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Topic: Syntax of programming languages

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	The History of Computer Programming Languages
		Computer languages were first composed of a series of steps to wire a particular program; these morphed into a series of steps keyed into the computer and then executed; later these languages acquired advanced features such as logical branching and object orientation.
		The computer languages of the last fifty years have come in two stages, the first major languages and the second major languages, which are in use today.
		The first major languages were characterized by the simple fact that they were intended for one purpose and one purpose only, while the languages of today are differentiated by the way they are programmed in, as they can be used for almost any purpose.
	www.princeton.edu /~ferguson/adw/programming_languages.shtml (2072 words)

	Syntax of programming languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The syntax of a programming language is the set of rules that a sequence of characters in a source code file must follow to be considered a conforming program in that language.
		The syntactic analysis of source code usually entails the transformation of the linear sequence of tokens into a hierarchical syntax tree (abstract syntax trees are one convenient form of syntax tree).
		The syntax of many computer languages is at level-2 (ie, a context-free grammar) in the Chomsky hierarchy (constructs such as regular expressions are at level-1).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Syntax_of_programming_languages (255 words)

	The Zephyr Abstract Syntax Description Language
		Just as the lexical and syntactic structures of programming languages are described with regular expressions and context free grammars, ASDL provides a concise notation for describing the abstract syntax of programming languages.
		A proposal for the abstract syntax of ASDL was written using the algebraic data type notation of ML.
		Although the initial concrete syntax was substantially modified for the current version of ASDL syntax, the abstract syntax has changed little from the initial proposal.
	www.cs.princeton.edu /~danwang/Papers/dsl97/dsl97.html (6337 words)

	Abstract Syntax of Programming Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The predicates and functions whose existence and relations define the syntax, are precisely those needed to translate from the language, or to define the semantics.
		It is useful to consider languages which have both an analytic and a synthetic syntax satisfying certain relations.
		Once the abstract syntax of a language has been decided, then one can choose the domain of symbolic expressions to be used.
	www-formal.stanford.edu /jmc/towards/node12.html (525 words)

	What is programming language? - A Word Definition From the Webopedia Computer Dictionary
		High-level programming languages, while simple compared to human languages, are more complex than the languages the computer actually understands, called machine languages.
		Assembly languages are similar to machine languages, but they are much easier to program in because they allow a programmer to substitute names for numbers.
		The choice of which language to use depends on the type of computer the program is to run on, what sort of program it is, and the expertise of the programmer.
	www.webopedia.com /TERM/P/programming_language.html (695 words)

	Four Concepts in Programming Language Description: Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics and Metalanguage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The syntax of a language describes the structure and composition of allowable phrases and sentences of the language.
		In computers, the semantic function of a programming language may be considered to be embedded in the logic of a compiler or intepreter which arranges for program execution.
		Similarly, there are formal metalanguages for describing the semantics of programming languages, particularly associated with the approaches of axiomatic semantics and denotational semantics.
	www.cs.sfu.ca /~cameron/Teaching/383/syn-sem-prag-meta.html (504 words)

	CogSci 260: C Syntax
		If a program is "syntactically correct", the compiler will be able to compile it, and the resulting program can be run, although there is no guarantee that it will work correctly.
		program is a comment to C, but Emacs recognizes it as indicating that the file will contain C code, and so a number of special editing facilities, specific to C, are available.
		Either they read their own programs over and over to try to figure out what is wrong (you will soon have this experience), or they read programs written by others.
	cogsci.ucsd.edu /~batali/gradprog/lectures/syntax.html (4819 words)

	Denotational Semantics of Computer Programming Languages
		There are two main aspects to a programming language - its syntax and its semantics.
		The other popular meta language for grammars is the syntax diagram which is equivalent to BNF and there are easy translations from one to the other.
		It is therefore a good candidate for being considered the prototype programming language and has inspired Lisp and the modern functional programming languages.
	www.csse.monash.edu.au /~lloyd/tilde/Semantics (1497 words)

	Syntax is everything. Syntax is nothing.
		Syntax is UI, and language usability is vital.
		Language usability has several factors, including syntax, semantics, library availability, variety and quality, and culture, but doing something about syntax may be the easiest and at least as important and productive as improving the others.
		Dylan programming language was Apple Dylan’s focus on code presentation and storing everything in databases.
	homepage.mac.com /chrispage/iblog/C42511381/E308318060/index.html (795 words)

	Nessie - The Loch Ness Monster of Programming Languages - OSNews.com
		A new programming language has been sighted, it goes by the affectionate name "nessie" and it claims to be the loch ness monster of programming languages.
		ever since i started using python myself i have to agree, indenting is one of the best ideas in the evolution of the syntax of programming languages that has been made in a long time.
		apart from the indenting syntax, nessie is essentially a dialect of pike.
	www.osnews.com /story.php?news_id=10169 (678 words)

