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	Constantinople
		Constantinople could not afford them out of normal revenue and hence the funds to pay for them had to be raised form abnormal taxation which crippled trade and industry of every kind - at the same time during which very heavy war taxation was to pay for Justinian's and Belisarius' campaigns.
		Then in AD 866 the Synod of Constantinople gave the imperial reply to their patriarch's excommunication by formulating the pronouncement which marked the irrevocable parting of the church in the east from the church in the west.
		Constantinople itself would most likely have fallen were not to have been for the stubborn resistance against the Ottoman Turks by the Slavonic states, and more so, by the devastating advance of Tamerlane in Central Asia.
	www.roman-empire.net /constant/constantinople.html (13388 words)

	Holy Synod
		Bishops summoned synods of their clergy, metropolitans and patriarchs summoned their suffragans, and then since 325 there was a succession of those greatest synods, representing the whole Catholic world, that are known as general councils.
		The synod further administers all church property, controls the expenditure, is responsible for the fabric of churches and monasteries.
		Although the synods of Bulgaria, Servia, and Rumania have a certain dependence on the State (whose sanction is necessary for the promulgation of their edicts), there is not in their case anything like the shameless Erastianism of Russia and Greece.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/h/holy_synod.html (4839 words)

	Patriarch of Constantinople - Phantis
		His titular position is Patriarch of the Orthodox Church of Constantinople, one of the sixteen autocephalous churches and one of the five Christian centers comprising the ancient Pentarchy.
		Within Roman Catholic administration, it was not until the Roman Catholic Fourth Lateran Council in 1215 that the Latin Patriarch of Constantinople was recognized as having such status; in 1439 the Council of Florence (not recognized by the Orthodox Church as ecumenical) gave it to the Greek patriarch.
		After the fall of Constantinople, the Ottoman Sultan claimed the right of appointment; the modern Turkish state requires the Patriarch to be a Turkish citizen but allows the Synod of Constantinople to elect him.
	wiki.phantis.com /index.php?title=Patriarch_of_Constantinople&printable=yes&printable=yes (463 words)

	Patriarch Timothy I of Constantinople
		Timothy I or Timotheus I, patriarch of Constantinople (511 - 517), was appointed by the emperor Anastasius the day after the deposition of Macedonius.
		Timothy had been priest and keeper of the ornaments of the cathedral, and was a man of bad character.
		When Severus of Antioch became Patriarch of Antioch, he assembled a synod which condemned that council, after which act Severus communicated with him.
	www.xasa.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/p/pa/patriarch_timothy_i_of_constantinople.html (241 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Synod
		Constantinople, and the mixed councils of ecclesiastical and secular dignitaries who assembled together to make regulations for both spiritual and civil matters.
		synod: "A lawful assembly convoked by the bishop, in which he gathers together the priests and clerics of his diocese and all others who are bound to attend it, for the purpose of doing and deliberating concerning what belongs to the pastoral care." The Council of Trent (Sess.
		synod should take place after the episcopal visitation of the diocese, as the bishop can then be better guided in forming his statutes.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/14388a.htm (1058 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Council of Chalcedon
		synod itself, in a letter to Pope Leo, speaks of 520, while Pope Leo says there were 600; according to the general estimate there were 630, including the representatives of absent bishops.
		synod in 445; later Athanasius was reinstated by the Robber Council of Ephesus.
		synod of the province, the exarch, or the Bishop of
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03555a.htm (3831 words)

	Epiphanius of Constantinople
		June 5, 535) was the patriarch of Constantinople from February 25, 520 to June 5, 535, succeeding John II Cappadocia[?].
		At Constantinople the zeal of Justinian I for a church policy was shewn during the patriarchate of Epiphanius by laws (e.g.
		In 531 the dispute between Rome and Constantinople was revived by the appeal of Stephen, metropolitan of Larissa, to Pope Boniface II, against the sentence of Epiphanius.
	www.wordlist.org /ep/epiphanius-of-constantinople.html (776 words)

	Constantinople 1
		Wherefore we beseech your Piety that the decree of the Synod may be ratified, to the end that, as you have honoured the Church by your letter of citation, so you should set your seal to the conclusion of what has been decreed.
		The third Synod gave this honour to the Archbishop of Cyprus, and by the law of the same synod (Canon viii.), and by the Sixth Synod in its xxxixth Canon, the judgment of the Synod of Antioch is annulled and this honour granted to the bishop of Iberia.
		The Bishop of Constantinople, however, shall have the prerogative of honour after the Bishop of Rome; because Constantinople is New Rome.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Forum/6389/constant1.html (3541 words)

