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Topic: Syr Darya

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281 BCE

	Syr Darya. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		One of the principal rivers of central Asia, it is formed in the Fergana Valley, E Uzbekistan, by the junction of the Naryn and Kara Darya rivers, which rise in the Tian Shan mts.
		The Syr Darya forms the northern and eastern limits of the Kyzyl Kum desert.
		It is paralleled in its lower course by the Trans-Caspian RR.
	www.bartleby.com /65/sy/SyrDarya.html (202 words)

	MSN Encarta - Print Preview - Uzbekistan
		The Syr Darya is formed in the fertile Fergana (Farghona) Valley by the convergence of two rivers flowing from the east, the Naryn and Qoradaryo.
		The Syr Darya then flows westward through this valley and northern Tajikistan, turns north to cut through Uzbekistan, and enters Kazakhstan, eventually reaching the northern section of the Aral Sea.
		The shrinkage is due to irrigation withdrawals from the Amu Darya and Syr Darya, a practice that began on a massive scale in the early 1960s as part of the Soviet Union’s ill-conceived drive to increase cotton yields in Central Asia.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761551989___40/Uzbekistan.html (1228 words)

	Syr Darya -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The Syr Darya is formed by the confluence of the Naryn and Qoradaryo rivers in the eastern Fergana Valley and generally flows northwest until it empties into the Aral Sea.
		It is formed by the confluence of the Vakhsh and Panj (Pyandzh) rivers and flows west-northwest to its mouth on the southern shore of the Aral Sea.
		Disastrous depletion of the flow of the two historic rivers—the Syr Darya and Amu Darya—has brought rapid change in the Aral Sea and greatly altered the delta of the Amu Darya.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9070767?tocId=9070767 (773 words)

	CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS Journal of Social and Political Studies
		The Syr Darya River basin is an elongated area, which is situated closer to the southern part of Central Asia.
		The river is replenished during spring thaw by melting snow and glaciers in the southeast and flows in to the basin states draining land in the south and northwest.
		The construction of the large-scale hydraulic network upstream the Syr Darya River took place in the 1960s and the 1970s, and brought a significant expansion of arable land in the downstream areas of the basin.
	www.ca-c.org /dataeng/05.chapter_three.shtml (3205 words)

	AQUASTAT - FAO's Information System on Water and Agriculture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The main Syr Darya River can be divided into three reaches: the upper reach in the Kyrgyz Republic, where most of the water flow is generated; the middle reach in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan; and the lower reach in Kazakhstan, before it discharges into the Aral Sea.
		In the upper reaches of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya basins, less than 10% of the land is saline or highly saline, while downstream (especially in Karakalpakstan) about 95% of the land is saline, highly saline or very highly saline.
		In the newly reclaimed areas (Hunger and Djizak steppes in the Syr Darya basin, Surkhan-Sherabad and Karshi steppes in the Amu Darya basin), drainage is mainly subsurface drainage.
	www.fao.org /ag/AGL/aglw/aquastat/countries/uzbekistan/index.stm (3537 words)

	History of the town of Yassy-Turkestan
		At the beginning of the VIII century the region of Shavgar was included into the western borders of the Turghesh Kaghanate (702-756), the possession of the Turghesh Kaghanate extended to the middle reaches of the Syr Darya river.
		The Oghuz state was founded at the end of the IX - the beginning of the X centuries in the basin of the lower and middle reaches of the Syr Darya river and in the adjourning steppes of the West Kazakhstan.
		One of the directions of this policy was the construction of the monumental public and cult buildings (mosques, mausoleums, medrese) including the region near Syr Darya, where towns became the important outposts on the northern frontiers of the Timur's possessions.
	www.natcom.unesco.kz /turkestan/e06_yasy_city.htm (1378 words)

	CENTRAL ASIA - CAUCASUS ANALYST
		The Syr Darya basin is one of two major river systems in Central Asia.
		Agriculture, consuming approximately 90% of the water, is the principal water user in the basin, with Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan in the middle and low reaches of the basin, having the largest shares in irrigated land, 54% and 26% correspondingly.
		The water infrastructure of the Syr Darya basin is one the most impressive in the world.
	www.cacianalyst.org /view_article.php?articleid=3079 (1207 words)

	Aral Sea Revival - JRL 8-6-03
		At Kokaral, the uninhabited place where the Syr Darya flows into the sea, stand the remains of a dike that volunteers built 10 years ago.
		Syr Darya water will be prevented from flowing into the Big Sea, where it has been losing a battle with evaporation.
		When the Big Sea is deprived of water from the Syr Darya for several years while the Small Sea fills up, it will drop a foot or so if rainfall is weak, said Masood Ahmad, the World Bank official who is managing the project.
	www.cdi.org /russia/johnson/7278-16.cfm (1400 words)

