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Topic: Synthetic gas

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	Syngas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Syngas (from synthesis gas) is the name given to gases of varying composition that are generated in the steam reforming of natural gas or liquid hydrocarbons to produce hydrogen, the gasification of coal
		Syngas is also used as an intermediate in producing synthetic petroleum for use as a fuel or lubricant via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.
		Coal gasification processes are reasonably efficient and were used for many years to manufacture illuminating gas (coal gas) for gas lighting, before electric lighting became widely available.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Synthesis_gas (284 words)

	Thermal Cracking
		A gas filtration system is employed to filter the finer particles and cope with the elevated temperatures of the gas.
		The cleaned hot synthetic gas then passes through insulated ducting into gas coolers, where the circulating coolant rapidly cools it, which is a mineral oil blend.
		Cooled synthetic gas then passes through separator pots where any condensed vapor droplets are separated from the gas and are returned to the gas cooler reservoirs.
	www.intrinergy.com /html/appendix/cracking.htm (1032 words)

	Biomass : energy - transport - fuel - biofuels (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		As far as the gasification stage is concerned (consisting in producing a synthetic gas), IFP is particularly interested in biomass in order to develop an environmentally-friendly BTL solution.
		This gas is often simply burned ("gas flaring"), a practice that is increasingly being prohibited since it discharges significant quantities of CO without the energy produced being used.
		The use of hydrogen would lead to a reduction in pollution in cities as well as greenhouse gas emissions as long as the hydrogen is produced from energy that itself emits no CO However there is still much research to be done to ensure that the costs of producing and using hydrogen are competitive.
	www.ifp.fr /IFP/en/ifp/ab04_02.htm (3378 words)

	Synthesis Gas
		Synthesis gas, synthetic gas, or syngas, are the names given to gas of different (yet closely similar) to composition that are generated in coal gasification, coal liquefaction, gas liquefaction - also known as natural gas to liquids plants and other types of waste-to-energy facilities.
		Natural Gas to Liquids is also referred to as "Natural Gas Liquefaction," which is the process in which natural gas is converted from the gaseous to the liquid phase.
		These facilities typically consist of three primary components: an autothermal reformer that converts the natural gas into synthesis gas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen; a Fischer-Tropsch unit that produces synthetic crude oil from the synthesis gas; and a refining unit that upgrades the synthetic crude to ultra clean fuels.
	www.cogeneration.net /synthesis_gas.htm (281 words)

	CITGO.com, Products , Lubricants/Oils, Synthetic Products
		Synthetic PAG (polyalkylene glycol) Gear Fluids are premium products designed to provide optimum performance in gear boxes, worm gears, bearings, blowers, reciprocating compressors, and hydraulic systems well beyond the capabilities of mineral oils.
		Synthetic Gear Fluids are premium products designed to provide optimum performance in gear boxes, bearings, blowers, reciprocating compressors, and hydraulic systems where a H-1 product is needed.
		These synthetic gear and bearing lubricants are designed for use in manual transmission, transfer cases and differentials for passenger cars, farm tractors, construction equipment and over-the-road trucks.
	www.citgo.com /Products/LubesOils/CITGOBrand/CITGOBrandSyntheticProducts.jsp (520 words)

	EV World:
		Another advantage of synthetic fuels is the principle feedstock, natural gas, is more equally distributed around the world, then is petroleum, making it less subject to politically-motivated disruptions.
		While synthetics fuels offer some very positive benefits, especially in providing hydrogen-rich fuel to fuel cells, it also faces considerable competition for newly emerging technologies which promise to remove sulfur from diesel fuels, making a diesel engine as clean, in terms of emissions, as a compressed natural gas engine.
		Synthetics might provide more hydrogen to me stack, but it takes more energy in the form of higher reformer temperatures to convert it to a usable hydrogen gas.
	www.evworld.com /archives/conferences/env99/brussell.html (894 words)