	Constantinople on the Web - History, Society, Monasticism, the Fall
		Constantinople is perhaps the only city in the world for which it suffices to say -- The City, and it is known of which one speaks.
		Constantinople and Rome : A Survey of the Relations between the Byzantine and the Roman Churches
		With the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453...
	www.ellopos.net /elpenor/greek-texts/greek-resources-constantinople.asp (1571 words)

	[No title]
		LATER CREEDS Third Council of Constantinople (681 AD, Sixth Ecumenical) This council further clarified the Definition of Chalcedon, dealing with the question of whether the two natures of Jesus Christ (God and man) had two separate wills as well.
		The issue was important because of the existence of the Monophysite (one nature) heresy, which maintained that Jesus Christ has only one nature, truncating to some degree His humanity in favor of His divinity.
		The Third Council of Constantinople rejected this view as being too close to the teaching of the Monophysites.
	www.iclnet.org /pub/resources/text/history/creeds.later.txt (679 words)

	The Greek Orthodox Church of the Holy Cross - Studies in the Faith
		Already from 382 onwards, in the letter of the synod that met at Constantinople, the council was given the title of "ecumenical." The council of Constantinople was however criticized and censured by Gregory of Nazianzus.
		The Council of Constantinople of 448 strove mainly to ascertain whether Eutyches was in agreement with the epistle of Saint Cyril (referred to above) and with the words of the confession of John of Antioch.
		When the synod assembled in the domed hall in the imperial palace (Trullo) on November 7th however, it assumed at its first session the title "Ecumenical," as all the five patriarchs were represented with Alexandria and Jerusalem having sent deputies.
	www.goholycross.org /studies/councils.html (7898 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Greek Orthodox Church (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Orthodox Church of Constantinople is one of the fifteen autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches.
		The Patriarch of Constantinople is the Ecumenical Patriarch, the first among equals in the Eastern Orthodox Communion.
		The Orthodox Tradition is the theological tradition, generally associated with the national churches of the eastern Mediterranean and eastern Europe and principally with the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, whose distinguishing characteristic consists in preservation of the integrity of the doctrines taught by the fathers of the seven ecumenical councils of the fourth through eighth centuries.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Greek-Orthodox-Church (898 words)

	Adrian II Constantinople-4
		If anyone shall be found defying this holy synod, he is to be debarred from all priestly functions and status if he is a bishop or cleric; if a monk or lay person, he must be excluded from all communion and meetings of the church until he is converted by repentance and reconciled.
		This holy and universal synod, in renewing the canons of the apostles and fathers, has decreed that no bishop may sell or in any way dispose of precious objects or consecrated vessels except for the reason laid down long ago by the ancient canons, that is to say, objects received for the redemption of captives.
		However, if the patriarch of Constantinople and his suffragan bishops come to know of any others who have committed crimes of this kind and neglect to act against them with the necessary zeal, they must be deposed and debarred from the dignity of their priesthood.
	www.legionofmarytidewater.com /faith/ECUM08.HTM (6611 words)

	First Council of Constantinople - 381
		Then the council of Chalcedon mentioned the council of Constantinople as the immediate source of one of them, marked it out by a special name "the faith of the 150 fathers", which from that time onwards became its widely known title, and quoted it alongside the original simple form of the Nicene creed.
		Already from 382 onwards, in the synodical letter of the synod which met at Constantinople, the council of Constantinople was given the title of "ecumenical".
		We were equipped only for this stay in Constantinople and the bishops who remained in the provinces gave their agreement to this synod alone.
	www.piar.hu /councils/ecum02.htm (2656 words)

	Synod
		Close to this is the usage of synod in many Protestant churches, the term synod has come to signify an organizational unit, often as national organizational bodies.
		335: The Synod of Tyre banishes the Arian Bishop of Alexandria, Athanasius, from the church.
		The synod had both the Bishop of Ephesus and the Bishop of Alexandria excommunicated, but this came to have no real impact.
	i-cias.com /e.o/synod.htm (421 words)

