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Topic: Syntax (logic)

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logical fallacies

mathematical logic

logic gate

logical positivism

symbolic logic

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fuzzy logic

Combinatory logic

modal logic

logical argument

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	Logic
		Aristotelian logic is sometimes referred to as formal logic because it specifically deals with forms of reasoning, but is not formal in the sense we use it here or as is common in current usage.
		Mathematical logic refers to two distinct areas of research: The first, primarily of historical interest, is the use of formal logic to study mathematical reasoning, and the second, in the other direction, the application of mathematics to the study of formal logic.
		Logics such as fuzzy logic have since been devised with an infinite number of "degrees of truth", e.g., represented by a real number between 0 and 1.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/logic_1 (1458 words)

	Logika
		The logics discussed above are all "bivalent" or "two-valued"; that is, the semantics for each of these languages will assign to every sentence either the value "True" or the value "False." Systems which do not always make this distinction are known as non-Aristotelian logics, or multi-valued logics.
		Logic programming is an attempt to make computers do logical reasoning and Prolog programming language is commonly used for it.
		See also computability logic; this is a formal theory of computability in the same sense as classical logic is a formal theory of truth.
	sundanese.encyclopedia.st /Logika (1488 words)

	Logic - LearnThis.Info Enclyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		As such, of particular concern in logic is the structure of inference—the formal relations between the newly produced assertions and the previously established ones, where formal means relations are independent of the assertions themselves.
		It is thus seen that logic plays an important role in epistemology in that it provides a mechanism for extension of knowledge.
		As a byproduct, logic provides prescriptions for reasoning, that is, how people—as well as other intelligent beings, machines, and systems—ought to reason.
	encyclopedia.learnthis.info /l/lo/logic_1.html (1457 words)

	Classical Logic
		One desideratum of the enterprise is that the logical structures in the regimented language should be transparent.
		Logic books aimed at mathematicians are likely to contain function letters, probably due to the centrality of functions to mathematical discourse.
		The rules in D are chosen to match logical relations concerning the English analogues of the logical terminology in the language.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/logic-classical (12546 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		Logic programs consist of facts and rules where valid inference rules are used to determine all the facts that apply within a given model.
		Indeed, RDF syntax aims at being more an encoding language rather than a user-friendly language, and it is well recognised in the RDF community and among vendors that the typical applications will provide more user-friendly interfaces between the "raw RDF" code and the user.
		The third level is then the actual syntax interface between the user and this "metalog RDF" encoding, with the constraint that the expressibility of the language must fit within the one provided by logic programming.
	www.w3.org /TandS/QL/QL98/pp/metalog.html (2341 words)

	Modal Logic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		Temporal logic plays an important role in the specification, derivation, and verification of programs as programs may be viewed as progressing through a sequence of states, a new state after each event in the system.
		The syntax was chosen to avoid the use of parentheses.
		A logically closed set of formulas is said to be inconsistent iff it contains both a formula and its negation, i.e., there is a formula A in the set such that both A and ¬A are in the set.
	cs.wwc.edu /~aabyan/Logic/Modal.html (2658 words)

	VHDL Syntax Reference
		The basis of most of the VHDL that you will write is the logical interactions between signals in your modules.
		Most of this is very intuitive, representative of logical functions that you should already know.
		Syntax checkers will work okay if this declaration matches its use, but this will only synthesize if the declaration matches an existing component.
	www.cs.ualberta.ca /~amaral/courses/329/labs/VHDL_Reference.html (1193 words)

	[No title]
		Syntax Alternatives Given these aims and scope, it must be decided whether to adopt an existing syntax, or to define a new syntax for sharing knowledge.
		The syntax of Health Evaluation through Logical Processing (HELP) [10] and the syntax of the Regenstrief Medical Record System (RMRS) [2] are of particular interest because both support modular independent knowledge, both have demonstrated success, and both are well established in their sponsoring institutions.
		The minor differences that have occurred in the syntax reflect insights gained from testing and implementing the syntax over the past year (an example is given in a subsequent section).
	www.dbmi.columbia.edu /hripcsak/Publication/1990_SCAMC_Hripcsak_Arden.doc (4853 words)

	Fuzzy Logic
		Saying “yes” (which is the mainstream of fuzzy logic) one accepts the truth-functional approach; this makes fuzzy logic to something distinctly different from probability theory since the latter is not truth-functional (the probability of conjunction of two propositions is not determined by the probabilities of those propositions).
		Fuzzy logic in the narrow sense is symbolic logic with a comparative notion of truth developed fully in the spirit of classical logic (syntax, semantics, axiomatization, truth-preserving deduction, completeness, etc.; both propositional and predicate logic).
		This fuzzy logic is a relatively young discipline, both serving as a foundation for the fuzzy logic in a broad sense and of independent logical interest, since it turns out that strictly logical investigation of this kind of logical calculi can go rather far.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/logic-fuzzy (2722 words)

