesarius (or Eutychianus) were the sons of the famous Prefect Flavius Taurus.
		Synesius maps out very clear career paths for his hero and anti-hero at 91D-92B: Osiris shared in the generalship, was commander of the guards, in charge of royal audiences, city prefect and leader of the Senate.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/1998/98.3.08.html (3747 words)

	The Baldwin Project: The Book of Saints and Heroes by Mrs. Lang (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		By the time that Synesius took up his abode there, the school of medicine was no longer as famous as formerly; but the books were still in the library, and lectures on Greek philosophy were given by the celebrated Hypatia to a large audience.
		Synesius, however, was of another mind, and he rushed down to the sea where he got on board a ship that was sailing for Alexandria.
		But again Synesius was forced to put aside his private grief and take thought for the defence of the country, which was harassed by the raids of some tribes of barbarians, who took delight in kidnapping the children in order that they might be taught to fight against their own countrymen.
	www.mainlesson.com /display.php?author=langm&book=saints&story=ostrich (3816 words)

	Selections from the Works of Synesius of Cyrene
		Synesius was a close friend to Theophilus, Patriarch of Alexandria.
		Letter 96 (Synesius, full of sorrow for being made a Bishop, writes to his friend Olympius to tell Olympius of his grief).
		Letter 124 (Synesius to Hypatia, bemoaning the fate of his city).
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Acropolis/5164/synesius.html (798 words)

	Synesius
		In 409 or 410 Synesius, whose Christianity had until then been by no means very pronounced, was popularly chosen to be bishop of Ptolemais, and, after long hesitation on personal and doctrinal grounds, he ultimately accepted the office thus thrust upon him, being consecrated by Theopbilus[?] at Alexandria.
		His tenure of the bishopric was troubled not only by domestic bereavements but also by barbaric invasions of the country (in repelling which he proved himself a capable military organizer) and by conflicts with the prefect Andronicus, whom he excommunicated for interfering with the Church's right of asylum.
		See Clausen, De Synesio philosopho (Copenhagen, 1831); R. Volkmann, Synesius van Cyrene (Berlin, 1869); A Gardner's monograph in "The Fathers for English Readers" (London, 1886); and a life by WS Crawford (London, 1901).
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/sy/Synesius.html (528 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		As for the historical Hypatia, she, according to D., is largely due to Synesius of Cyrene, who in fact threatens to supplant his teacher Hypatia as the main subject of this study.
		She certainly became a model of unattainable intellectual and moral virtues for her disciples, even when the latter had to be acquired through somewhat unorthodox methods (nicely illustrated by her display of sanitary napkins, presumably drenched with blood, to cure a pupil of infatuation for her).
		Synesius also provides a curious testimony to his family's continuing educational affiliation with the school of Hypatia: apparently no less than three members (Synesius, his brother and his uncle) studied with her.
	www.infomotions.com /serials/bmcr/bmcr-9507-sivan-hypatia.txt (2676 words)

	Dipsychia
		The brothers struggle in vain to sustain their ancient way of life that is under assault from native barbarian tribes, tyrannical politicians, corrupt military leaders, mad fundamentalist Christian desert monks and the ruthless Archbishop Cyril of Alexandria (later St. Cyril of Alexandria).
		Synesius believes it is a consequence of God’s anger with him over becoming a priest when he was unworthy.
		Synesius is nearly destroyed by the news as it implicates him as partially responsible.
	web.sau.edu /richardsrandyl/dipsychia_synopsis.htm (831 words)

	[No title]
		The most important source is the correspondence of one of her pupils, Synesius of Cyrene, some to Hypatia herself and others to fellow students.
		Although not too much is known of all the people Synesius refers to, there were clearly people among the friends and students of Hypatia who became important in the political and clerical life in Alexandria, including Orestes and other leaders, and some of these may have been Christians.
		Synesius also writes with great respect about Hypatia's lectures on mathematics and astronomy, which were used to achieve a higher understanding of divine knowledge.
	www.und.ac.za /und/classics/97-06dzi.html (1261 words)