	3. The Aral Sea basin
		As a result of the Syr Darya delta drainage, flocks of waterfowl have been displaced during migration from the lower reaches of the Syr Darya river to the lakes of Turgai.
		Organochlorine pesticides are recorded along the entire length of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya, and at some sampling stations their content exceeds MPC values.
		Thus, Syr Darya water mineralization increased in the lower reaches from 0.8 g/l, in 1960 to 1.8 g/l.
	www.unu.edu /unupress/unupbooks/uu14re/uu14re0a.htm (2793 words)

	ADAPT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Syr Darya is formed by the merge of the Naryn and Charadarya rivers in the eastern part of the Fergana Valley, in the Tian Shan Mts.
		In the Syr Darya river basin there are 6 provinces of the Republic of Uzbekistan: Andizhan, Namangan, Fergana, Tashkent, Dzhizak and Syr Darya.
		By its length (2137 km / 1,380 mi) the Syr Darya is the largest river of Central Asia and by its water area it concedes only to the Amu Darya.
	www.geo.vu.nl /~ivmadapt/syrdarya/fb_syrdarya-des.htm (213 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The basin of the Amu Darya is located between 34° 30 ' - 43° 45 ' North latitude and 56° 15 ' - 75° 7 ' East longitude in territory of the Republic of Afghanistan, Tadjikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.
		The Amu Darya is formed by confluence of the Pyandge (Afghanistan) and Vahsh (Tadjikistan) rivers.
		The total catchment area of the Amu Darya basin is 227800 sq.
	enrin.grida.no /htmls/uzbek/report/english/amudar.htm (149 words)

	Kazakhstan – Syr Darya Control and Northern Aral Sea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It was noted that water shortages were exacerbated by failures of water control structures in the Syr Darya river basin.
		As a result, water control structures of the Syr Darya, including the Chardara dam, came close to failure, while water that could have fed the Aral Sea was diverted to desert depressions.
		Hydraulic structures on the Syr Darya that allocate water to agriculture, lakes and wetlands, other users in the delta, and the Northern Aral Sea itself will be rehabilitated, as will the Chardara Dam.
	wbln0018.worldbank.org /ECA/ECSSD.nsf/ECADocByUnid/2E4BA1F7B4229EA285256B0A004D704D?Opendocument (591 words)

	Development of Baseline Data for Analysis of the Syr Darya Basin in Kazakstan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The area of the Syr Darya river basin reservoirs is 462, 000 square km, 240, 000 square km are within the territory of Kazakstan.
		Arys and Keles rivers are the main inflows to the Syr Darya river.
		The results might be used by Kzyl-Orda and South-Kazakstan regional ecology and bioresources administration, Aral-Syr Darya basin water economy unit, sanitary-epidemiological services of these regions for the purpose of prevention pollutant water flow removing to the river, development of sewage disposal measures, control over the special regime for water protected zones and regions.
	www.ee-environment.net /docs/ADP8_2E.htm (836 words)

	Town of Baikonur
		The main residential area of the Baikonur Cosmodrome, home to generations of Russian servicemen and their family members, lays on the right bank of the Syr Darya River in Kazakhstan, near the Tyuratam station on the Moscow-Tashkent railroad.
		The plan envisioned 10 new residential districts, a bridge spanning the Syr Darya and a residential area across the river, which would be open to outsiders and would feature non-secret industry.
		A monument erected in the Soldier's Park in Baikonur commemorates the victims of the Nedelin's disaster of 1960.
	www.russianspaceweb.com /baikonur_town.html (2123 words)

	Syr Darya -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Along the way, it irrigates the most fertile cotton-growing region in the whole of Central Asia, together with the towns of (Click link for more info and facts about Kokand) Kokand, (Click link for more info and facts about Khujand) Khujand, Kyzyl-Orda and Turkestan.
		The city is now known as (Click link for more info and facts about Khujand) Khujand.
		See also (Click link for more info and facts about Amu Darya) Amu Darya.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/sy/syr_darya.htm (219 words)

	Assessment of Water Management’s Impact on the Syr Darya’s Tributaries (Within Kazakstan) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The purpose of this project was to assess the water management impact on the flow the Syr Darya River's tributaries, within the territory of Kazakstan, and to restore natural flow values by different methods.
		The highest decline in flow, caused by man as opposed to a natural decline, occurred on the Arys River after the introduction of the Arys Channel, with an average decrease of 55% (80% in dry years and 35% in wet ones).
		The main tributaries of the Syr Darya River are the Arys, Keles, Bugun and Shayan rivers, located on the right bank part of the basin on the south-western slope of the Karatau range and the western part of the Talassian Alatau.
	www.ee-environment.net /docs/ADP4FE.htm (2695 words)

	Refill the Aral Sea
		The headwaters of the Syr Darya are Himalayan glaciers in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.
		From this breathtaking region, the veritable Switzerland of Asia, the Syr Darya cascades north, eventually delivering a flow of 70-80 cubic kilometers per year into the Aral Basin.
		Kyrgyzstan has constructed dams and reservoirs with huge water diversion potential, as most of the flow of the Syr Darya is directly from watersheds within Kyrgyzstan.
	www.ecoworld.com /Home/Articles2.cfm?TID=354 (2026 words)

