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Topic: Syntactic similarities of creoles

	Creole language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A creole language, or just creole, is a well-defined and stable language that originated from a non-trivial combination of two or more languages, typically with many distinctive features that are not inherited from either parent.
		Another factor that may have contributed to the longtime neglect of creole languages is that they do not fit the "tree model" for the evolution of languages, which was adopted by linguists in the 19th century (possibly influenced by Darwinism) and is still the foundation of the comparative method.
		By definition, a creole is the result of a nontrivial mixture of two or more languages, usually with radical morphological changes and a syntax which is not obviously borrowed from either of the parent tongues.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Creole_language (1296 words)

	creole language Information Center - haitian creole language
		A Shuwa Arabic-based creole spoken in 23 villages of the Chari-Baguirmi Prefecture in southwestern Chad; the substrate language was Berakou.
		Gullah is an English-based creole spoken in the Sea Islands and the adjacent coastal regions of South Carolina, Georgia and northern Florida.
		This Creole was spoken by the groups of early immigrants from the Western Isles of Scotland (Hebrides) to the Southern states of the USA (The Carolinas, Alabama, Northern Mississippi and Tennessee).
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Linguistic_Topics_Cr_-_G/creole_language.html (1089 words)

	Miskito-Indianer in Nicaragua > Creol als Verkehrssprache
		It has been claimed that many syntactic and semantic similarities among creoles are due to an innate 'bioprogram' for language, and that creoles provide the key to understanding the original evolution of human language.
		Pidgin and creole languages were long neglected by the academic world, because they were not regarded as 'real' or 'fully-fledged' languages, but their study is currently regarded as significant for general linguistics as well as the study of such languages as English.
		Since pidgins and creoles are generally spoken in Third World countries, their role and function are intimately connected with a variety of political questions concerned with national, social, and economic development and transition into post-colonial societies.
	www.miskito-nicaragua.de /miskito/creol.htm (1489 words)

	Kids, Creoles, and the Coconuts - - science news articles online technology magazine articles Kids, Creoles, and the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Pidgins and their creole offspring took much of their vocabulary from the languages of those who gave orders; hence it was easy for contemptuous Europeans to describe the new tongues as ramshackle versions of true languages.
		For example, creoles distinguish between accomplished and unaccomplished actions, so that a Jamaican saying the equivalent of He went to wash must say either Him gone for bathe, meaning he went with the intention to wash, or Him gone go bathe, meaning he went to wash and completed that act.
		He knew that children speaking creole would automatically look for ways to distinguish a book and the book (in words of their own language) because the distinction is built into the structure of creoles.
	www.discover.com /issues/apr-92/features/kidscreolesandth21 (4737 words)

	Creoles and Creolization
		Since then, creoles have been defined inaccurately as ìnativized pidgins,î i.e., pidgins that have acquired native speakers and have therefor expanded both their structures and functions and have stabilized.
		This position is as disputable as the counterclaim that they are more similar in the socio‚historical ecologies of their developments (Mufwene 1986), or even the more recent claim that there are creole prototypes from which others deviate in various ways (Thomason 1997, McWhorter 1998).
		Creole genesis and the acquisition of grammar: The case of Hai‚tian Creole.
	humanities.uchicago.edu /faculty/mufwene/mufw_pdgcreo.html (3651 words)

	Portuguese Creole - Wikipedia Light!
		There are two French-based Caribbean creole languages spoken in Brazil, in the state of Amapá, Lanc-Patuá and Karipuna Creole, which were transplanted to the region in the 20th century.
		The Creoles of the Coast of Coromandel, such as of Meliapor, Madras, Tuticorin, Cuddalore, Karikal, Pondicheri, Tranquebar, Manapar, and Negapatam, were already extinct by the 19th century.
		The earliest Portuguese creole in the region probably arose in the 16th century in Malacca, Malaysia, as well as in the Moluccas.
	godseye.com /wiki/index.php?title=Portuguese_Creole (1401 words)

	Hausarbeiten.de: Pidgins and Creoles - Hausarbeit. Seminararbeiten, Diplomarbeiten, Magisterarbeiten, Referate - ...
		A creole can develop from a pidgin in two ways: The speakers of a pidgin are put in a position where they can no longer communicate by using their mother tongues.
		When the contact between English and the related pidgin or creole was sustained and as education in standard English became more widespread, a process of decreolization occurred, so that the pidgin or creole became more and more influenced by the standard in phonology, lexis and syntax until it has developed a considerable range of English.
		While pidgin and creole speakers spend most of their lives in a pidgin- or creole- speaking area, most of what they read and write will be in standard English, for example an examination paper, a novel, an official note or a letter of application for employment.
	www.hausarbeiten.de /faecher/hausarbeit/ani/16989.html (3976 words)