	D16.1v0.2 The Web Service Modeling Language WSML
		Although this syntax has been formally specified in the form of a grammar (see also Appendix A), there are limitations with respect to the exchange of the syntax over the Web.
		To enhance the readability of logical expressions it is possible to abbreviate a conjunction of several modules with the same subject as one compound molecule.
		The restrictions posed on the conceptual syntax for ontologies is necessary because of the restriction imposed on WSML-Core by the chosen underlying logical formalism (the intersection of Datalog and Description Logics), cf.
	www.wsmo.org /TR/d16/d16.1/v0.2 (9725 words)

	Ephilosopher :: Logic and Formal Reasoning :: Is syntax logical? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		Roughly, "Logical syntax" is a way of dscribing the forms of statements in a language with respect to how these statements stand in logical relations to one another.
		So with linguistics i do not think it is logical, at least not like syntax is logical because we can have the logical form of argument.
		The beef that I have with syntax is that is seems to recieve some life and becomes autonomous.
	www.ephilosopher.com /phpBB_14-action-viewtopic-topic-464.html (878 words)

	Logic: Syntax and Semantics
		the simplest (algebraic!) form of logic includes abstract propositions (truth-bearing tokens represented by symbols or variables) and simple operators (negation, conjunction, disjunction, implication)
		the syntactic and semantic aspects to propositional logic are then expressed in terms of (e.g.) proof trees for the derivability and truth tables for consequence
		• modal logic (models notions of possibility and necessity).
	www.willamette.edu /~fruehr/talks/ling/clltalk5.html (168 words)

	Arden Syntax (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		The initial version of the Arden Syntax was based largely on the encoding scheme for generalised decision support used in the HELP (Health Evaluation through Logical Processing) system for providing alerts and reminders, developed at the LDS hospital in Salt Lake City.
		The syntax is concerned with the critical task of sharing medical knowledge bases across many institutions.
		The syntax provides a vehicle for the health care community to begin sharing, so that we can see what works and what does not work, and we can begin to address the critical obstacles.
	www.openclinical.org /gmm_ardensyntax.html (1561 words)

	Logic for Dummies
		There is one particular relationship between premises and truth that makes logic into a useful tool for real life arguments: If we know the premises of the argument to be true, then no logical, structurally correct, extraction of a conclusion from this set of true premises can be anything but true.
		Now that the topic of truth is opened, we ca define a logical valid argument as one which has a logical form that always produces true conclusions when the premises of the argument are true.
		Applying our definition of logical validity (if premises are true, then the conclusion is necessarily true) we can ask ourselves: "If it is true that the street is wet and that it is overcast, must it not be the case, then, that the street is wet?" The answer is, of course, yes.
	folk.uio.no /perar/EngLogic.html (15762 words)

	Wadler: Linear Logic
		This paper introduces a new way of attaching proof terms to proof trees for classical linear logic, which bears a close resemblance to the way that pattern matching is used in programming languages.
		The presentation of linear logic is simplified by basing it on the Logic of Unity.
		Surprisingly, there is not a good fit between a syntax for linear logic in the style of Abramsky, and a semantics in the style of Seely.
	homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk /wadler/topics/linear-logic.html (1065 words)

	Common Logic: Abstract Syntax and Semantics
		However, to smooth the semantics for the highly unrestricted syntax of CL languages, in which there is no syntactic distinction between individual constants and predicates, the individuals of D are assigned extensions as well, albeit always empty ones — thus, the result of predicating one individual of another, while semantically meaningful, will always yield falsehood.
		The traditional language of first-order logic, relative to some choice of constants, is a prime example of an indirectly conformant language.
		To motivate this alteration, note that, because we include relations in the basic logical ontology of CL, the validities of a TFO language with respect to the model theory of CL are not coextensive with the validities of that language relative to traditional model theory.
	cl.tamu.edu /docs/cl/cl-latest.html (4959 words)

	[No title]
		Syntax Logic Programs consist of the three different types of Horn clauses that are presented in Table 2.1 on page 20.
		Logical Foundations Definition 2.3.11 (Extensional Database) The extensional database EDB is the set of all predicates that occur only in the body of rules of LP.
		Syntax Layer This section introduces the syntactic layer of the Semantic Web, where each collection of syntactic entities is constituted by documents that are encoded in the Extensible Markup Language (XML) (Bray et al., 2000).
	www.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de /vvv/2004/wiwi/2/2.text (9703 words)

	D16.2v0.1. F-logic/XML - An XML Syntax for F-logic
		The proposal captures only the rule-based syntax (we believe this will suffice for WSML), but the syntax is general enough to permit disjunctions and explicit quantification.
		The F-Logic/XML syntax provided in this document can be used to encode logical expressions and is used in WSMO deliverable D16.3, the XML syntax for WSML, for logical expressions.
		This syntax, henceforth referred to as F-logic/XML, captures a large and the most useful subset of F-logic, which includes rules, facts, and queries.
	www.wsmo.org /2004/d16/d16.2/v0.1/20040324 (832 words)