	Fourth Council of Constantinople : 869-870
		This holy and universal synod, in renewing the canons of the apostles and fathers, has decreed that no bishop may sell or in any way dispose of precious objects or consecrated vessels except for the reason laid down long ago by the ancient canons, that is to say, objects received for the redemption of captives.
		However, if the patriarch of Constantinople and his suffragan bishops come to know of any others who have committed crimes of this kind and neglect to act against them with the necessary zeal, they must be deposed and debarred from the dignity of their priesthood.
		This holy and universal synod declares and decrees, in agreement with earlier councils, that the promotion and consecration of bishops should be done by means of an election and decision of the college of bishops.
	www.piar.hu /councils/ecum08.htm (6693 words)

	St John Chrysostom
		In 401 AD, at a synod in Ephesius, he deposed six bishops, with the result that all forces opposed to him, at home and abroad, consolidated in a united effort to destroy him.
		This took place on June 9, 404 AD; although his own people and many bishops supported him, he was exiled, first to Curusus in Armenia, where he remained three years, and then to Pontus, where he was killed by enforced travel in bad weather, on foot and in spite of repeated pleas of exhaustion.
		Thirty-one years later his body was taken back to Constantinople and reburied in the church of the Apostles.
	home.it.net.au /~jgrapsas/pages/chrysostom.htm (589 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: First Council of Constantinople
		Constantinople is New Rome the bishop of that city should have a pre-eminence of honour after the Bishop of Old Rome.
		Greeks maintained (an equally erroneous thesis) that it declared the bishop of the royal city in all things the equal of the pope.
		Constantinople and other important Oriental prelates whom he named.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/04308a.htm (666 words)

	Fr. George Dragas - The Manner of Reception of Roman Catholic Converts into the Orthodox Church - Î¤he Decision of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		This Synod was summoned at the sacred Church of Pammakaristos by Patriarch Symeon (1472-75, 1482-1485) in 1482 and again in 1484.
		Published by the same holy and great Synod, for those who return from the Latin heresies to the orthodox and catholic Church of Constantinople, but also to the three most holy patriarchs of the East, i.e.
		În 1722 a Synod in Constantinople, in which Athanasios of Antioch (+1724) and Chrysanthos of Jerusalem (1707-1731) participated, decided for the rebaptism of the Latins as retaliation for the schism that the Latin missionaries caused in Syria.
	www.myriobiblos.gr /texts/english/Dragas_RomanCatholic_2.html (1505 words)

	Chapter Ecclesiastical Discord. of History of The Decline And Fall of The Roman Empire by Gibbon
		For accepting the communion of Alexandria, without a formal approbation of the same synod, the patriarchs of Constantinople were anathematized by the popes.
		Macedonius, who was suspected of the Nestorian heresy, asserted, in disgrace and exile, the synod of Chalcedon, while the successor of Cyril would have purchased its overthrow with a bribe of two thousand pounds of gold.
		The people of Constantinople was devoid of any rational principles of freedom; but they held, as a lawful cause of rebellion, the color of a livery in the races, or the color of a mystery in the schools.
	www.bibliomania.com /2/1/62/109/25689/13.html (788 words)

	A Brief History of the Holy Orthodox Church
		A Spanish synod inserts "and the Son" in the Creed in the section concerning the procession of the Holy Spirit.
		Disciplinary session of the 6th Ecumenical Council, called the Trullan Synod or Quinsext Council by Western scholars established the rule of celibate bishops, while confirming the propriety of the advancement to the diaconate and priesthood of married men.
		A General Council at Constantinople accepted by all the Patriarchs, including Pope John VIII of Rome, condemns the Western addition to the Creed, confirms limits on Papal jurisdiction.
	www.orthodoxkansas.org /history.html (1044 words)

	PDS Russia Religion News July 2001
		An appeal to the prime minister of the country was adopted at a session of the synod of the Estonian Orthodox church of the Moscow patriarchate in which the bishops state their dissent from the current document.
		By resolution of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox church of 10 May 1920 the Estonian Orthodox church was granted autonomy and this was confirmed by a tomos of Patriarch Alexis II of Moscow and all-Rus of 26 April 1993.
		He delivered to the delegation of the Constantinople patriarchate a letter from deputies of the Supreme Soviet of Ukraine with 120 signatures requesting that Patriarch Bartholomew cease his interference in the affairs of the Russian Orthodox church and its integral part, the Ukrainian Orthodox church.
	www.stetson.edu /~psteeves/relnews/0107b.html (5233 words)