	Royal Purple
		A premium, synthetic lubricant specifically designed to increase the service life of reciprocating gas compressors in hydrocarbon service where sulfur-sensitive catalysts are present downstream of the compressor.
		Recommended for use in gas and steam turbines, blowers and vacuum pumps, bearings, gears, air tools, etc. Synfilm® GT should be considered instead of Synfilm® when: oil reservoir temperatures exceed 200° F, improved low temperature fluidity is desired or when a viscosity grade is not available in Synfilm®.
		Contains specially formulated synthetic lubricants, penetrants and synthetic additives that significantly extend the service life of wire ropes over a wide range of temperatures and working conditions common to the mining, marine and construction industries.
	www.masla-smazki.ru /smazki/raznoe/royal.htm (1650 words)

	Elgas Synthetic Natural Gas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		By supplying Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) – a reliable backup for Natural Gas consumers – business can now be assured of remaining operational in the event of disruption to their Natural Gas supply.
		Synthetic Natural Gas is produced by mixing LPG (primarily Propane) with air, to create a natural gas substitute.
		It is also of comfort to your customers knowing that you have an alternative gas supply and may even assist in winning contracts of a critical nature where QA procedures require back-up systems.
	www.elgas.com.au /commercial/synthetic.htm (746 words)

	Governor's Hot Topics - mt.gov - Montana's Official State Website
		The technology to convert coal into synthetic petroleum products or natural gas has existed for almost a century, and modern versions of this technology offers great promise for reducing American dependence on foreign oil and developing Montana’s natural resources in a responsible manner.
		Synthetic fuel, also known as synfuel or Fischer-Tropsch liquids, is fuel such as diesel and jet fuel that is made from coal, natural gas or biomass, instead of oil.
		The cost of making a barrel of synthetic fuel is estimated to be around $35, including the sizeable infrastructure investments and the labor force necessary to operate the plant.
	governor.mt.gov /hottopics/faqsynthetic.asp (989 words)

	Synthetic gas project may have power to create jobs - Pittsburgh Tribune-Review
		And there is the possibility that if an energy bill ever passes Congress, it could contain a $20- to $26-per-ton tax credit on coal used to produce synthetic gas, plus there are federal and state loan guarantees that may be in play.
		Proponents contend that coal gasification comes close to matching the emission rates for natural gas-fired plants, that overall plant efficiency (converting synthetic gas to power) is much higher than for coal-fired facilities (33 percent vs. 45-plus percent) and that coal for conversion certainly is plentiful.
		Global-Change's Chief Executive John N. O'Brien said that currently, energy companies are excited with liquified natural gas, LNG, even though its use as a supplement to America's domestic natural gas reserves and imports from Canada is years away even if the process passes muster with municipalities and environmentalists.
	www.pittsburghlive.com /x/pittsburghtrib/s_192128.html (929 words)

	79(R) SB 1169 - Introduced version - Bill Text (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		An investor-owned gas utility and a natural gas master meter operator shall recover the fee by adding the fee as a surcharge to its existing rates.
		(a) In this chapter, "cost of purchased gas" includes the cost of natural gas or synthetic natural gas, and the associated costs of transportation, fuel, and storage, other costs required to deliver the gas to the distribution utility, and the cost of natural gas or synthetic gas purchased for company use.
		If the railroad commission accepts a plan, with or without modification, the railroad commission shall: (1) establish a purchased gas adjustment clause; (2) establish the level of the cost of purchased gas; and (3) use that level as the basis for evaluating subsequent changes to the level of the cost of purchased gas.
	www.capitol.state.tx.us /tlo/79R/billtext/SB01169I.HTM (1092 words)

	Atlantic Analytical Laboratory: Manufactured (Synthetic) Gas Analysis
		Coke Oven (Coal) Gas: A gas mixture produced during coal carbonization (inert gases are L.T. The typical composition is: Hydrogen (45 – 54%), Methane (28 - 34%), Carbon Monoxide (6 – 7%).
		Producer Gas: A low Btu gas mixture produced by the incomplete combustion of coal or coke in an air or air/steam based gas producer unit (inert gases are G.T. The typical composition is Hydrogen (5 - 10%), Carbon Monoxide (20 - 35%), Nitrogen (55 - 65%).
		Acetylene is a reactive gas that is typically dissolved in acetone for safety purposes.
	www.test-lab.com /gasses/synthetic_gas_analysis.htm (405 words)

