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Topic: Syracusan Expedition

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	Poke's Fifteen Decisive Battles
		The Syracusans themselves, at the time of the Peloponnesian war, were a bold and turbulent democracy, tyrannizing over the weaker Greek cities in Sicily, and trying to gain in that island the same arbitrary supremacy which Athens maintained along the eastern coast of the Mediterranean.
		But as for the Syracusans resisting Athens by themselves, they have already, with the whole strength of their population, fought a battle and been beaten; they cannot face the Athenians at sea; and it is quite impossible for them to hold out against the force of their invaders.
		The Syracusans marched out to meet him; and while the Athenians were solely intent on completing their fortifications on the southern side toward the harbor, Gylippus turned their position by occupying the high ground in the extreme rear of Epipolae.
	www.standin.se /fifteen02a.htm (5683 words)

	Battles : Sicilian Expedition
		The Sicilian Expedition was an Athenian expedition to Sicily from 415 BC to 413 BC, during the Peloponnesian War.
		The Syracusan line was sixteen men deep, and they had 1200 cavalry, vastly outnumbering the Athenian cavalry, although the numbers of men were about the same.
		On the other side of the river a Syracusan force was waiting, and the Athenians were almost completely massacred, by far the worst defeat of the entire expedition in terms of lives lost.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/History/Battles/SicilianExpedition.html (3200 words)

	Sea-power - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The expedition of Mardonius, and still more that of Datis and Artaphernes, had indicated the danger threatening Greece when the master of a great army was likewise the master of a great navy.
		The scale of the subsequent Syracusan expedition showed how vigorous Athens still was down to the interruption of the war by the peace of Nicias.
		If efficiency was not a quality of the English sea-power, then their efforts were bound to fail; and, more than this, the position of their country, challenging as it did what was believed to be the greatest of maritime states, would have been altogether precarious.
	55.1911encyclopedia.org /Sea-power (15570 words)

	Early Amphibious Warfare
		Unfortunately for the expedition, Alcibiades, whose idea the entire operation was, was recalled to Athens to stand trial on charges of religious desecration that occurred on the eve of the expedition's departure.
		At the direction of Gylippus, the Syracusans began a third counterwall, to run generally west from the city, cut across the Epipolae, and preclude the Athenian attempt to reach the sea and isolate the city.
		As the Syracusans began their own effort to blockade the Athenian fleet in the harbor, the Athenians made a desperate attempt to break out before they are entirely bottled up.
	www.exwar.org /Htm/8000PopA2.htm (1323 words)

	Wikinfo \| Sicilian Expedition
		He hoped the Syracusans would soon run out of money soon, and he had also been informed that there were pro-Athenian factions in Syracuse who were ready to turn the city over to him.
		On September 3, the Syracusans began to completely blockade the entrance to the port, trapping the Athenians inside.
		Near the Erineus river, Demosthenes and Nicias became separated, and Demosthenes was attacked by the Syracusans and forced to surrender his 6000 troops.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Sicilian_Expedition (3163 words)

	[No title]
		After their defeat in the Syracusan harbor, the sailors and soldiers in the Athenian force, seeing the navy for which they were so renowned defeated and having no means to return home from the hostile island, were miserable.
		Syracusan javelin-throwers struck down the non-combatants in the interior, who, lacking the heavy armor of the Athenian infantry, quickly panicked and threatened to break through the Athenian rear in order to reach the plain.
		The van, opposed by several lines of Syracusan infantry, were overwhelmed with weariness and hunger and further dismayed by a sudden peal of thunder rumbling from a clear sky.
	www.skidmore.edu /classics/courses/2002fall/cc226/a-piercy.doc (3251 words)

	The Internet Classics Archive \| The History of the Peloponnesian War by Thucydides
		In the meantime came in from all quarters to the Syracusans, as well as from their own officers sent to reconnoitre, the positive tidings that the fleet was at Rhegium; upon which they laid aside their incredulity and threw themselves heart and soul into the work of preparation.
		The generals were not a little disheartened at being thus disappointed at the outset, and by the refusal to join in the expedition of the Rhegians, the people they had first tried to gain and had had had most reason to count upon, from their relationship to the Leontines and constant friendship for Athens.
		The Syracusan party in the town no sooner saw the army inside than they became frightened and withdrew, not being at all numerous; while the rest voted for an alliance with the Athenians and invited them to fetch the rest of their forces from Rhegium.
	classics.mit.edu /Thucydides/pelopwar.6.sixth.html (6540 words)

	The Sicilian Expedition
		For the position he held among the citizens led him to indulge his tastes beyond what his real means would bear, both in keeping horses and in the rest of his expenditure; and this later on had not a little to do with the ruin of the Athenian state.
		The present expedition was formed in contemplation of a long term of service by land and sea alike, and was furnished with ships and troops so as to be ready for either as required.
		Indeed the expedition became not less famous for its wonderful boldness and for the splendour of its appearance, than for its overwhelming strength as compared with the peoples against whom it was directed, and for the fact
	wch.utep.edu /Wrenjohnson/WCH3301/Thucydides/sicilian_expedition.htm (4163 words)