	Letter On The Calendar Issue
		The Synod of Vatopedi was held in 1930—seven years after the change to the new calendar by the Greek Church.
		Papadopoulos told the Synod that the anathemas were a forgery (some years before his election as Archbishop, Papadopoulos had written an excellent essay concerning the impossibility of changing the church calendar—in it he quoted the anathemas of Jeremias).
		Meyendorff says in order to follow the adoptions of a synod, but it was made at the urging of parties that were known to be indifferent to the Church's needs (such as the Greek government) or known innovators like Metaxakis, and the people resented it and many remained old calendar.
	www.orthodoxinfo.com /ecumenism/cal_letter.aspx (4290 words)

	CHURCH FATHERS: First Council of Constantinople (A.D. 381)
		When, then, we had assembled in Constantinople, according to the letter of your Piety, we first of all renewed our unity of heart each with the other, and then we pronounced some concise definitions, ratifying the Faith of the Nicene Fathers, and anathematizing the heresies which have sprung up, contrary thereto.
		Wherefore we beseech your Piety that the decree of the Synod may be ratified, to the end that, as you have honoured the Church by your letter of citation, so you should set your seal to the conclusion of what has been decreed.
		On the first day we make them Christians; on the second, catechumens; on the third, we exorcise them by breathing thrice in their face and ears; and thus we instruct them and oblige them to spend some time in the Church, and to hear the Scriptures; and then we baptize them.
	www.newadvent.org /fathers/3808.htm (885 words)

	COUNCIL OF CONSTANTINOPLE HELD UNDER NECTARIUS
		Most scholars have adopted Tillemont's suggestion that this was the occasion which brought the patriarchs of Alexandria and Antioch to Constantinople, and that occasion was taken advantage of to hold a synod with regard to the dispute as to the see of Bostra.
		As Bagadius, the bishop of Bostra, had been deposed by only two bishops, the matter was considered in the synod at Constantinople, whether that deposition had been rightly decreed.
		Read that canon, and know that this synod was held in the time of the Emperor Arcadius, while that of Carthage was in the days of Theodosius the younger.
	www.synaxis.org /ecf/volume37/ECF37COUNCIL_OF_CONSTANTINOPLE_HELD_U.htm (573 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: General Councils
		Constantinople and Jerusalem, 71 archbishops, 412 bishops, and 800 abbots the Primate of the Maronites, and
		As a matter of fact, none of the eight Eastern Ecumenical synods, with the exception, perhaps, of the fifth, was summoned by the emperor in opposition to the pope.
		Synod (787) with an express declaration to the Emperor Basil that they were to act as presidents of the council.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/04423f.htm (12229 words)

	Anathemas of the Second Council of Constantinople
		The Second Council of Constantinople was called to resolve certain questions that were raised by the Definition of Chalcedon, the most important of which had to do with the unity of the two natures, God and man, is Jesus Christ.
		The Second Council of Constantinople confirmed the Definition of Chalcedon, while emphasizing that Jesus Christ does not just embody God the Son, He is God the Son.
		If anyone does not confess that the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit are one nature or essence, one power or authority, worshipped as a trinity of the same essence, one deity in three hypostases or persons, let him be anathema.
	www.creeds.net /ancient/2Constantinople.htm (518 words)

	American Catholic \| News \| Christian reps tell synod they're sad at lack of eucharistic sharing
		According to published summaries of the Oct. 11 synod talks and a Vatican briefing on their content, the strongest challenge to Catholic Church restrictions on eucharistic sharing came from the Lutheran and Anglican bishops invited by Pope Benedict XVI to the Oct. 2-23 synod.
		Bishop Hind told the synod, "The Eucharist is not primarily a matter of rite or ceremonial, but a living of new life in Christ.
		The delegates from the Ecumenical Orthodox Patriarchate of Constantinople, six other Orthodox churches and two Armenian Apostolic churches also spoke Oct. 11, focusing on how, as for Catholics, the Eucharist is the center of their church life.
	www.americancatholic.org /News/Synod/SynodDelegates.asp (849 words)

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