	The Early History of Chavacano de Zamboanga: Chabacano versus related creoles
		Today the Zamboangueño creole is flourishing; it is used in primary instruction, broadcasting, and to a limited extent in the press, functioning as a lingua franca in the region (Reinecke et al., 1975: 210).
		While many understand the creole or even use it as a secret language outside their community, it is usually only older people who use it among themselves, suggesting that the creole is unlikely to survive many more generations.
		As the terms are used in creole studies, superstrate and substrate refer to the languages that came into contact and formed the pidgin (with no native speakers) that became the creole (with an entire community of native speakers).
	www.zamboanga.com /history/history_chabacano_versus_related_creoles.htm (4754 words)

	Squint
		Thus, the French-lexifier creoles of Haiti and Louisiana were born of similar roots in different New World soils, yet their linguistic development varied due to the social factors surrounding their growth.
		These two plantation creoles arose in isolation from each other with a minimal amount of contact; yet, because of the similarities in their superstrate and substrate languages, some native speakers find a degree of mutual intelligibility between the two.
		Haitian Creole was able to develop in isolation from other languages and has existed for two hundred years in a country with a population primarily descended from the Africans who initially developed the language.
	postcolonial.org /index.php/pct/article/viewArticle/375/133 (3301 words)

	LINGUIST List 12.1330: Holm, Introduction to Pidgins and Creoles
		A creole on the other hand is defined as a language which has become the native or primary language of a speech community, and whose structure is more complex than that of a pidgin.
		The emphasis is on the similarities shared by various creoles, and the relevance of these similarities for theories on the origins of creoles, mainly the monogenetic versus polygenetic theories, and universalist versus substratist theories.
		Another syntactic distinction found in various creoles and in African languages, and not in most European languages, is the distinction between various forms of the verb "to be": equative ('Mary is my sister'), locative ('He is here'), adjectival verbs ('He is sick'), and highlighter 'be' ('It's John who lives there').
	www.sfs.nphil.uni-tuebingen.de /linguist/issues/12/12-1330.html (2558 words)

	davidberreby.com - Kids, Creoles, Coconuts and the Mind
		Creoles are friendly to the double negative: “No dog didn’t bite no cat.” Creoles decline to invert word order after a where or when question, saying, “Where you are going?” instead of “Where are you going?” And they use adjectives as verbs, as in “I going full Angela bucket,” which is perfectly grammatical Guyanese creole.
		The unfilled spot is the grammatical equivalent of zero--a silent placeholder that signifies “this is nonspecific” as surely as the word one signifies “this is specific.” And the distinction that creole speakers make is the same one the Minnesota children were expressing by using a and the.
		The only explanation, he eventually concluded, was that both processes were the same because “it’s little children who invent languages.” The quickness of language development, among both individual two-year-olds and pidgin-speaking societies, gave him more confidence that his proposal of a bioprogram was on the right track.
	www.davidberreby.com /work18.htm (4715 words)

	"On the origin of Creoles" (Michel DeGraff, Linguistic Typology 2001)
		For neo-Schleicherians, Creoles' lesser complexity is yet another "predictable result of their youth" (see, e.g., WSG: §1), notwithstanding the fact that there is still no reliable litmus test for young languages as a linguistic class (see (7)-(8); also see Sections 3 and 6).
		Similar remarks apply to the diachrony of "opaque lexicalizations of derivation-root combinations" in HC--throughout I am assuming Uniformitarianism (e.g., that innate mental capacities for Language have remained uniform across the species in the past few millennia and across socioeconomic contexts; see (3)).
		In a similar vein, Givón (1979, 20-21) remarks that the "reduction of inflections" in Caribbean Creoles is as expected given the inflectional profiles of the substratum.
	web.mit.edu /linguistics/www/degraff/darwin/anti-simplest.html (15746 words)

	Syntactic saturation - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Syntactic saturation
		Structure of language; the ways in which words are ordered and combined to convey meaning.
		Syntax applies principally to grammar, and a grammatically correct sentence is also syntactically correct, but syntax also involves the order of the words in the sentence.
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Syntactic+saturation (102 words)

	Home > Nyack, NY, New York Yellow Pages, Classifieds, Real Estate, Business, Schools, Library and Jobs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Portuguese creoles or Portuguese-based creoles are the ones that have al
		Africa\'s Portuguese creoles: Cape Verdean creoles (1), Kriol of Guinea-Bissau and Senegal (2) and creoles of SÃ£o TomÃ© and PrÃncipe and Equatorial Guinea (3).
		Southeast Asia Portuguese creoles: PapiÃ¡ Kristang of Malaysia (1) and Macaista Chapado of Macao, SAR (2).
	www.nyacknyus.com /details/Portuguese_Creole (1539 words)

