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Topic: Synroc

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	Earth Day: Synthetic Rock Could Prove Solution to Nuclear Waste
		Synroc binds or immobilizes nuclear wastes in a synthetic rock containing microscopic matrices specifically tailored to lock up the particular forms of spent uranium or plutonium that needs to be disposed.
		Synroc was chosen by the US Department of Energy in the 1990s as a preferred technology for treating waste plutonium, before the program's budget was cancelled in Congress.
		The British deal for Synroc comes as government and opposition politicians in Australia are calling for careful reconsideration of the merits of nuclear energy as an alternative to the burning of fossil fuels.
	www.bullnotbull.com /special/special-3.html (579 words)

	2007/62/6 Samples (2), 'Synroc', ceramic / steel, made by Australian Nuclear Science Technology Organisation, Sydney, ...
		Synroc is an innovative solution to dealing with the problem of the long term storage of nuclear wastes that contain radioactive isotopes with long half-lives.
		Synroc was invented in Australia in 1978 by Professor Ted Ringwood of the Australian National University.
		Synroc is an advanced ceramic composed of minerals chosen for their stability and ability to immobilise high-level nuclear waste.
	www.powerhousemuseum.com /collection/database/?irn=366394 (939 words)

	[No title]
		For this Synroc composition, the total accumulated dose at the end of 10,000 years is nearly equivalent to 0.5 displacements per atom.
		Synroc, a titanate ceramic waste form, was selected as the alternative U.S. waste form, but further development in the United States ended with the absence of funded programs.
		Cold-pressed and sintered (cps) and hot pressed (hp) specimens of Synroc B and Synroc C, as well as cps specimens of their constituent minerals hollandite, perovskite, and zirconolite, were irradiated in the fast-neutron flux of the HIFAR reactor at Lucas Heights, for different lengths of time.
	www.geo.lsa.umich.edu /relw/publications/abstracts/1995/ewing_weber_clinard_95.htm (11772 words)

	Synroc - Encyclopedia of Earth
		Synroc is a particular kind of "Synthetic Rock", invented in 1978 by the late Professor Ted Ringwood of the Australian National University.
		The specialized form of Synroc that has emerged for this plutonium program is a pyrochlore-rich titanate ceramic with an increased loading of natural uranium and neutron absorbers (Gd, Sm, Hf) needed for nuclear criticality control.
		The very low release rates from Synroc of Am, Cm and their long-lived daughters suggest that there may be little incentive on cost and radiological benefit grounds for the transmutation of Am and Cm.
	www.eoearth.org /article/Synroc (1949 words)

	Cracks in the Ringwood solution
		Synroc promises to be a great advance over previously favoured methods, but there are criticisms which should be carefully considered.
		To start with, Synroc contains a much higher percentage of the elements in radioactive waste than is found in natural rock and there have been no experimental tests of the long term stability of rock crystals of the Synroc type.
		Synroc, if it is eventually proven to be as effective as hoped, will be a useful contribution towards treating existing nuclear waste.
	www.uow.edu.au /arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/84cr.html (3518 words)

	International Science News - Kurt Stehling
		SYNROC can immobilize radioactive waste (radwaste) generated by commercial and other nuclear power and processing facilities.
		SYNROC is as dense and durable as natural rock.
		SYNROC is also immune to erosion and corrosion, as shown by accelerated...
	www.worldandi.com /specialreport/1986/july/Sa10920.htm (235 words)

	synrocANSTO --leaders in waste forms chemistry
		Ans: Synroc was chosen by US Department of Energy to immobilize surplus weapons plutonium in the US and Russia (although with the change in US government this option is in suspension, highlighting the political nature of the industry).
		The original synroc formulation was designed for high-level waste (HLW) from the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel, but many countries, including the US, don’t reprocess their waste.
		Since then synroc technology has matured, its advantages over glass in many areas confirmed, and a wide range of synroc formulations developed to cope with a diverse range of radioactive waste streams.
	www.synrocansto.com /faq.htm (925 words)

