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Topic: Synthesis of RNA

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RNA virus

RNA world hypothesis

messenger RNA

RNA gene

RNA polymerase

RNA interference

transfer RNA

small interfering RNAs

RNA World

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synthesis of RNA

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	RNA - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		RNA serves as the template for translation of genes into proteins, transferring amino acids to the ribosome to form proteins, and also translating the transcript into proteins.
		Synthesis of RNA is usually catalyzed by an enzyme, RNA polymerase, using DNA as a template.
		RNA genes (sometimes referred to as non-coding RNA or small RNA) are genes that encode RNA that is not translated into a protein.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/RNA (1349 words)

	Transcription (genetics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The RNA polymerase transcribes the DNA, but produces about 10 abortive (short, non-productive) transcripts which are unable to leave the RNA polymerase because the exit channel is blocked by the σ-factor.
		RNA Polymerase III is localized to the nucleus (and possibly the nucleolar-nucleoplasm interface), and transcribes transfer RNA (tRNA) and other small RNAs (including the small 5S rRNA).
		RNA synthesis by RNA polymerase had been established in vitro by several laboratories by 1965; however, the RNA synthesized by these enzymes had properties that suggested the existence of an additional factor needed to terminate transcription correctly.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Transcription_(genetics) (1296 words)

	RNA Synthesis
		The resultant RNA is, therefore, complimentary to the template strand of the DNA duplex and identical to the non-template strand.
		Synthesis of RNA exhibits several features that are synonymous with DNA replication.
		Elongation involves the addition of the 5'-phosphate of ribonucleotides to the 3'-OH of the elongating RNA with the concomitant release of pyrophosphate.
	web.indstate.edu /thcme/mwking/rna.html (2011 words)

	DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis
		The structural difference with DNA is that RNA contains a -OH group both at the 2' and 3' position of the ribose ring, whereas DNA (which stands, in fact, for deoxy-RNA) lacks such a hydroxy group at the 2' position of the ribose.
		The same bases can be attached to the ribose group in RNA as occur in DNA, with the exception that in RNA thymine does not occur, and is replaced by uracil, which has an H-group instead of a methyl group at the C-5 position of the pyrimidine.
		Transfer RNA (tRNA) carries amino acids to the ribosomes, to enable the ribosomes to put this amino acid on the protein that is being synthesized as an elongating chain of amino acid residues, using the information on the mRNA to "know" which amino acid should be put on next.
	photoscience.la.asu.edu /Photosyn/courses/BIO_343/lecture/DNA-RNA.html (1862 words)

	Protein Synthesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In the synthesis of RNA during transcription, the enzyme RNA polymerase moves along the DNA helix, unwinding small portions of the helix as it goes.
		The segment of the DNA molecule from which an RNA molecule is transcribed is in a sense equivalent to a gene, or a segment of DNA that (through RNA) specifies a protein.
		RNA polymerase can begin assembling chains of new RNA bases only after it identifies and binds to a specific DNA sequence in a regulatory region known as a promoter.
	home.earthlink.net /~dayvdanls/ProSynLec2.htm (767 words)

	The Three Roles of RNA in Protein Synthesis
		The accurate synthesis of proteins thus is critical to the proper functioning of cells and organisms.
		The three types of RNA participate in this essential protein-synthesizing pathway in all cells; in fact, the development of the three distinct functions of RNA was probably the molecular key to the origin of life.
		Successful in vitro synthesis of a naturally occurring protein was achieved first when mRNA from bacteriophage F2 (a virus) was added to bacterial extracts, leading to formation of the coat, or capsid, protein (the "packaging" protein that covers the virus particle).
	www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /books/bv.fcgi?rid=mcb.section.863 (4368 words)

	TB #156: In Vitro Synthesis of RNA
		RNA probes are frequently used for probing Northern and Southern blots because they can be synthesized at high specific activity; and since they are single stranded, they are not depleted by self-hybridization.
		MAXIscript™ Kits are recommended for synthesis of radioactive and nonisotopic probes (see Technical Bulletin #173, Methods for Enzymatic Nonisotopic Labeling of RNA by In Vitro Transcription, for an in-depth description of the latter technique).
		Ambion's high yield transcription kits are recommended for the synthesis of large mass amounts of RNA which may be used for in vitro translation, microinjection, ribozyme studies, microarray analysis, non-radioisotopic probes, and a variety of other applications.
	www.ambion.com /techlib/tb/tb_156.html (1159 words)