	Synthetics Group...AMSOIL Synthetic Natural Gas Engine Oil - SAE (20W) 40
		AMSOIL Natural Gas Engine Oil is an extremely low-ash oil, which greatly reduces spark plug fouling and post plugging in two-cycle natural gas engines and virtually eliminates ring belt deposits in four-cycle natural gas engines.
		Due to its synthetic formulation, AMSOIL Natural Gas Engine Oil is a true SAE 40 oil, yet it passes SAE 20W viscosity specifications for low temperature performance without the use of special additives.
		AMSOIL Synthetic Natural Gas Engine Oil is compatible with conventional petroleum oils and other synthetic lubricants; however, mixing AMSOIL Natural Gas Engine Oil with a petroleum oil will reduce the drain interval of the AMSOIL Natural Gas Engine Oil.
	www.syntheticsgroup.com /ang.html (558 words)

	ET 11/98: Researchers develop clean-burning synthetic diesel fuel
		KU researchers developed formulations of the fuel that allowed the elimination of one of the three steps in the Fischer-Tropsch conversion of natural gas to synthetic diesel, said Galen Suppes, associate professor of chemical and petroleum engineering.
		To convert natural gas to a liquid form, heat, steam and a nickel-based catalyst are used to produce a carbon monoxide and hydrogen mixture known as synthesis gas or syngas.
		Researchers believe that a synthetic fuel could be economically produced from natural gas that is found in hard-to-reach regions, such as Alaska's North Slope, or that is currently being burned off in various locations around the world.
	www.sdearthtimes.com /et1198/et1198s14.html (542 words)

	Ozone Protection and Synthetic Greenhouse Gas Legislation Amendment Bill 2003 (Bills Digest, no. 18, 2003-04)
		The Ozone Protection and Synthetic Greenhouse Gas Legislation Amendment Bill 2003 (the Bill) is the main Bill of a package of three dealing with the management of ozone depleting substances and their greenhouse gas replacements.
		They are also used in the manufacture of rigid polyurethane foam and metered dose medical inhalers and serve as a sterilant gas, as a solvent, as a propellant in aerosols and as a streaming agent in fire extinguishers.
		ensures that where synthetic greenhouse gases are used other than as alternatives to ozone depleting substances (such as in the manufacture of aluminium and magnesium), they can be excluded from the operation of the legislation.
	www.aph.gov.au /Library/Pubs/bd/2003-04/04bd018.htm (3463 words)

	Clean Hydrocarbons
		This gas is then passed, with steam, over a bed of hot lime or calcium oxide (CaO) in the reformer to produce twice as much hydrogen as was present at the beginning (half of the hydrogen comes from the water, half from the gas).
		Synthetic fuels are needed because Energy Independence cannot be achieved until all cars, trucks, and buses on American highways are powered by fuels made in the USA, from sustainable American natural resources.
		The GTL technology starts with syngas (synthesis gas), which can be produced from any hydrocarbon source, including coal, oil shale, tar sands, natural gas, biomass and even from recycled CO2 combined with hydrogen gas produced by electrolysis.
	www.americanenergyindependence.com /cleanhydrocarbons.html (6102 words)

	Synthetic Gas Use in Non-Montreal Protocol Industries
		Sulphur hexafluoride (SF) is the vital constituent in the cover gas used for magnesium casting, preventing reaction between the molten magnesium and air.
		There is a need to overcome information deficiencies particularly in relation to the supply of synthetic gases and the use of SF in the electricity supply industry.
		Because atmospheric fluxes of synthetic gases are entirely attributable to anthropogenic activities, reported emissions estimates can be compared with the emissions estimated from atmospheric concentrations.
	www.deh.gov.au /atmosphere/ozone/publications/2000.html (1699 words)

	Green Car Congress: Gas-to-Liquids (GTL)
		Franklin Oil and Gas, Bolivia S.A. and YPFB (Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales Bolivianos, Bolivia’s state-owned oil company) have signed a new Memorandum of Understanding to build and to operate a Gas-To-Liquids (GTL) plant in the Grande River region of the Department of Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
		Syntroleum uses a compact process to convert natural gas or synthesis gas resulting from gasification of a variety of resources, into a synthetic crude or paraffin wax which is then processed into ultra-clean fuels and chemicals.
		Gas flaring continues to be an issue of major concern in Nigeria, for example.
	www.greencarcongress.com /gastoliquids_gtl (9750 words)