	07-04 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		It follows from the Table that Synroc features higher mechanical properties and, what is more important, it has a better chemical durability under hydrothermal conditions and elevated pressure inclusively, compared to borosilicate glass, which makes its use more attractive.
		The research conducted by these organizations has revealed that the effect of alpha decay of actinides incorporated in the material is accompanied by a gradual decrease in its density by 2.7%, which is equivalent to the change in its density as a result of aging in the course of 45 thousand years.
		The use of Synroc material is a very interesting trend, since in case of success it is the rock-type matrices, which will permit a reliable isolation of long-lived radioactive substances from the environment for a long-term period, which can not be assured by the matrices developed on the basis of borosilicate and phosphate glasses.
	tauon.nuc.berkeley.edu /references/1997_03_WM_Tucson/SESS_7/07-04.HTM (3005 words)

	Elastic Recoil Detection (ERD)
		SYNROC is a titanate ceramic designed for the immobilisation of high-level radioactive waste from reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel.
		The entry of SYNROC ions into aqueous media however, is not the only process taking place during dissolution.
		The H and the D peaks are centred at channel numbers of about 230 and 340 respectively The difference in deuterium content after drying at lower temperatures presumably reflects weakly sorbed D, while that surviving at the higher temperatures probably represents deutroxylated species.
	www.ansto.gov.au /environment/capabilities__and__facilities/ion_beam_analysis_iba/analytical_capabilities/erd.html (600 words)

	Immobilization of Excess Weapon Plutonium: A Better Alternative to Glass - BELFER CENTER for Science and International ...
		Ceramics and Synroc in particular, on the other hand, are proven to have corrosion rates at least one or more orders of magnitude lower than glass, and thus should better contain the waste over the geological time frames necessary for plutonium disposition.
		Furthermore, Synroc is able to withstand the temperatures of reheating that the waste form will experience during the second pour of HLW glass with only minor effects.
		Static leaching experiments on Synroc suggest that leach rates are lowest for densities of at least 98 percent; the leach rate for some species in Synroc increases by at least 2 orders of magnitude for a density decrease of 98 percent to 90 percent.
	www.belfercenter.org /publication/198/immobilization_of_excess_weapon_plutonium.html (7219 words)

	Fast-bake fix straight from nuclear kitchen - National - smh.com.au
		Unveiled in 1978 by Ted Ringwood, a geochemist from the Australian National University, synroc, or synthetic rock, was said to copy the way nature locked up radioactivity in the earth.
		Instead of high-level nuclear waste, the synroc plant, to be operational in about two years, will store 5700 litres of intermediate-level waste produced at Lucas Heights during 30 years of making radioactive pharmaceuticals.
		The synroc and its waste would be put into cans and stored for ever at the proposed Northern Territory nuclear waste depot.
	www.smh.com.au /news/national/fastbake-fix-straight-from-nuclear-kitchen/2006/04/25/1145861349936.html (408 words)

	Belfer Center - Publication - Immobilization of Excess Weapon Plutonium: A Better Alternative to Glass
		Ceramics and Synroc in particular, on the other hand, are proven to have corrosion rates at least one or more orders of magnitude lower than glass, and thus should better contain the waste over the geological time frames necessary for plutonium disposition.
		Furthermore, Synroc is able to withstand the temperatures of reheating that the waste form will experience during the second pour of HLW glass with only minor effects.
		Static leaching experiments on Synroc suggest that leach rates are lowest for densities of at least 98 percent; the leach rate for some species in Synroc increases by at least 2 orders of magnitude for a density decrease of 98 percent to 90 percent.
	bcsia.ksg.harvard.edu /publication.cfm?ctype=article&item_id=432 (6844 words)

	Synroc (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		'''Synroc''' (a portmanteu from "Synthetic rock") is a possible means of safely storing and disposing of radioactive waste.
		It was invented in 1978 by Ted Ringwood at the Australian National University, with further research being undertaken in collaboration with ANSTO.
		Unlike borosilicate glass, which is amorphous, Synroc is a ceramic which incorporates the radioactive waste into its crystal structure.
	synroc.wikix.ipupdater.com (100 words)