	Astrolabe ~ Hypatia: a Wild Goose Chase; sample cultural site for Women Studies Gender & Technology ~ Oregon State ...
		Synesius, like so many male scholars throughout history, has perhaps not given enough credit to his co-designer.
		Synesius references the great Ptolemy and the "devine band of his successors" with the invention of the astrolabe..."for the sixteen stars made it sufficient for the night clock.
		Synesius of Cyrene (378-430) apparently had an instrument constructed that was arguably a form of astrolabe.
	oregonstate.edu /instruct/ws499/technology/culture_site_example/astrolabe.htm (833 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Synesius of Cyrene
		Synesius obtained an audience and delivered his famous oration "On Kingship".
		Synesius defamed himself to escape the episcopate, and this was also the opinion of Jeremy Taylor, "for all this
		Synesius devoted himself to the multiform duties of this office, without, however, concealing how uncongenial such a press of business was to him.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/14386a.htm (1151 words)

	Hypatia
		References in letters by Synesius, one of Hypatia's students, credit Hypatia with the invention of the astrolabe, a device used in studying astronomy.
		Claudius Ptolemy wrote extensively on the projection used on the plane astrolabe, and Hypatia's father wrote an astrolabe treatise that was the basis for much of what was written later in the Middle Ages.
		Hypatia was known more for the work she did in mathematics than in astronomy, primarily for her work on the ideas of conic sections introduced by Apollonius.
	www.agnesscott.edu /lriddle/women/hypatia.htm (718 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2002.10.20
		The interplay of rhetorical and philosophical activity in political life in Dion's own time is analyzed, then contrasted with Synesius' view of the perverted politics of the early fifth century that made it impossible for him to operate as Dion had done.
		400-404), and that Synesius' intended return to Constantinople in the summer of 402 was pre-empted by bishop Theophilus of Alexandria, due to the exigencies of the Origenist controversy and, as a concomitant, Synesius' own marriage (pp.
		Though Synesius tried from afar to maintain his involvement at court, changes at the Imperial court and in the military organization of Cyrenaica made the weaknesses of his own situation inescapably evident by 405.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2002/2002-10-20.html (1828 words)

	Concerning Dreams: Excerpts from Synesius of Cyrene
		Synesius then turns to the relation of man’s psyche to the total universe, depicting in great depth and detail the role of the imagination, of spirit in the life of the soul.
		Nicephorus, like Synesius, was an astronomer as well as a rhetorician, and wrote a work on the construction of an astrolabe, which, he tells his correspondent Cavasilas (Ep.
		Synesius of Cyrene was a bishop and hymn writer who lived somewhere between the 3rd of 4th century
	www.mrrena.com /misc/Synesius.shtml (5123 words)

	The Primary Sources for the Life and Work of Hypatia of Alexandria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Synesius is a figure much studied in his own right as an intermediary between the Christian and the pagan worlds of his day.
		Because Synesius was Hypatia's best-known pupil and because so much of his writing survives, this is the best place to begin if we wish to catch some echo of Hypatia's own thought.
		This is even more the case when we reflect that Hypatia is Synesius' only known teacher and he almost palpably worshipped the ground on which she trod.
	www.polyamory.org /~howard/Hypatia/primary-sources.html (3539 words)

	Hypatia of Alexandria - Free Encyclopedia of Thelema
		Letters to her by her pupil Synesius give an idea of her intellectual milieu.
		She was murdered in March 415 by a Christian mob, led by a cleric named Peter, for reasons which are still debated.
		Some insights into the power struggle of the time are granted by the letters written by Synesius of Cyrene, Bishop of Ptolomais, to Hypatia, whom he loved and respected as a teacher.
	www.egnu.org /thelemapedia/index.php/Hypatia_of_Alexandria (1463 words)

	Extracts from the Treatise of Synesius on Providence - by Plotinus
		But after no great length of time, a certain depraved fragment of religion, and an adulteration of divine worship, like that of money as it were, prevailed, which the ancient law exterminated from cities, shutting the doors against impiety, and expelling it to a great distance from the walls.
		Typhos, however, did not himself introduce this impiety, for he feared the Egyptian multitude, but for this purpose called in the assistance of the Barbarians, and erected a temple in the city, having previously subverted the laws of his country.
		Typhos, however, through his tyranny, was at length dethroned, and Osiris recalled from exile; and Synesius towards the end of this treatise observes, “that the blessed body which revolves in a circle, is the cause of the events in the sublunary world.
	www.theosophical.ca /SynesiusOnProvidenceP.html (8983 words)