	The Peloponnesian War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		It was no wonder, therefore, if the Syracusans and their allies thought that it would win them great glory if they could follow up their recent victory in the sea-fight by the capture of the whole Athenian armada, without letting it escape either by sea or by land.
		While they were resting, Gylippus and the Syracusans sent a part of their army to throw up works in their rear on the way by which they had advanced; however, the Athenians immediately sent some of their men and prevented them; after which they retreated more towards the plain and halted for the night.
		But as they were taking up their arms the Syracusans perceived it and raised their paean, upon which the Athenians, finding that they were discovered, laid them down again, except about three hundred men who forced their way through the guards and went on during the night as they were able.
	history.boisestate.edu /westciv/peloponn/sicily.shtml (3540 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 981 (v. 1) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Such was the unworthy decree of the Syracusan assembly, against the voice, say Diodorus and Plutarch, of Hermocrates, and contrary, says Thucydides, to the wish of Gylippus, who coveted the glory of conveying the two great Athenian commanders to Sparta.
		In his conduct of the second Syracusan expedition there is hardly one step which we can blame : with the exception of the night attack on Epipolae, it is in fact a painful exhibition of a defeat step by step effected over reason and wisdom by folly and infatuation.
		It is possible that with the other elements of a great general he did not combine in a high degree that essential requisite of moral firmness and command : he may too have been less accurate in attending to the details of execution than he was farsighted and fertile in devising the outline.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /smith-bio/0987.html (855 words)

	Sicilian Expedition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Command of the enormous force around 260 ships, 6,400 soldiers and 20,000 crewmen was balanced between the impetuous Alcibiades, the leve headed Nicias (who opposed this expedition) and an experienced general, Leaches.
		The Spartans turned Nicias siege against him, and the Athenians were forced to beach their ships on and exposed shore, where they could be trapped by Syracusan navy.
		The Syracusans blocked the harbor and defeated the remaining Athenian fleet.
	www.helleniclife.net /sicilian_expedition.htm (657 words)

	Sicilian expedition
		Sicilian expedition: name of the Athenian attempt to conquer Sicily in 415-413, part of the entr'acte in the Peloponnesian War.
		The Sicilian cities were now aware of Athenian power, and during a conference at Gela, organized by the Syracusan democratic leader Hermocrates, they decided to make peace with one another and exclude the foreigners from the island.
		In response to this, an Athenian diplomat named Phaeax concluded alliances with Acragas, Camarina and the natives, because the conference at Gela had not taken away the mutual suspicion that was common among Greek cities.
	www.livius.org /pb-pem/peloponnesian_war/sicilian_expedition.html (910 words)

	Hermocrates
		Hermocrates, who was no longer in office, now became Gylippus' adviser and commanded one of the contingents of the Syracusan army, which defended the besieged city.
		Hermocrates was the admiral and took part in several fights against the Athenians; he must have been present when the anti-Persian rebel Amorges was captured in Iasus.
		Immediately, there were riots between the Syracusan radicals, who argued that Hermocrates was aiming at tyranny, and the now confident moderates, who wanted to give Hermocrates permission to return.
	www.livius.org /he-hg/hermocrates/hermocrates.html (1015 words)

	Syracuse (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Pyrrhos' intervention in Sicilian affairs was short and violent (278-276 BC) and on his withdrawal to Italy to confront the Romans his place was soon taken by one of his former lieutenants, Hieron, a native of Syracuse.
		The Syracusans built one of the earliest treasuries at Delphi, dating from the middle of the 6th century B.C. (Dinsmoor 1975, 116).
		This second Syracusan treasury was erected from the spoils of the Syracusans' crushing naval defeat of Athens, which had mounted an expedition to Sicily, attracted by Syracusan wealth and the prospect of enlisting the Sicilian cities in their conflict against the Spartans.
	users2.ev1.net /~legionary/mainevent/coins/Syracuse.html (581 words)

	History Forum > Sicilian Invasion
		Meanwhile, in early 413 BC Sparta acted on Alcibiades'; advice and fortified Decelea, and the force sent to relieve it was destroyed.
		The rest of the Syracusans followed Nicias to the Assinarus river, where Nicias'; troops became disorganized in the rush to find drinking water.
		Jul 19 2004, 07:18 AM The interesting thing (great topic Trajan) regarding the Sicilian expedition, is that this was one of those not-so-great events, that had huge implications for the future of mankind.
	www.simaqianstudio.com /forum/lofiversion/index.php?t2059.html (4294 words)