	P-logic syntax, as implemented by PFE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		As in the Haskell 98 syntax reference :
		P-logic is added to Haskell 98 by extending the declaration syntax with property assertions and predicate definitions, as defined by the nonterminals
		Apart from this, all valid Haskell 98 syntax remains valid in the extended language.
	www.cse.ogi.edu /~hallgren/Programatica/tools/property/Plogic.html (117 words)

	Towards a Workbench for Semantic Syntax (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		Although Generative Semantics fell on hard times, caused by the linguistics adhering to the Autonomous Syntax type of transformational theories, he continued working along the lines of Semantic Syntax, whose most prominent feature is the coinciding of the deep structure and the semantic representation, (Seuren, 1993).
		Since Semantic Syntax is a transformational theory, the heart of the theory consists of the Cycle.
		The logic variables bound to parts of the tree after a successful tree matching operation, can be recombined and moved around by using maketree, the "inverse" of treematch, that constructs a tree out of a pattern.
	www.personeel.unimaas.nl /H.Schotel/Semantic_Syntax_Workbench (3902 words)

	Linear Logic: Its Syntax And Semantics - Girard (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		Linear Logic: Its Syntax And Semantics - Girard (ResearchIndex)
		38 Proof-nets : the parallel syntax for proof-theory (context) - Girard - 1995
		9 Bilinear logic in algebra and linguistics (context) - Lambek - 1995 ACM
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /girard95linear.html (634 words)

	Chapter 16 -- Debugging Perl (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		Fixing syntax errors is a matter of reading the error message displayed by the compiler and then trying to understand which line of code generated the message and why.
		This section shows some common syntax errors and the error messages that are generated as a result.
		Syntax errors are found when Perl compiles your program into an internal format prior to actually executing it.
	docs.rinet.ru:8083 /Perl5_examples/ch16.htm (4458 words)

	Common Logic Proposal
		With an abstract syntax that can be specialized to the concrete syntaxes of other logic-based languages.
		Description logics (DLs) are a family of languages used to describe and classify concepts and their instances.
		The semantics of each OWL notation is determined by its syntactic specification in terms of the CL abstract syntax.
	www.jfsowa.com /talks/clprop.htm (623 words)

	POSL: Positional-Slotted Language
		A presentation, shorthand, and exchange syntax is described that integrates Prolog's positional and F-logic's slotted syntaxes for representing knowledge (facts and rules) in the Semantic Web.
		As in well-known, classical typed languages such as Sorted Logic, Description Logic, and F-logic, a colon separator is used between the individual or variable to be typed and a type expression, which can be a type name, a type URI, or a type-forming operation such as a type intersection.
		While POSL as a shorthand syntax is expected to stay in plain text (ASCII) for convenient input and parsing (into OO RuleML), POSL as a presentation syntax will be able to exploit, e.g.
	www.ruleml.org /submission/ruleml-shortation.html (4775 words)

	MATHS: Modal Logic
		Studying modal logics uncovers the half-a-dozen different ways we may want a piece of software to have a property.
		Some modal logics make it easy to calculate whether the logical behavior of a piece of software (a model) satisfies its requirements.
		Trio is a model logic that has been used to reason about complex time dependent properies of compterized system.
	www.csci.csusb.edu /dick/maths/logic_9_Modalities.html (2667 words)

	CM Search Logic and Syntax
		Set logic is easier to use and provides more abilities than Boolean searching.
		Because of this the keywords and and or should not be used for logical and (include both of the words) and logical or (include either of the words) search operations.
		Words entered in the query box should be actual search terms you wish to find in the text of the document not operators.
	www2.state.id.us /isb/cmhelp/searchlogsyn.htm (931 words)

	Logic and Computation
		The roots of this discipline go back to ancient times but since the late 19th century the field has seen a vast development.
		Due to the paradoxes which have been discovered after mathematics had been build on the language of set theory, a careful re-investigation of the logical basis of mathematics became necessary.
		Hence, it became clear that provability and truth are two different aspects of mathematical statements.
	cca-net.de /vasco/lc (469 words)

	CodingForums.com - half logic, half syntax
		Here's what I've got, if anyone can help with the logic or pointing out where I'm going wrong with the syntax, I'd be grateful.
		The design intent of the switch() is to jump around the remaining cases and on to the end (closing bracket) of the switch().
		All your control logic should be stated up front as part of the IF(...), (chained together by andand,
	www.codingforums.com /printthread.php?t=4470 (621 words)

	Predicate Logic: Syntax (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		The trouble with propositional logic is that it is not possible to write general statements in it, such as ``Alison eats everything that she likes''.
		However, although Prolog is based on predicate logic the way we represent things is slightly different, so the two should not be confused.
		Sentences in predicate logic are constructed (much as in propositional logic) by combining atomic sentences with logical connectives, so the following are all sentences in predicate calculus:
	www.cee.hw.ac.uk /~alison/ai3notes/subsection2_4_3_2.html (260 words)

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