	"The Archaeological Imagination in Anthony Thwaite's 'The Stones of Emptiness' and 'Inscriptions,' by Christopher Lane"
		The speaker in the "letters" is Synesius of Cyrene, a fifth century Bishop of the Greek Orthodox Church, centered at Constantinople.
		Synesius was consecrated Bishop of Ptolemais in his native upper Libya in 412 A.D. As the "Letters" progress, it becomes apparent that Synesius is a Tiresius-like figure who wavers between past and present (similar to the way Eliot uses Tiresius in The Waste Land).
		A mere two years after the death of Synesius, Hypatia herself was murdered by a band of fanatic Christians, largely in savage retribution for her pagan teachings.
	home1.gte.net /zzyzlane/write/essay/thwaite.html (6066 words)

	THE EARLY CHRISTIAN LITERATURE PRIMERS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		A Platonic philosopher of Cyrene, Synesius was converted and, in 420, chosen bishop of Ptolemais, the chief city of the Pentapolis.
		He was with difficulty persuaded to take the office, urging his philosophic habits and his unfitness for administrative duties, as well as his dissent from some of the beliefs of the Church.
		Browning has recorded her opinion that Synesius was "the chief, for true and natural gifts, of all our Greek Christian poets." The spirit and style of the odes may be gathered from the following close rendering by Mrs.
	www.earlychristianwritings.com /jackson2/17_syn.html (192 words)

	Philosophers : Hypatia daugter of Theon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		References in letters by Synesius, one of Hypatia's students, credit Hypatia with the invention of the astrolabe, a device used in studying astronomy.
		Claudius Ptolemy wrote extensively on the projection used on the plane astrolabe, and Hypatia's father wrote an astrolabe treatise that was the basis for much of what was written later in the Middle Ages.
		Hypatia did teach about astrolabes as Synesius had an instrument made that was argueably a form of astrolabe.
	www.trincoll.edu /depts/phil/philo/phils/hypatia.html (308 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Since the works of Synesius figure so prominently in the interpretation of events, C. goes right back to the beginning, and after a short introduction begins (in Chapter Two) with a complete re-evaluation of the life and works of Synesius (pp.
		In Chapter Six he examines what Synesius really says about the barbarians and the events of the years 399-400, and concludes with a reconstructed narrative of the activities of Ganas (including a completely new account of the massacre), Tribigild, Aurelian (returned Sept./Oct. 400), and Fravitta (killed in 405).
		In Synesius' de prouidentia the two protagonists are hidden behind the allegorical disguises of Osiris and Typhos.
	www.infomotions.com /serials/bmcr/bmcr-v4n05-burgess-barbarians.txt (2337 words)

	orion-list Dio; Cathedra article on Ein Gedi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		What Jones added is the observation that it was probably Bishop Synesius, not Dio, who added the comment about Sodom.
		The contrast between the "eudaimonic" settlement of Essenes (at Qumran/Feshka) and the supposedly approximately proximate bad Sodom likely occurred to Synesius.
		And, as Jones noted, by Synesius' time, Sodom had been supposedly located at the north of the Sea, in part for convenience of pilgrims.
	orion.mscc.huji.ac.il /orion/archives/2000b/msg00156.html (224 words)

	No. 1555: Hypatia Revisited
		Most of what we know of Hypatia comes from letters written by one of her students, Synesius of Cyrene.
		Synesius went on to become an early Christian bishop, and his letters are full of admiration for Hypatia's knowledge.
		He was one of a close circle of her students.
	www.uh.edu /engines/epi1555.htm (541 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 02.01.16
		As R. remarks in the "Avertissement au Lecteur," his seventeen chapters "constituaient un préambule indispensable" to his book on Synesius and (mainly) Cyrene (Synésios de Cyrène et la Cyrénaïque du Bas-Empire [Paris, 1988]), and provide the chronological framework for it.
		In fact, Cameron is visible at 5, n.3 only in the plural "ils" used by R. to reject all articles since 1982, while Barnes is named.
		Most of these do not appear at all in the 1988 book, where R. admits that his Bibliography rarely goes beyond 1981.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/1991/02.01.16.html (759 words)

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