	CalendarHome.com - - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Australian Synroc (synthetic rock)[8] is a more sophisticated way to immobilize such waste, and this process may eventually come into commercial use for civil wastes (it is currently being developed for U.S. military wastes).
		The original form of Synroc (Synroc C) was designed for the liquid high level waste (PUREX raffinate) from a light water reactor.
		Synroc was invented by the late Prof Ted Ringwood (a geochemist) at the Australian National University.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=Nuclear_waste (5018 words)

	Synroc
		Synroc can take various forms depending on its specific use and can be tailored to immobilise particular components in the HLW.
		To achieve maximum cost savings and optimum performance the Synroc waste forms are tailored to suit the particular characteristics of nuclear waste to be immobilised rather than adopting a single one-size fits all approach.
		The specialised form of Synroc which has emerged for this plutonium program is a pyrochlore-rich titanate ceramic with an increased loading of natural uranium and neutron absorbers (Gd, Sm, Hf) needed for nuclear criticality control.
	www.world-nuclear.org /info/inf58.html (2163 words)

	Synroc - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It was invented in 1978 by a team led by Dr Ted Ringwood at the Australian National University, with further research being undertaken in collaboration with ANSTO.
		Unlike borosilicate glass, which is amorphous, Synroc is a ceramic that incorporates the radioactive waste into its crystal structure.
		Although it has not yet experienced commercial use, in April of 2005, the process was chosen for a multi-million dollar "demonstration" contract to eliminate five tonnes of plutonium-contaminated waste at British Nuclear Fuel's Sellafield plant, on the northwest coast of England.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Synroc (151 words)

	Future Materials - Turning liquid radioactive waste into rock
		Synroc has been around decades but now the technology looks like it is about to pay big dividends by effectively storing liquid radioactive waste.
		The idea behind Synroc was that if nature's rocks can safely contain radioactive substances within their structure for millions of years, then surely synthetic rock would be ideal to store radioactive waste created by humans.
		Following Erden's success making the Synroc precursor powder on an industrial scale, there was then a need to develop another technology: the full-scale equipment required to mix the precursor powder with liquid radioactive material, which is where Devlet's expertise came in.
	www.future.org.au /news_2005/sep/turning.html (535 words)

	Rock-solid radioactive waste - Unexplained Mysteries Discussion Forums
		Designed to mimic the rocks' natural processes, synroc was developed in the late 1970s at the Australian National University and later at ANSTO (the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation) by a team of scientists.
		Erden's first ANSTO synroc task was to develop a technology to produce the precursor powders needed to be mixed with the radioactive waste before - using heat and pressure - it could be pressed into synroc.
		Following Erden's success making the Synroc precursor powder on an industrial scale, there was then a need to develop another technology: the full-scale equipment required to mix the precursor powder with liquid radioactive material.
	www.unexplained-mysteries.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=84442 (755 words)

	Opportunities to Waste - Synroc
		Synroc (Synthetic Rock) was invented in 1978, by the late professor Ted Ringwood of the Australian National University (Uranium Information Centre Ltd, 2005).
		Synroc is an "advanced ceramic comprising geochemically stable natural titanate minerals which have immobilised uranium and thorium for billions of years" (ibid, p.1).
		The Group was to consider the commercialisation of Synroc in an international arena, where the reprocessing plants in France, the UK and Japan had just committed to the use of borosilicate glass for immobilisation.
	www.asen.org.au /OpportunitiesToWaste/?p=synroc (807 words)

	The Pangea Proposal: A Background
		Synroc is a method of encasing/vitrifying nuclear waste in a ceramic material which is supposed to stop radioactive release.
		The Synroc Study Group was a vehicle set up by the Australian government to study possibilities for the commercial potential for Synroc in a global context.
		Mr Ringwood, the inventor of Synroc told an anti nuclear campaigner Jean McSorley, in 1992 that the Federal Government and ANSTO had been approached at that time regarding Australia taking plutonium from warheads.
	www.anawa.org.au /waste/background.html (2033 words)

