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	Virtual economy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A virtual economy (or sometimes synthetic economy) is an emergent economy existing in a virtual persistent world, usually in the context of an Internet game.
		Within the virtual worlds they inhabit, synthetic economies allow in-game items to be priced according to supply and demand rather than by the developer's estimate of the item's utility.
		In these virtual economies, the value of in-game resources is frequently tied to the in-game power they confer upon the owner.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Synthetic_economies (1230 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> Economics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		See political economy for the study of economics in the context of political science, and socioeconomics for the study of economics in the context of sociology.
		Both "economy" and "economics" are derived from the Greek oikos- for "house" or "settlement", and nomos for "laws" or "norms".
		Political economy explicitly brings political considerations into economic analysis and is therefore openly normative, although this can be said of many economic recommendations as well, despite claims to being positive.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/Economics (4594 words)

	Economics - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Macroeconomics, which examines an economy as a whole with a view to understanding the interaction between economic aggregates such as national income, employment and inflation.
		The term political economy has been used through the 18-19th centuries, with Adam Smith, David Ricardo and Karl Marx as its main thinkers and which today is frequently referred to as the "classical" economic theory.
		The older term for economics, political economy, is still often used instead of economics, especially by radical economists such as Marxists who strongly question assumptions of "mainstream" technical and quantitative economics.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Economics (3519 words)

	Economics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The term political economy has been used to denote the "classical economy" of the 19th century, with Adam Smith, David Ricardo and Karl Marx as its main thinkers.
		Modern mainstream economics can be said to begin with Mills focusing of what was then called "political economy" on "wealth" which he defined exclusively in relation to the exchange value of objects, or what would now be called price.
		Prior to this the subject had been known as political economy and referred to "the economy of polities" – competing states.
	www.1-free-software.com /en/wikipedia/e/ec/economics_1.html (4776 words)

	Death to South Americans, Inc.
		The supplanting of the blossoming cannabis economy by the synthetic and patented petroleum economy during the 1930s is a perfect example of this dichotomy in action.
		Indeed, the natural economies of coca and marijuana are temporary in that they are subject to massive military suppression, and replacement by the synthetic economies of patentable goods promoted by multinational corporations.
		Countries are being forced to open their economies to multinational corporations, workers have nowhere to go but heavily polluting factories, health care has been devastated, forests that have been described as the "lungs of the world" are being vivisected from the chest of the planet,11 and people are being ripped from their homes.
	www.cannabisculture.com /articles/1480.html (3159 words)

	Economics - the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Economics is said to be positive when it attempts to explain the consequences of different choices given a set ofassumptions, or a given set of observations, and normative when it prescribes that a certain action should be taken.
		Macroeconomics, which examines an economy as a whole with a view tounderstanding the interaction between economic aggregates such as national income, employment andinflation.
		See political economy for the study of economics in thecontext of political science, and socioeconomics for the study ofeconomics in the context of sociology.
	www.aaez.biz /?t=Economics (3369 words)

	Heritage Policy Weblog Archive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The freest economies enjoy greater income equality than the least free economies; the income share of poorest 10 percent is 20 percent higher in the freest economies.
		The economy expanded at a 3.0 percent rate in the second quarter of 2004, from April through June, according to the Department of Commerce's 'advance' (i.e., subject to revision) estimates.
		PPI argues that “the potential for innovation in all sectors of the economy is unlimited,” and thus we will not run out of “next big thing[s]” to move on to while other segments of the global economy produce relatively generic goods at lower prices.
	www.heritage.org /Press/DailyBriefing/PolicyWeblog-Archive.cfm?month=7&year=2004 (12217 words)

	Interview with Edward Castronova, author of Synthetic Worlds: The Business and Culture of Online Games (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		When the same six soldiers take out a dragon in a synthetic world, the dragon is not real but the teamwork is. In synthetic worlds, the things we trade may be fantastic, but the process and value of the trade is real.
		The easy premise: because these synthetic world environments so thoroughly immerse people, let’s agree for the sake of argument that everybody in them is a boy who spends all his time in front of a computer.
		Synthetic world economies are beginning to alter some business plans of established firms; for example, the business model of Microsoft’s X-Box 360 involves sales of virtual items.
	www.press.uchicago.edu /Misc/Chicago/096262in.html (2046 words)

	Game Studies - On Virtual Economies
		There is evidence that the economies of these virtual worlds generate a surprisingly high level of per capita production, and that people who “live” there (a substantial fraction view themselves as citizens) have accumulated significant stocks of real and financial wealth.
		Moreover, there are no economies of scale on the supply side to match the increasing returns on the demand side (Liebowitz and Margolis, 1994).
		As those arguments are made, we will learn more about the things that are the same in all economies, both virtual and Earthly: the true nature of human motivation and well-being, and their true relationship to objects in the immediate physical world.
	www.gamestudies.org /0302/castronova (8952 words)

