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	Direct observation of syringeal muscle function in songbirds and a parrot -- Larsen and Goller 205 (1): 25 -- Journal ...
		The songbird tracheobronchial syrinx is a complex bipartite structure situated where the connecting tubes to the lungs (the bronchi) join the windpipe (the trachea).
		The cockatiel syrinx is situated at the distal end of the trachea cranial to the bronchi.
		bronchial bifurcation, as is characteristic for the syrinx in
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/205/1/25 (5031 words)

	Bird song - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The avian vocal organ is called the syrinx; it is a bony structure at the bottom of the trachea (unlike the larynx at the top of the mammalian trachea).
		The syrinx and sometimes a surrounding air sac resonate to vibrations that are made by membranes past which the bird forces air.
		In modern-day biology, bird song is typically analysed using sound spectrograpy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bird_song (1591 words)

	Hearbirds.com : About the Syrinx
		It is a muscle-wrapped chamber in the windpipe, close to where it branches to the lungs on each side of the body.
		Song birds achieve their vocal talents with a syrinx surrounded by 5 to 9 pairs of muscles which allow them to finely modulate their tones.
		In many species, the syrinx is low in the wind pipe and forms two chambers, one piped to each lung.
	www.hearbirds.com /content/syrnx1.htm (343 words)

	REVIEWS
		He interprets the functional operation of the syrinx in a series of plausible hypotheses, but his case is limited by a lack of experimental data---either original or from other sources.
		Brown adds, "Man's understanding and appreciation of the arid environment are essential if he is to utilize and not abuse it." Information on desert ecosystems, necessary for understanding the biology of desert birds as well as for the wise use of desert resources, is scattered widely in journals of agriculture, medicine, meteorology, geology, and biology.
		This chapter is accompanied by an interesting diagram of the syrinxes of 27 species of anatids, but as neither the syrinx nor bulla is labeled, the reader who is uninformed on avian anatomy will probably not find the chart particularly instructive.
	elibrary.unm.edu /sora/Auk/v087n01/p0175-p0185.html (11244 words)

	Research from the Department of Biology
		This model was derived from morphological studies and physiological experiments on the excised syrinx.
		Endoscopic studies of the intact syrinx, however, reveal that the medial and lateral labia are prominently involved in phonation.
		New model of sound generation illustrated in a schematic frontal section of the syrinx: The two labia (ML and LL) are moved into the airstream and vibrate (Bernoulli forces).
	www.biology.utah.edu /posters2.php?id=8&area=home (370 words)

	LSUHSC School of Medicine - Neurosurgery - Grand Rounds
		STEPS TAKEN AT LSU: We felt that the syrinx and the ventral lesion were contributing to the patient's symptoms.
		This lesion was resected and intraoperatively appeared to be an extruded disc fragment- partial;y fibrotic and calcified.
		Post-resection and post-shunt intraop ultrasound shown decompression of the spinal canal- removal of the ventral lesion and presence of shunt catheter in the syrinx cavity.
	www.medschool.lsuhsc.edu /Neurosurgery/cases/case17.asp (638 words)

	Bird song: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The avian vocal organ is called the syrinx (syrinx: The vocal organ of a bird).
		The anatomical and physiological mechanisms underlying the production of bird song, the acquisition of song during the life of individual birds, the acoustic structure of the songs, and their adaptive function in the social life of birds, have been the subject of intensive scientific study.
		It has been known since time immemorial that the songs of different species (species: (biology) taxonomic group whose members can interbreed) vary, and are more or less characteristic of the species.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/bird_song (943 words)

	31vocal
		The vocal organ of songbirds, known as the syrinx, has beenthe subject of a long history of interesting studies.
		It is built upon experimental observation that the human vocal folds support both lateral oscillations and a up-ward propagating surface wave [13], and successfully predicts the fundamental frequencies of voiced sounds in terms of sen-sible physiological parameters.
		There is no direct evidence in birds, but this "flapping" mode of oscillation is consistent withrecent videography of the bird's syrinx during song, and in the isolated syrinx[10][12].
	asterion.rockefeller.edu /marcelo/Reprints/31vocal.html (2518 words)

	The world's top pan mythology websites
		Syrinx was a beautiful nymph beloved by the satyrs and other wood dwellers.
		Echo was a nymph who was a great singer and dancer and scorned the love of any man. This angered Pan, a lecherous god, and he instructed his followers to kill her.
		Though he failed with Syrinx and Pithys, Pan didn't fail with the Maenads— he had every one of them, in one orgiastic riot or another.
	dirs.org /wiki-article-tab.cfm/pan__mythology_ (1128 words)

	Imitative parrots just might tell you it's all in the tongue
		It's known that to produce sound, a parrot uses its syrinx, a voice box organ nestled between the trachea and lungs.
		Ornithologists and bird enthusiasts have long noticed that parrots bob their tongues back and forth while they vocalize, but it wasn't known whether the tongue motions contributed significantly to sound-making.
		Before, we used to think all the complexity of parrot communication was because of the syrinx.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-09/iu-ipj090104.php (638 words)

	The following quotes are reprinted with permission from the book, _Voices for Evolution_,
		Arkansas Board of Education, January 5, 1982 (response to Act 590, a law requiring that creation be taught in biology classes as well as evolution) "The Court would never criticize or discredit any person's testimony based on his or her religious beliefs.
		Arkansas Board of Education, January 5, 1982 (response to Act 590, a law requiring that creation be taught in biology classes as well as evolution) "The Academy of Science of the Royal Society of Canada considers that `scientific creationism' has nothing to do with science or the scientific method.
		Most of them are not trained in biology or geology, the areas in which professional judgements are made in the field of evolutionary theory.
	www.skepticfiles.org /evo2/evolquot.htm (709 words)