	Programming Perl
		He criticizes other modern languages that have been developed by people who ``try to define their languages such that you can't do anything bad.'' As a result, he says, ``the act of programming becomes joyless.'' But, not so with Perl.
		Unlike other computer languages ``where you have to practically know the whole language before you can use any of it usefully,'' Wall says that new Perl programmers can learn the subset of Perl they need to solve a particular problem without having to learn the rest of the language.
		``Linguists realize the limitations of language and realize that when you are trying to solve a problem in a natural language you sort of whack at it until you get the thing into the shape that you want it to be,'' he explains.
	www.acm.org /crossroads/xrds1-2/lwall.html (1626 words)

	Programming Languages: Syntax
		A programming language is a formal language used to communicate algorithms both from programmer to programmer and from programmer to machine.
		Aside: Comments are usually discarded by a language processor during lexical analysis; that is, while the language processor is converting the stream of input characters into a stream of tokens.
		For defining the context free syntax of programming languages, we often use a special language that is more concise.
	www.cs.princeton.edu /courses/archive/spring96/cs441/notes/l1.html (683 words)

	Learning Programming Languages
		One of the first things to learn is the syntax of the language and the semantics of its constructs.
		If the language is geared toward a particular type of problem (examples: PerlLanguage for text manipulation, VisualBasic for GUI development, PrologLanguage for rules-based analysis), your first project should focus on that type of problem.
		Don't try to use the language for a problem that is a bad fit: that will only lead to frustration and a lack of understanding of what is good about the language.
	c2.com /cgi/wiki?LearningProgrammingLanguages (1307 words)

	UAX #31: Identifier and Pattern Syntax
		That is, each programming language can define their identifier syntax as relative to the Unicode identifier syntax, such as saying that identifiers are defined by the Unicode properties, with the addition of "$".
		Combining marks are required in the representation of many languages, and the conformance rules in Chapter 3, Conformance of [Unicode] require the interpretation of canonical-equivalent character sequences.
		If programming languages are using NFKC to fold differences between characters, then they use the following modification of the identifier syntax from the Unicode Standard to deal with the idiosyncrasies of a small number of characters.
	www.unicode.org /reports/tr31/tr31-5.html (3609 words)

	Programming Languages 1 (Com S 541)
		In 1994 and 1995, I reversed the use of these books, and taught a course centered around semantics, especially for object-oriented programming languages; this version of the course also did a considerable amount of operational semantics, using lambda-Prolog to animate these semantics.
		We used the generic-function language BeCecil, which is described in ISU CS TR#96-17, as a jumping off point for several projects.
		Plans for Fall 2005 aimed at trying to "invent the future" of programming languages, designing a successor to Java incorporating state-of-the-art features that are nevertheless well-understood.
	www.cs.iastate.edu /~leavens/ComS541.html (1069 words)

	Sample: Glossary of Computer Language Terms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		environment::=the environment of a statement is the set of bindings that hold for that statement as determined by scoping rules and the execution of the program upto that statement.
		Some languages require that all identifiers are defined before they are used and so a forward reference is an error in these languages.
		lexeme::=a string of characters in a language that is treated as a single unit in the syntax and semantics.
	www.csci.csusb.edu /dick/samples/languages.glossary.html (3736 words)

	University of York - Computer Science - Lexical and Syntax Analysis of Programming Languages - LSA (2006-2007)
		Students must have a proir knowledge of programming in C. CCC provides a suitable introduction, but cannot be made a compulsory pre-requisite.
		The aim of this module is to introduce the student to the theory and practice of programming language compilation.
		By the end of the module the student will be in a position to write a lexical scanner and a parser for a context-free language, including the use of compiler tools.
	www.cs.york.ac.uk /admit/Modules/lsa.html (383 words)

	The Structure of Programming Languages: Syntax and Semantics
		To find a theory of abstract syntax widely applicable to programming languages, especially for variable binding and structured types.
		The main goal of the proposed research is to achieve an effective theory of programming languages, particularly, their syntax and semantics: both operational and denotational.
		The proposed research is: foundational, aiming at a mathematical framework for formal methods and, more generally, applied formalisms in software engineering; both general and particular, ranging from general accounts of syntax and semantics to investigations of individual programming phenomena; and, to achieve effectiveness, strongly oriented to formalisms.
	www.lfcs.inf.ed.ac.uk /research/semantics/sas.html (300 words)