	Terra Nova: Day Trader Analyzes MMORPG Economies
		That is, an economy where all the inputs are controlled by the designer, and all the transactions are known.
		In contrast, in a VW economy, all the inputs are controlled by the designer, and all transactions are known.
		The economy of a MMORPG has to be built in a way it adds to the play experience and be corrected when it actually becomes a game breaking issue.
	terranova.blogs.com /terra_nova/2004/12/day_trader_anal.html (7694 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Macroeconomics, which examines an economy as a whole with a view to understanding the interaction between economic aggregates such as income, employment and inflation.
		Prior to this the subject had been known as "political economy" and referred to "the economy of polities" - competing states.
		Political economy explicitly brings political considerations into economic analysis and therefore tends to be more normative - for instance it would describe assumptions in common between green politics and green economics rather than assuming the latter objective.
	www.online-encyclopedia.info /encyclopedia/e/ec/economics_1.html (1751 words)

	Weekly Textile News Update
		End user of the synthetic yarn is the highly fragmented local art silk industry, which too is hard pressed because of the shrinkage of synthetic textile market within the country and outside.
		Still groaning under the impact of June 1997 currency devaluation shock and the subsequent implications on their economies, the synthetic yarn manufacturers in Malaysia, Thailand and Taiwan have found Pakistan a convenient dumping ground.
		As art silk weavers have opted for the imported synthetic yarn, the local spinners are gradually switching over to the imported fibre causing sleepless nights to the owners of the local industry.
	www.geocities.com /NapaValley/6505/news.html (2400 words)

	War-gaming moves from war room to board room (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The game creates a synthetic environment where people are free to make mistakes and learn from them.
		"The Synthetic Environments for Advanced Simulations is an interactive, computer-generated environment that provides a simulated economy with fully functioning goods, labor, asset, bond, and currency markets," says Alok Chaturvedi, professor of management information systems.
		In a recent simulation, students formed teams to compete for the largest piece of the telecommunications industry in a synthetic U.S. economy.
	www.purdue.edu /UNS/html4ever/9710.Chaturvedi.wargame.html (903 words)

	Terra Nova: Farmer & Virtual Economies
		You'd have to have an item-based economy that allowed players to achieve that sense of precise individual control and strong differentation from others through their avatar's look and surroundings.
		While the it may seem that governments are limited in what they can do with linked currencies, this is often due to the fact that linked currencies keep governments very 'fiscally' honest and (imho) much of what they 'can't do with a linked currency' isn't that much of a loss to the citizenry.
		In fact, my guess is that this economy will be very muddy from the consumer point of view, if indeed the goal is to make all things equal 1:1.
	terranova.blogs.com /terra_nova/2004/10/farmer_virtual_.html (17877 words)

	Economics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Economics, which focuses on measurable variables, is broadly divided into two main branches: '''[[microeconomics]]''', which deals with individual agents, such as households and businesses, and '''[[macroeconomics]]''', which considers the economy as a whole, in which case it considers [[aggregate supply]] and [[aggregate demanddemand]] for [[money]], [[capital (economics)capital]] and [[commoditycommodities]].
		Both "economy" and "economics" are derived from the [[Greek languageGreek]] ''oikos-'' for "house" or "settlement", and ''nomos'' for "laws" or "norms".
		Human beings are, according to ecologists, merely one species participating in a vast [[energy economicsenergy system]] on this planet andndash; economy is a subset of ecology that deals with just one species' habits and wants.
	www.steelonemarketing.com /repository/e/eco/economics/data.xml (4629 words)

	Artificial Life
		The purpose of this conference is to bring together researchers in neurosciences, ethology, cybernetics, artificial intelligence, robotics, and related fields to improve our understanding of the behaviors and underlying mechanisms that allow animals and, potentially, robots to adapt and survive in uncertain environments, and to simulate those mechanisms in robots and autonomous synthetic systems.
		The idea of market-oriented programming is to exploit the institution of markets and our models of them to build computational economies to solve particular problems of distributed resource allocation.
		The globalization of the economy, increasing number of transnational organizations, and rapid changes in robotics, information, and telecommunication technologies are just a few of the factors significantly altering organizational time scales, forms, complexity, and environments.
	www.insead.fr /CALT/Encyclopedia/ComputerSciences/AI/aLife.htm (4118 words)

	MUD
		Still others, especially thoses which are based on MOOs, are used in distance education or to allow for virtual conferences.
		MUDs have also attracted the interest of academic scholars from many fields, including communications, sociology, law, and synthetic economies.
		Most MUDs are run as hobby and are free to players, but may accept donations or allow players to "purchase" in-game items.
	encyclopedia.codeboy.net /wikipedia/m/mu/mud.html (1049 words)

	[No title]
		Macroeconomics, which examines an economy as a whole with a view to understanding the interaction between economic aggregates such as
		market economy in that it explains the mechanism by which many resource allocation decisions are made.
		The older term for economics, political economy, is still often used instead of economics, especially by radical economists such as
	en-cyclopedia.com /wiki/Economics (3203 words)