	1306 Protein Synthesis
		RNA is chemically similar to DNA, except that it contains ribose as its sugar and substitutes the nitrogenous base uracil for thymine.
		Messenger RNA is transcribed from the template strand of a gene.
		RNA is the main constituent at the interface between the two subunits and of the A and P sites.
	www3.baylor.edu /~Mark_Taylor/1306proteinsynthesis.htm (2814 words)

	RNA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		RNA is a nucleic acid that plays and important part in the making of proteins.
		Messenger RNA replicates the message from the DNA in the nucleus and moves it onto the cytoplasm.
		RNA is different from DNA because they have different nitrogen bases (RNA has uracil as a base instead of Thymine), they contain a different sugar molecule, and RNA does a different job then DNA in protein synthesis.
	heumann.org /tech_elective_sites/genetics_cells/rna.html (135 words)

	nucleic acid: RNA and Protein Synthesis
		RNA is similar to DNA, but contains the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose and the base uracil (U) instead of thymine.
		To initiate the process of information transfer, one strand of the double-stranded DNA chain serves as a template for the synthesis of a single strand of RNA that is complementary to the DNA strand (e.g., the DNA sequence AGTC … will specify an RNA sequence UCAG …).
		The newly synthesized RNA, called messenger RNA, or mRNA, moves quickly to bodies in the cytoplasm called ribosomes, which are composed of two particles made of protein bound to ribosomal RNA, or rRNA.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/sci/A0860073.html (620 words)

	RNA-Mediated Synthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles on Au Surfaces
		In the work described here, RNA codes for hexagonal Pd platelets and Pd cubes were covalently immobilized on gold surfaces and evaluated for their activity toward particle synthesis.
		For low surface coverages, the average distance between RNA molecules on the surface was estimated at ca.
		Finally, the use of surface-bound RNA as a tool for directing the orthogonal synthesis of materials on surfaces was demonstrated.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/langd5/2006/22/i13/abs/la060426c.html (251 words)

	RNA Synthesis and Splicing
		Approximately 15% of all genetic diseases are caused by mutations that affect RNA splicing.
		The fundamental reaction of RNA synthesis is the formation of a phosphodiester bond.
		This reaction is thermodynamically favorable, and the subsequent degradation of the pyrophosphate to orthophosphate locks the reaction in the direction of RNA synthesis.
	www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /books/bv.fcgi?rid=stryer.chapter.3946 (811 words)

	RNA Transcription
		The transcription of a single RNA strand is illustrated in the graphic on the left.
		Although RNA is synthesized in the nucleus, it migrates out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm where it is used in the synthesis of proteins.
		The RNA which is synthesized is the complementary strand of the DNA.
	www.elmhurst.edu /~chm/vchembook/583rnatrans.html (691 words)

	Efficient and Specific Initiation of Subgenomic RNA Synthesis by Cucumber Mosaic Virus Replicase In Vitro Requires an ...
		The sequence between positions 1117 and 1128 corresponds to the complement of the B-box sequence, a motif demonstrated to be important in BMV RNA replication (9, 23).
		The arrow identifies the initiation cytidylate for the initiation of CMV subgenomic RNA synthesis used in vivo (4).
		of genomic and subgenomic plus-strand synthesis of alpha-like
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/full/74/23/11201 (6292 words)

	Requirements for De Novo Initiation of RNA Synthesis by Recombinant Flaviviral RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerases -- ...
		Positions of the 19-nt RNA expected of accurate de novo initiation and termination are indicated to the left of the autoradiogram.
		LE19, RNA synthesis was at 11 and 3% for the HCV and BVDV RdRps.
		RNA sequence and structural determinants for the recognition and efficiency of RNA synthesis by a viral RNA replicase.
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/full/76/24/12526 (7253 words)