	Aral Sea
		Aral Sea and its tributaries, notably the Syr Darya and the Amu Darya
		The major sources of the Sea, the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya, are fed from glacial meltwater from the high mountain ranges of the Pamir and Tien Shan in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.
		Irrigation in the fertile lands between the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya dates back millennia, although the Sea itself remained in relative equilibrium until the early 1960's.
	www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu /projects/casestudies/aral_sea.html (1026 words)

	Section 17 – The Kingdom of Liyi 栗弋 (Sogdiana) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		K’ang-chü is the present Kirghiz Steppe to the north of the Syr and must not be identified with Sogdiana.” Enoki (1955), p.
		It is tempting, however, to associate it with the similar-sounding town of Panjikent some 60 km east of Samarkand but it is thought that Panjikent was not founded until the 5th century.
		After the fall of Cyropolis, and its neighbouring towns, Alexander returned to the Syr Darya to build his new town, which was now urgently needed as a forward-campaign base, given the worsening military situation.
	depts.washington.edu /~uwch/silkroad/texts/hhshu/notes17.html (930 words)

	RADIO FREE EUROPE/ RADIO LIBERTY
		The root of the problem is Kyrgyzstan's Toktogul Reservoir, which largely controls the source of the Naryn River, which in turn is one of the major sources of the Syr Darya River.
		Some 30 villages along the Syr Darya's left bank in the South Kazakhstan and Qyzyl-Orda regions were reckoned to be in threat of flooding.
		Kazakhstan said it would continue discharging water from Chardara into the Syr Darya at a rate of 700 cu.m/s, while diverting 200 cu.m/s of water from the river into side channels.
	www.rferl.org /reports/centralasia/2004/02/7-160204.asp (2551 words)

	Search Tuna Report for the aral sea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Fed by the Syr Darya and Amu Darya rivers, it was generally very shallow, attaining a maximum depth of c ft 58 m.
		In the 1950s the Soviet Union decided to cultivate cotton in the region, and since the early 1960s the Syr Darya and Amu Darya have been used for large-scale irrigation, causing a drop in the flow of freshwater into the...
		As water from the Syr Darya and Amu Darya rivers has been diverted primarily for irrigation of cultivated fields, the Aral Sea has been drying up, leaving large areas of evaporated pesticide-laden dust to blow over the local inhabitants....
	searchtuna.com /ftlive2/732.html (2652 words)

	Asia Times
		Normalization and eventual peaceful development in Afghanistan would mean growth in the Amu Darya's water consumption there by some 10 cubic kilometers a year, according to Luzhkov's estimates.
		Both Central Asian rivers, the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya, flow to the Aral Sea - the Syr Darya from Kyrgyzstan through Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan and the Amu Darya from Tajikistan through Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.
		Moreover, a multilateral agreement between Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan on how to divide the Syr Darya's waters between them expires in 2003, while these countries are yet to agree on a new deal.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Central_Asia/DL18Ag01.html (1463 words)

	EO Natural Hazards: Syr Darya River Overflows
		Winter ice and a failure to observe regional water use agreements trigged floods along the mighty Syr Darya River in Southern Kazakhstan.
		The Syr Darya is an important resource in Central Asia, providing water for farming and hydroelectric power.
		As a result, the Chardara filled, and Kazak officials sent the extra water down the Syr Darya River.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /NaturalHazards/natural_hazards_v2.php3?img_id=11945 (296 words)

	USAID Europe and Eurasia: Transboundary Water Initiative (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The two largest rivers, the Amu Darya and Syr Darya, originate in the mountainous upstream countries of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan and flow through the arid plains of the downstream countries of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan towards the Aral Sea.
		The Lower Syr Darya does not have enough capacity in the winter to transport surplus flows to the Aral Sea.
		The approach is based on the adoption of fixed rules for operating Toktogul Reservoir and a simplified concept for managing the remainder of the Syr Darya Basin.
	gopher.info.usaid.gov /locations/europe_eurasia/car/briefers/transboundary_water.html (989 words)

	Projects - Project Details
		Project components include: 1) restoration of the NAS area, through the construction of a closure dike in the Bering Strait, a channel connecting the NAS, and the larger southern Aral Sea (LAS), and, conveying additional flows into the NAS.
		Current excessive spills will be diverted into the Arnasai depression into the Syr Darya river, to reduce river losses by the construction of flood protection dikes.
		Major obstructions to river flows between the Chardarah dam and the NAS will be removed, to straighten the river at three locations; 2) improvements on the hydraulic control of the Syr Darya, through an increased capacity of the Syr Darya entity, and diverting downstream flows towards the delta ecosystem to further restore the NAS.
	web.worldbank.org /external/projects/main?pagePK=104231&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&Projectid=P046045 (350 words)

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