	Grid Computing Planet: News
		Applications that will be explored include environments called "synthetic economies," in which the behavior of millions of consumers can be predicted for a given economic scenario.
		The simulations, which are based on traditional military war-gaming, enable researchers and business people to see the consequences of their decisions and actions in real time.
		Terascale computation also allows synthetic environments to be changed on the fly to fit new applications, said Chaturvedi, who has been working on the software since 1993 and has used it to solve problems for the U.S. Naval Air Command, U.S. Army Recruiting Command and companies in the personal computer and agribusiness industries.
	www.gridcomputingplanet.com /news/print.php/3281_1365171 (805 words)

	Economics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		This last use originated the term political economy, while the term economics was coined around 1870 and popularized by Alfred Marshall.
		After this "change", the term "political economy" has been used to denote the "classical economy" of the 19th century, with Adam Smith, David Ricardo and Karl Marx as its main thinkers.
		The term Marxian is less used nowadays, being often used to describe work which accepts concepts from his work but does not necessarily subscribe to the political thrust of Marxist thought.
	www.peacelink.de /keyword/Economics.php (3873 words)

	GrepLaw \| MUD-flation, Cross-Gender Play, and Hobbes: an interview with Edward Castronova
		Ted, you're doing some very interesting work related to “synthetic economies.” Your most recent is a paper examining the fact that there are significant differences in the eBay prices of male and female EverQuest avatars even where there are no differences in their abilities.
		Synthetic worlds are a fascinating thing to watch for anybody interested in political theory.
		Similar thing is happening in synthetic worlds: the companies reserve the monopoly of force to themselves, but they don’t deploy it in any significant way.
	grep.law.harvard.edu /article.pl?sid=03/08/08/206239&mode=nested (2856 words)

	MUD - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Still others, especially those which are basedon MOOs, are used in distanceeducation or to allow for virtual conferences.
		MUDs have alsoattracted the interest of academic scholars from many fields,including communications, sociology, law, and synthetic economies.
		Most MUDs are run as hobbies and are free to players; some may acceptdonations or allow players to "purchase" in-game items.
	www.free-web-encyclopedia.com /?t=MUD (1351 words)

	The Alphaville Herald: Business: Virtual Economies Archives
		The move from the offline version of the Sims (which was the most successful computer game ever) to The Sims Online (which has been a massive disappointment) is arguably due to a failure on the part of Maxis suits and programmers to understand that this is a fundamentally different enterprise.
		MMORPGs are not games, they are synthetic societies that develop synthetic cultures, economies, and governance structures.
		Maxis should not think of itself as a game maker, but rather as a kind of government which is responsible for providing the infrastructure for a synthetic community.
	blog.kempleton.com /apophenia/cat_business_virtual_economies.html (664 words)

	Pop!Tech - The Impact of Technology on People (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Beginning in 2001, he began applying these value measurement techniques to another difficult area, the economies generated within online video games or "synthetic worlds".
		His initial paper reporting these findings, "Virtual Worlds", continues to be one of the most influential works of economics on the net, with over 30,000 downloads at the Social Science Research Network as of May 2005.
		Edward also consults regularly on the implications of synthetic worlds with leaders in business, government, education, and software design.
	www.poptech.org /speakers.cfm?page=speaker_detail&id=174 (312 words)

	Virtual_economy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The largest virtual economies are currently found in MMORPGs, such as EverQuest, Ultima Online, Dark Age of Camelot, and Lineage.
		Persistence The software maintains a record of the state of the world and the resource posessions of the players, regardless of whether or not the game is "in session" for any user.
		On December 14, 2004, an island in Project Entropia sold for U.S. Many players question the security of such a system due to the possibility of bugs.
	www.usedaudiparts.com /search.php?title=Virtual_economy (1154 words)

	Events: International; Cowboys calling Indians; July 13, 2003 The Week (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The technology is called synthetic environment for analysis and simulation, and is the result of seven years of research and development at the Krannert School.
		Last July, Mehta and Chaturvedi ran the simulation at the synthetic economies workshop sponsored by the Institute for Defence Analysis in Washington.
		Said Mehta, "We re-create an economy with multiple markets, multiple currencies, goods, consumers and services." This is a new business study tool which helps people learn real-world lessons.
	www.the-week.com /23jul13/events11.htm (1398 words)

	Tschebull Antique Carpets-Publications by R. Tschebull
		Western demand was strong due to the booming US and European economies, and synthetic dyes were not yet making inroads into rural northwest Iran - even though they were common in carpets made in Tabriz itself.
		Coarse goat hair gabbeh-like rugs are also said to have been used in some instances, and it is hard to believe that felts were not, at some point.
		However, the introduction of synthetic dyes was not the sole culprit in the decline of quality.
	www.tschebullantiquecarpets.com /heriz.htm (4834 words)

	MMORPG (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		With the growing popularity of the genre, a growing number of psychologists and sociologists study the actions and interactions of the players in such games.
		In many MMORPGs, the economy becomes unbalanced over time due to inflation and can reduce meaningful interaction between players of varying level (i.e., newbies versus more powerful players).
		These groups can use their influence to affect gameplay by, for example, "owning" areas of the world, controlling the economy, or using tactics like zerging.
	www.free-download-soft.com /info/mmorpg.html (2235 words)

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