	Stable RNA structures can repress RNA synthesis in vitro by the brome mosaic virus replicase -- ZHANG et al. 9 (5): 555 ...
		BMV RNA synthesis in vivo and in vitro.
		SLC was fused to the 5' termini of GNRAR15,
		Mechanism of de novo initiation of RNA synthesis by the hepatitis C virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase: Role of divalent metals.
	www.rnajournal.org /cgi/content/full/9/5/555 (6256 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The genes as DNA control phenotype by the synthesis of RNA, a process called Transcription.
		RNA then functions to convert the nucleic acid sequence into the amino acid sequences of Proteins.
		Deciphering the Genetic Code showed how a sequence of bases in DNA and RNA could determine a sequence of amino acids in a protein.
	www.blc.arizona.edu /INTERACTIVE/DNA3/genes2.html (115 words)

	nucleic acid: RNA and Protein Synthesis
		Use of multivariate analysis to assess the nutritional condition of fish larvae from nucleic acids and protein content.
		Validating RNA quantity and quality: analysis of RNA yield, integrity, and purity: quantifying smaller samples and assessing RNA sample......
		Isolation of biologically functional RNA during programmed death of a colonial ascidian.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/sci/A0860073.html (718 words)

	Transcription of DNA to Messenger RNA
		In chromosomes, DNA acts as a template for the synthesis of RNA in a process called transcription.
		Only one part of the DNA is transcribed to produce nuclear RNA, and only a minor portion of the nuclear RNA survives the RNA processing steps.
		In the cell nucleus, the DNA that includes all the exons and introns of the gene is first transcribed into a complementary RNA copy called "nuclear RNA," or nRNA.
	www.accessexcellence.org /AB/GG/rna_synth.html (205 words)

	The mechanism of DNA replication primer synthesis by RNA polymerase : Nature
		The mechanism of DNA replication primer synthesis by RNA polymerase
		The main requirement for the replication primer, an exposed RNA 3' end annealed to the DNA template, is not compatible with known conformations of the transcription elongation complex
		Here we show that a previously unrecognized kind of transcription complex is formed during RNA polymerase-catalysed synthesis of the M13 bacteriophage replication primer.
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v439/n7076/abs/nature04337.html (245 words)

	DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis
		It is the DNA that controls all of the activities of the cell through protein synthesis.
		A good source of uncomplicated information on DNA and an animation about protein synthesis is the Genetic Science Learning Center at the University of Utah Department of Human Genetics.
		Here is a basic illustration of the transcription/translation process, including an interactive animation, on the Genetic Science Learning Center's website at: GSLC It doesn't give a comprehensive explanation of the transcription process, but it is a good supplement to textbooks and lecture.
	gbn.glenbrook.k12.il.us /academics/science/staff/Biology/DNA/DNA.html (493 words)

	Bacterial RNA Polymerase
		In 1955, Marianne Grunberg-Manago and Severo Ochoa reported the isolation of an enzyme that catalyzed the synthesis of RNA.
		It is clear that the sigma subunit is intimately associated with the enzyme and literally "buries" into the interior of the complex.
		It directs RNA polymerase to the promoter and ensures that transcription is initiated only where it is supposed to be initiated.
	www.mun.ca /biochem/courses/3107/Lectures/Topics/RNAP_bacterial.html (1346 words)

	RNA synthesis
		Ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs): This class of RNAs are assembled, together with numerous ribosomal proteins, to form the
		Group I introns are found in nuclear, mitochondrial and chloroplast rRNA genes, group II in mitochondrial and chloroplast mRNA genes.
		These introns are spliced by a specific splicing endonuclease that utilizes the energy of ATP hydrolysis to catalyze intron removal and ligation of the two exons together.
	www.med.unibs.it /~marchesi/rna.html (1872 words)

	RNA Synthesis - MMI Research Core Facility (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		RNA interference is the process whereby short dsRNA interferes with the cells production of the gene product.
		We synthesize RNA at the 40 nmole and 200 nmole scale.
		For annealing, we incubate 20 µM single-stranded 21-nt RNAs in annealing buffer (100 mM potassium acetate, 30 mM HEPES-KOH at pH 7.4, 2 mM magnesium acetate) for 1 min at 90ºC, followed by 1 h at 37ºC.
	www.ohsu.edu /research/core/osyn/RNA_FAQ.shtml (353 words)