	Sovereign Oil & Gas Company - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The GTL Barge is designed to develop already discovered offshore and near-shore natural gas assets where there is currently no infrastructure to economically produce and transport the gas.
		Sovereign Oil and Gas, led by President Joseph M. Bruso, is currently active in West Africa and the Middle East, with extensive worldwide experience in international upstream new business development and EandP operations management.
		Syntroleum has already identified forty stranded gas fields that would be a good fit for their unique GTL Barge plants, with potential reserves equivalent to eight billion barrels of synthetic diesel and clean fuels.”;
	www.sovereignoil.com /interior/news022604.htm (921 words)

	6/23/1999 - Cinergy Reaches Agreement With State Consumer Agency On Dynegy Synthetic Gas Contract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Cinergy plans to install flexible burner technology, which will enable the company to accept either synthetic gas or natural gas so that the plant could continue to operate as a syngas facility if economically feasible.
		Coal gasification is the process of converting coal into a synthetic gas and removing pollutants before the gas is burned to produce electricity.
		In Terre Haute, gas made from coal is burned cleanly in a combustion turbine to generate electricity, while exhaust heat from the turbine is used to produce steam to power one of six steam generating units at Wabash River Station.
	www.cinergy.com /news/default.asp?news_id=45 (615 words)

	Synthetic Lubricant meets demands of industrial gas turbines., Anderol Company
		The synthetic based fluid exhibits exceptional anti-wear properties, high temperature oxidation, rust protection and corrosion inhibition.
		Apr 3, 2003 - Lubricant is synthetic and extremely stable.
		Mar 28, 2003 - Synthetic Lubricants are NSF H-1 registered.
	news.thomasnet.com /fullstory/464669/rss/1083 (767 words)

	Synthetic Gas
		BioMethane is generated from Anaerobic Digesters, Anaerobic Lagoons, Biomass Gasification, Biomass Gasifiers, Biogas Recovery, BioMethane, Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations Landfill Gas to Energy, and Methane Gas Recovery.
		A natural gas to liquids, or "gas liquefaction" ultra clean fuels facility in the U.S. New technologies in the "natural gas to liquids" industry decreases expenses through increased efficiencies and converts natural gas to ultra clean fuel.
		These facilities typically consist of three primary components: an autothermal reformer that converts the natural gas into synthesis gas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen; a Fischer-Tropsch unit that produces synthetic crude oil from the synthetic gas; and a refining unit that upgrades the synthetic crude to ultra clean fuels.
	cogeneration.net /synthetic_gas.htm (547 words)

	Mobil Gas Compressor Oil (Marine)
		Mobil Gas Compressor Oil is a premium quality, high performance, synthetic gas compressor lubricant based on poly-alkylene glycol.
		It is primarily intended for use in gas compressors for hydrocarbon and chemical gases where the crankcases and bearings operate in a gas filled atmosphere.
		Mobil Gas Compressor Oil is a special purpose synthetic product developed to reduce the problems resulting from gas dissolving in the lubricant and causing problems with wear, sealing, increased maintenance and frequent oil changes.
	www.exxonmobil.com /USA-English/Marine/PDS/GLXXENMRNEMMobilGasCompressorOil.asp?Print=yes (348 words)

	SwRI Universal Synthetic Gas Reactor (USGR) Flyer
		The Universal Synthetic Gas Reactor (USGR) has been developed by Southwest Research Institute® (SwRI®) to test the performance of small-core catalysts.
		The USGR system can blend synthetic gas mixtures, control a wide range of catalyst inlet temperatures and flow rates, and test a variety of catalysts with different operating modes.
		For more information on the Universal Synthetic Gas Reactor (USGR), contact Reggie Zhan, Ph.D., Senior Research Engineer, Phone (210) 522-2331, or Martin Heimrich, Manager, Aftertreatment Research and Development, Phone (210) 522-3022, Engine, Emissions and Vehicle Research Division, Southwest Research Institute, P.O. Drawer 28510, San Antonio, Texas 78228-0510, Fax (210) 522-3950.
	www.swri.org /3pubs/brochure/d03/usgr/home.htm (282 words)

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