	ANU Reporter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Synroc's success comes more than 20 years after it was invented and patented by the late Professor Ted Ringwood, former director of the Research School of Earth Sciences.
		He said this characteristic was important because it enabled final geologic disposal of Synroc to be carried out deep in the earth, for example at the bottom of a 4-km deep drill hole.
		Synroc is an advanced ceramic composed of titanate minerals chosen for their geochemical stability and ability to immobilise the radioactive elements in nuclear waste.
	info.anu.edu.au /mac/Newsletters_and_Journals/ANU_Reporter/_pdf/vol_29_no_12/synroc.html (435 words)

	Nuclear Power - Ask a Real Expert - Ask an expert - The Lab - Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Gateway to Science
		Since then synroc technology has been developed further, its advantages over glass in many areas confirmed, and a wide range of ceramic and glass-ceramic synroc formulations developed to cope with the diverse range of radioactive waste streams around the world.
		The synroc advantages were validated by the selection of synroc by the US Department of Energy for the plutonium immobilisation program in the late 90s.
		Synroc technology is applicable to other legacy plutonium and actinide waste streams around the world and ANSTO is also developing a mini synroc plant at Lucas Heights to safely immobilise waste arising from medical radioisotope production.
	www.bananas-in-pajamas.com /science/expert/realexpert/nuclearpower/09.htm (346 words)

	PowerPedia:Radioactive waste - PESWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Australian Synroc (synthetic rock)[13] (http://oliver.geology.adelaide.edu.au/staff/jbrugger/Research/radioactive_waste.html) is a more sophisticated way to immobilize such waste, and this process may eventually come into commercial use for civil wastes (it is currently being developed for US military wastes).
		The original form of synroc (synroc C) was designed for the liquid high level waste (PUREX raffinate) from a light water reactor.
		Synroc was invented by the late Prof Ted Ringwood (a geochemist) at the Australian National University.
	peswiki.com /index.php/PowerPedia:Radioactive_waste (4445 words)

	Submission to EIS Inquiry for the Replacement Nuclear Research Reactor
		Such a SYNROC process, if eventually installed, would occupy an adjacent hotcell roughly 4m square and would utilise smaller pellets, presses and furnaces than the demonstration unit in B3.
		If justified for the purpose of SYNROC demonstration such a plant could be built elsewhere, solid radwaste from Lucas Heights being transportable to it, much as fuel rods are currently shipped overseas.
		The sooner this mess is converted to SYNROC the better, for there is no safe way to move it from Lucas Heights in its present liquid form.
	www.hotkey.net.au /~sgr/RREIS.html (5553 words)

	Immobilisation of high level nuclear reactor wastes in SYNROC
		SYNROC is unaffected by leaching for 24 h in pure water or 10 wt % NaCl solution at high temperatures and pressure whereas borosilicate glasses completely decompose in a few hours in much less severe hydrothermal conditions.
		The combination of these leaching results with the geological evidence of long-term stability indicates that SYNROC would be vastly superior to glass in its capacity to safely immobilise nuclear wastes, when buried in a suitable geological repository.
		A dense, compact, mechanically strong form of SYNROC suitable for geological disposal can be produced by a process as economical as that which incorporates radwaste in borosilicate glasses.
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v278/n5701/abs/278219a0.html (320 words)

	ISTC - Concrete technology for synroc (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Synroc is a "sacrificial" material which is placed into a nuclear reactor to protect the environment from the effect of radioactive material in the event of an accident.
		Then the charge was rammed into a form, water and cement were added and the future crystal matrix-trap was hardened in a week in a humid atmosphere.
		And only after this is the synroc tested for strength, with it heated up to almost 2500 degrees.
	www.istc.ru /istc/sc.nsf/news/science-news-concrete-technology-for-synroc.htm (213 words)

	Science Show - 12 November 2005 - Synthetic rock stores nuclear waste
		Ted Ringwood: Well, the objective in Synroc is to immobilise the very highly radioactive elements that have to be prevented from reaching the biosphere for very long time scales.
		An important principle used in Synroc is that we are actually copying the way nature performs this function.
		So the first stage in the remediation of that waste is to actually solidify it, and we've got about 4000 litres of this stuff, maybe 6000 litres of this waste originally, and on the site we've solidified about two thirds of it but it's not in a form that you could put in a repository.
	www.abc.com.au /rn/scienceshow/stories/2005/1494179.htm (1412 words)

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