	ECCo
		There are substantial similarities with other creoles on the phonological, syntactic and lexical levels - phonological simplification and restructuring, gender and nominal agreement, structure and realisation of TMA, copulas and particles ("adverbs") as auxiliaries, parataxis etc. - without any (historical) evidence for a common proto-system.
		The classical three stage model of creole development does not apply to the genesis of the Swahili creole in Katanga.
		The genesis of SL and the current situation are not in agreement with Hall's description of a creole: "When a pidgin has become nativized, the history of the resultant creole is, in essence, similar to that of any other language.
	www.univie.ac.at /ecco/kreo-lumbum.htm (713 words)

	julia balfour
		Examples are the Gullah of South Carolina and Georgia (based on English), the creole of Haiti (based on French), and the Papiamento of Curacao (developed from pidgin Spanish and Portuguese).
		Similarities among creoles worldwide have led some linguists to speculate that they share a common origin, probably Sabir (see lingua franca); others attribute the similarities to universal laws governing human language.
		The Krio language of Sierra Leone and Tok Pisin of Papua New Guinea are examples of creoles, pidgins that have acquired native speakers.
	a.parsons.edu /~julia/thesis/glossary.php (2337 words)

	Li2 Language history and use: Supervision topics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Choose a creole and outline its linguistic structure, examining the extent to which it exemplifies a typical creole structure.
		Consider whether there are special circumstances in the history of the creole that have led it to be more or less like the typical pattern.
		Creolization in reverse: Reduction and simplification in the Albanian dialects of Greece.
	people.pwf.cam.ac.uk /dwew2/li2/contact.htm (542 words)

	Casino portal \| information about Casino online \| Creole_language
		The Portuguese word crioulo is derived from the verb criar (to raise), with a suffix of debated origin.
		The term was coined in the 16th century, during the great expansion in European maritime power and trade and the establishment of European colonies in Americas, in Africa, and along the coast of South and Southeast Asia up to the Philippines, China and Japan, and in Oceania.
		Because of the generally low status of the Creole people in the eyes of European colonial powers, creole languages have generally been regarded as "degenerate", or at best as rudimentary "dialects" of one of its parent languages.
	www.casino2all.com /?u=/Creole_language (1250 words)

	Creole_language info here at en.40of100b.info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Uncontrollably there have been Creole language in the past that Creole language tips and cautions through books and magazine screeds on how to entertain, or make a special Creole language; they were Creole language focused on one area.
		The lure of some of the cautions is glamorous while Creole language are much more practical.
		In fact, some of the ideas are not Creole language "new" at all, just regenerated pedagogics with a lurch.
	en.40of100b.info /Creole_language (1496 words)

	The Pidgins and Creoles in Education (PACE) Newsletter
		He also asserts that because of the nature of pidgins and creoles, they are not suitable for literacy and use in formal education.
		On the other hand, there is research which suggests that learning literacy in a pidgin or creole does not have any detrimental effect on the acquisition of literacy in the standard form of its lexifier language, and may even help it.
		Pidgins and creoles in education in Australia and the southwest Pacific.
	www.hawaii.edu /satocenter/pace/9-review.htm (1363 words)

	Contact Number (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		At any one time, there are large numbers of lost pets: some estimate up to 50% of the number held in animal shelters are lost rather than abandoned or voluntarily given up.
		Syntactic similarities of creoles - The grammars of creole languages often, though not universally, share a number of structural features, despite the fact that a number of these creole languages do not share a superstrate language, substrate languages, or contact.
		Dog licence - Dog licences (dog license in American English) are required in some jurisdictions to be the keeper of a dog.
	www.gimbelvision.com /contactnumber.html (865 words)

	Sociolinguistics Symposium 15 - Papers & Posters
		In this context, the term "contact variety" does not refer to English-based pidgins and creoles, but rather designates all standard(izing) varieties which co-exist (or have co-existend) with one or more other languages over an extended period of time.
		These are often overlooked because the varieties are studied in isolation or in contrast to a major national variety, but are not systematically compared to other contact varieties.
		Creole paralinguistics across the African Diaspora: The case of 'kiss-teeth'
	www.ncl.ac.uk /ss15/papers/paper_details.php?id=150 (2485 words)

	Sango language resources
		For further information, see on Malay Creole [ edit ] Ngbandi-based Creoles Sango, the national language of the Central African Republic, is considered by many linguists to be a Ngbandi-based Creole with...
		...language S Sango language Saramaccan language Saurashtrian Pidgin Scottish-Gaelic creoles Seychellois Creole Sheng (language) Spanish Creole Surzhyk Syntactic similarities of creoles T Tok Pisin Trasianka TÃ¢y...
		Sango (Ubangi Creole) sah Yakut sai South American Indian (Other) sal Salishan languages sam Samaritan Aramaic san Sanskrit -sao Samoan sas Sasak sat Santali scc Serbian sco Scots scr Croatian sel Selkup sem Semitic (Other) sga...
	www.mongabay.com /indigenous_ethnicities/languages/languages/Sango.html (1435 words)

	Patterns of Language: Structure, Variation, Change:0121449203:Burling, Robbins:eCampus.com
		It includes chapters on variation and change in lexicon, phonology, and syntax.
		It also covers the topics of pidgins and creoles, on first and second language acquisition, on the development of language in the human species, and on the growth of writing, printing in information technology and how these have affected, and continue to affect, language.
		Decreolization and the Creole Origin of Black English Vernacular
	www.ecampus.com /bk_detail.asp?isbn=0121449203 (156 words)

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