	UAX #31: Identifier and Pattern Syntax
		Each programming language can define its identifier syntax as relative to the Unicode identifier syntax, such as saying that identifiers are defined by the Unicode properties, with the addition of “$”.
		Where programming languages are using NFKC to fold differences between characters, they need the following modifications of the identifier syntax from the Unicode Standard to deal with the idiosyncrasies of a small number of characters.
		Note: Those programming languages with case-insensitive identifiers should use the case foldings described in Section 3.13, Default Case Algorithms, of [Unicode] to produce a case-insensitive normalized form.
	www.unicode.org /reports/tr31 (3789 words)

	Top-down Parsing and LL(1) Languages
		The reason for this is that most of the syntax for programming languages is context free and we shall use them to build compilers.
		In other words, if we can construct grammars for programming languages, we should be able to use pushdown automata to recognize correct programs and aid in their translation into assembly language.
		In order to recognize programs with correct syntax all we need to do is write down a grammar that is able to generate all correct programs and then build a pushdown machine that will recognize this language.
	www.cs.engr.uky.edu /~lewis/essays/compilers/ll-lang.html (1479 words)

	CIDEC Library: Slonneger, Kurtz * Formal Syntax and Semantics of Programming Languages
		Since most methods of semantic specification use abstract syntax trees, the abstract syntax of languages is presented and contrasted with concrete syntax.
		Language processing with Prolog is introduced in Chapter 2 by describing a scanner for Wren and parser defined in terms of Prolog logic grammars.
		Two well-known operational formalisms are treated in Chapter 8: the SECD machine, an abstract machine for evaluating the lambda calculus and structural operational semantics, an operational methodology for describing the semantics of programming languages in term of logical rules of inference.
	www.cs.ioc.ee /yik/lib/1/Slonneger1pre.html (1469 words)

	CSCI620: Introduction to Semantics of Programming Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		However programming language semantics is not defined like this, research has not demonstrated that there is a uniquely better notation (like EBNF) and theory(context free grammars).
		Notice that we have one semantic rule for each alternative syntax so we can be sure that we have defined a meaning for all numbers constructed according to the syntax of Num.
		The state of the program is described by a function that records the value currently assigned to each variable.
	www.csci.csusb.edu /dick/cs620/intro.html (1422 words)

	94.311 - Programming Languages
		Principles underlying different kinds of programming languages (procedural, functional, and logic programming) and their semantics.
		Outline the fundamental issues in the development of modern programming languages.
		Explore the implementation of programming languages in such a way as to provide the programmer with an understanding of the relationship between a source program and its execution behavior.
	www.sce.carleton.ca /faculty/ajila/94.311/94.311-page-old.htm (598 words)

	Growing Languages with Metamorphic Syntax Macros - Brabrand, Schwartzbach (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		We present our experiences with a syntax macro language which we claim forms a general abstraction mechanism for growing (domain-specific) extensions of programming languages.
		Our syntax macro language is designed to guarantee type safety and termination.
		A concept of metamorphisms allows the arguments of a macro to be inductively defined in a meta level...
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /brabrand00growing.html (553 words)

	syntax across languages
		You know one language and want to find the corresponding operator or function in another language
		You may also have a look at this information sorted by languages.
		function called when a function is not defined (in dynamic languages)
	merd.sourceforge.net /pixel/language-study/syntax-across-languages (190 words)

	Damian Conway's Online Papers
		Three models for generating natural language descriptions of HSL colours are described.
		This new binding includes a completely redesigned declaration/definition syntax for types, functions and objects, a simplified template syntax, and changes to several problematic operators and control structures.
		The new binding includes a completely redesigned declaration/definition syntax for types, functions and objects, a simplified template syntax, and changes to several operators and control structures.
	www.csse.monash.edu.au /~damian/papers (1365 words)

	invalid syntax - Dev Shed (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Discuss invalid syntax in the Python Programming forum on Dev Shed.
		Python was designed from the ground up to be a completely object-oriented programming language.
		If this doesn't solve the problem, in your reply, also be sure to post a copy of your error report.
	forums.devshed.com /python-programming-11/invalid-syntax-178725.html (801 words)

	CIDEC Library: Slonneger, Kurtz * Formal Syntax and Semantics of Programming Languages
		After receiving his Ph.D. in Mathematics from the University of Illinois, Professor Slonneger taught for a number of years at the SUNY College at Fredonia, NY before coming to Iowa.
		His current research focuses on formal methods of speciying the semantics of programming languages and on making these methods more practical and easier to use.
		Formal Syntax and Semantics of Programming Languages is a text designed for an advanced undergraduate or introductory graduate level course on the formal syntax and semantics of programming languages.
	www.cs.ioc.ee /yik/lib/1/Slonneger1.html (276 words)

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