	Problem Set: Lecture 36 RNA synthesis
		Predict the results when the core RNA polymerase is mixed with double-stranded bacterial DNA in the presence of nucleoside triphosphates under optimal conditions for transcription activity.
		If errors occur during synthesis, the RNA molecule can be degraded and a new polymer synthesized.
		This being said, the cell still requires high fidelity synthesis of RNA because of the large energy cost associated with RNA production.
	www.uky.edu /Classes/BCH/401/Probs/Andres/2000/PS36ANSWER.htm (167 words)

	Protocol for Synthesis of RNA
		Protocol for Synthesis of RNA (with Sp6/T3/T7 RNA Polymerases)
		Melton, D.A., et al., Efficient in vitro synthesis of biologically active RNA and RNA hybridization probes from plasmids containing a bacteriophage SP6 promoter, Nucleic Acids Res.,12, 7035-7056, 1984.
		Peebles, C.L., et al., A self-splicing RNA excises an intron lariat, Cell, 44, 213-223, 1986.
	www.fermentas.com /techinfo/modifyingenzymes/protocols/p_synthstrspecrna.htm (298 words)

	RNA SYNTHESIS
		The capacity of the various polymerases to synthesize different RNAs was shown with the toxin a-amanitin.
		All 3 classes of RNA are transcribed from genes that contain
		Even more complex is the alternative splicing that occurs in the a-tropomyosin transcript.
	www.sierr.unina.it /biocell/rna_synthesis.htm (1861 words)

	DNA/RNA Synthesis
		Standard oligonucleotide synthesis is provided at variety of scales ranging from 40nMole to 10µMole.
		Synthetic DNA and RNA oligomers can be synthesized with a wide variety of modified bases or sugars, or can be labeled with many different molecules including biotin, fluorescein, rhodamine or cyanin derivatives, as well as the incorporation of functional linkers such as amine or thiol linkers.
		The Biopolymer/Genomics Facility has extensive experience with synthesis of RNA molecules.
	www.umm.edu /cancer/research/biopoly_dnasynth.html (290 words)

	rna synthesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		For "rna synthesis," Mirus Bio Corporation has been indexed and matches the search criteria.
		Mirus Bio Corporation is a leader in the development of innovative non-viral in vivo and in vitro gene delivery technologies and gene therapy strategies and a developer and manufacturer of state of the art research reagents.
		rna synthesis Official publication of the Automotive Service Association and written to enhance the professionalism of its members, including independent automotive repair shop owners, managers and technicians.
	www.mirusbio.com /onlineadv/record0157.asp (223 words)

	RNA Synthesis - a message from your genes
		RNA Synthesis - a message from your genes
		RNA is like DNA, but we're smaller and more mobile.
		Look close at my arm and you'll see that I'm made of nucleotides like Gene and the rest of the DNA is. But my nucleotides are slightly different.
	www.eurekascience.com /ICanDoThat/rna_synthesis.htm (434 words)

	RiboScribe™ RNA Probe Synthesis Kits, EPICENTRE® Biotechnologies
		RiboScribe™ T7, T3, and SP6 Probe Synthesis Kits are convenient, reliable, and cost-effective kits for synthesis of high-specific-activity radioactive RNA probes for Southern and Northern blots, in situ hybridization, RNase protection assays, and other applications.
		See the In Vitro Transcription Product Selection Guide to find the best kits for synthesis of unlabeled or non-radioactively labeled RNA for other applications.
		RNA Polymerase (with added RNase Inhibitor), 5X Transcription Buffer, 100 mM DTT, 10 mM ATP, CTP, GTP, and UTP Solutions, Control Template, RNase-Free DNase I, RNase-Free Water, and 5 M Ammonium Acetate Solution
	www.epibio.com /item.asp?ID=344&CatID=12&SubCatID=26 (118 words)

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