	The Thracians, by Charles Grant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In point of fact the first general properly to appreciate the use of the peltast in the warfare of his time was Demosthenes who, in 26 B.C., saw a force of hoplites wiped out by a band of Aetolian javelinmen, whose missiles brought down the heavily armed infantrymen who could not catch their nimble adversaries.
		It is only fair to point out that, on more than one occasion, Thracians lived up to their reputation for violence, which doubtless justified their being regarded as one of 'the lesser breeds without the law'.
		Some actions were quite considerable, however, notably against the Colchians, and the Thracians were as responsible as any of the other troops of the expedition expedition in ensuring that the sea was finally reached.
	www.thrace.0catch.com /cgrant.htm (4235 words)

	Aristophanes - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The direct attack on persons, the severity of invective, and the burlesque extravagances made the plays fitting for the festival of Dionysus.
		Aristophanes was conservative in all things, hence he distrusted sophistry and Socrates alike, satirized Euripides' art as degenerate, and deplored the tendency to excessive imperialism that ruined Athens in the Syracusan expedition.
		The typical plan of an Aristophanic comedy is simple—the protagonist undertakes seriously some preposterous project, and the play is an elaboration of his success or failure.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-aristph.html (283 words)

	Sicilian Expedition - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In Sicily the fleet was redivided into two parts, and the army was landed and joined with the cavalry of Segesta.
		The Athenian troops landed outside Syracuse, and lined up eight men deep with the Argives and Mantineans on the right, the rest of the allies on the left, and the Athenians themselves in the center.
		Soon after this, the Spartan general Gylippus, responding to the call for help, landed at Himera.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sicilian_Expedition (3244 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2005.04.56
		But religion also played a role, for the oikists who led the colonial expeditions were invested with sacral authority by Delphi, and it was probably they who laid out the temenoi for the gods in the new foundation.
		The result was that the cult of the Olympian gods spread to new lands, and one may suspect that this diffusion was not only the result but to some extent a motive for the colonial movement.
		The unfinished temple is mute evidence of Segesta's ambitions in the third quarter of the fifth century B.C. It was Segesta that provided the motive for the disastrous Syracusan expedition of Athens, and after the Athenian defeat, she appealed to Carthage.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2005/2005-04-56.html (2113 words)

	Nikias Nikeratou Kydantides
		He had already suffered a relatively mild rebuke and the loss of his command for his handling of Sphakteria at the hands of Kleon and perhaps he feared greater punishments if he dragged his feet here.
		He was soundly upbraided for this in antiquity, but I wonder if maybe this wasn't a ploy meant to show up Kleon as a windbag, or maybe get him killed in the fighting.
		And if their necessities should the least sharpen upon them they would give up all." Maybe this is true and the disastrous battle on the Epipolai turned the tables, but maybe Nikias was being fed with false intelligence to make him stay put.
	www.ancientworlds.net /aw/Post/209982 (1188 words)

	The Peloponnesian War
		The Expedition was an opportunity for "gaining new experience," and to avert the "ruin" that comes with being "idle." b.
		When the Expedition later faces disaster, Nicias (the commander) fears making a prudent peace because he fears being pilloried for it by Athens' hawkish public.
		For example, Athens continues the Syracusan expedition even after the important premises that underlay it (e.g.
	web.mit.edu /17.423/www/Archive98/outlines/pelowar.html (1357 words)

	Contextual Notes Book V - Plato's Republic
		The scene is laid in the house of a rich merchant of foreign origin in the Piraeus, the port city of Athens, during the Peace of Nicias, a truce in the Peloponnesian War.
		There is the atmosphere, though no explicit proposal, of the larger political responsibilities of Athens to the community of which it was a part, a foreshadowing to us with hindsight of the Alexandrian and Roman Empires, to the founding of which The Republic made great contributions.
		The plot might be imagined as the withdrawal from the Athenian Assembly, pictured in first book, to the meeting of the philosopher-kings in Nocturnal Council, the city of the birds.
	www.d.umn.edu /cla/faculty/tbacig/hmcl3230/3230anth/repgud.html (349 words)

	Body (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Before Alcibiades left as one of the commanding officers on the Syracusan expedition, he was accused of profaning the Elysian Mysteries and castrating the statues of Hermes guarding the city.
		After having honored him by making him one of the commanders of the expedition under the faint hearted Nicias and after the fleet had sailed for Syracuse, his enemies persuaded the citizens of Athens to recall him to face charges of blasphemy and treason.
		The Syracusan Expedition was the beginning of the end of the Athenian Empire and of Alcibiades who was partly responsible for its downfall.
	members.aol.com /thelogos/sym.htm (7702 words)

	Lecture Notes for Week Nine
		Athenians able to break the Syracusan ranks, but the Syracusan cavalry was able to protect their retreat.
		Syracusans had improved some of the fortifications to their north (precinct of Apollo Temenites), but realize they need to guard the heights of Epipolae
		Syracusans again build counter-work in the area of the marsh, to prevent Athenians from reaching the Harbor with their wall
	ccwf.cc.utexas.edu /~warfare/Lectures/lect09.html (4224 words)

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