	[No title]
		One theory had been that birds' syrinxes (like our human larynxes or voice boxes) just created pure tones; now this has been shown to be incorrect.
		The neat trick is that birds have a second stage of processing -- probably using the trachea and the air sac surrounding the syrinx -- that filters OUT the overtones.
		(i) A vibrating valve in the avian vocal organ, the syrinx, generates a multifrequency harmonic source sound, which is filtered to a pure tone by a vocal tract filter ("source-filter" model, analogous to human speech production).
	www.museumofmusic.org /vibrationsback/030623/l2.html (453 words)

	Lectures 8 & 9
		SYRINX = vocal organ in birds, located at bifurcation of trachea into bronchi.
		No syrinx is present in vultures, ostriches, Mute Swan, some storks.
		Syrinx Musculature = controls syrinx action during sound production; pressure from interclavicular air sac also is important in constricting tubes.
	www.usd.edu /biol/faculty/swanson/ornith/lec8_9.html (1258 words)

	Untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The syrinx is located at the point where the trachea branches into the two primary bronchi.
		The quality of sound can be further influenced by tracheal length, by constricting the larynx, by muscles in the throat, or by the structure and/or movements of the bill (e.g., here are some complex 'Bird Songs in Slow Motion').
		And when they fed the output signal from the virtual brain into their computer model of a bird's syrinx, it again sang like a bird.
	ornitology.com /ornithology_biol.html (1564 words)

	Dan Mennill's Links (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		SYRINX by John Burt - This program was designed specifically for Interactive Playback, and it performs very well in the field.
		If you need to instantaneously choose from a large collection of stimuli for playback in the field, or if you need to be able to produce real-time spectrographs as you record songs in the field, then you should get this software (and a rugged laptop).
		In addition, SYRINX is very useful for digitizing sounds in the lab and performing sound analysis.
	zeus.uwindsor.ca /courses/biology/dmennill/links.html (892 words)

	Biology News: Parrots speak in tongues
		Until now, many researchers thought that birds produced and modified their song in the avian equivalent of the larynx, the syrinx, and that the tongue played no role at all.
		But parrots are known to bob their fleshy tongues back and forth when they talk, so Gabriel Beckers from Leiden University in the Netherlands and colleagues decided to see whether these movements contribute to the birds' great talent for mimicry.
		In each bird, they replaced the syrinx with a tiny electronic speaker and then used a hook to move the tongue around as the amplifier played bursts of sound.
	www.bioedonline.org /news/news.cfm?art=1135 (548 words)

	The Open Door Web Site : Biology : Emitters and Receptors
		Bird songs are produced by an organ called the syrinx.
		The syrinx is found at the point where the trachea splits into the two bronchi and is therefore quite different from the voice box or larynx of mammals.
		There is a membrane in the syrinx which vibrates and produces sound when air passes over it.
	www.saburchill.com /chapters/chap0073.html (601 words)

	Welcome To Common Teasers In Biology
		The pitch of is altered by changes in the tension of these membranes which are controlled by muscles.
		The syrinx is a structure in birds which is not seen in most vertebrates.
		They just imitate the sound using their syrinx and their speech is not well modulated.
	www.geocities.com /mickey_prasad/bio.html (967 words)

	Desert Diary, 11 April 2002--Syrinx (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Goes to show, though, that misconceptions occur easily when we assume that other animals are like us--because birds don't use vocal chords to produce their repertoire.
		So, next time you hear a Mockingbird, perhaps you should be amazed, not at its song, but at the fact that people can produce such a variety of sounds with decidedly inferior equipment.
		The bony portion of the syrinx of a male Pintail Duck (Anas acuta).
	museum.utep.edu /archive/birds/DDsyrinx.htm (290 words)

	Vocalization History Summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In addition to lungs, birds possess air sacs throughout the body that are connected to the bronchi and subject to muscular contraction.
		Furthermore, many species employ a labium to control the aperture of the syrinx, and therefore amplitude, onset, and offset of the signal.
		Finally, the degree of tension in the membranes affects both frequency and amplitude, which are often correlated in bird calls.
	www.bookrags.com /history/biology/vocalization-ansc-04 (881 words)

	UPenn - SAS - Biology - People - Faculty
		To pursue these issues, we use a variety of different techniques, which range from slice physiology to chronic neural recordings in awake singing birds.
		By recording neural activity simultaneously in left and right HVc of awake, vocalizing male zebra finches, we have shown that vocal premotor neurons are highly synchronized during specific portions of the song motor response.
		These inputs are likely to be critical in determining song parameters related to syllable sequencing and timing and suggest an important role for these input structures in the determination of song structure.
	www.bio.upenn.edu /faculty/schmidt (1240 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Syrinx (disambiguation) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A rare, fluid-filled neuroglial cavity within the spinal cord (syringomyelia) or in the brain stem (syringobulbia).
		The closest equivalent that birds have to the mammalian larynx; see Syrinx (biology).
		The plural of syrinx is syringes, from which the modern word syringe is derived.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Syrinx_(disambiguation) (110 words)

	CBC News: Parrots use tongues to change sounds: study (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Researchers had known that a parrot uses its syrinx, a voice box organ located between the trachea and lungs, to produce sound.
		Ornithologists had observed that parrots move their tongues back and forth while vocalizing, but no one knew how much of a contribution the tongue movement made.
		The report is published in the Sept. 7 issue of Current Biology.
	www.cbc.ca /story/science/national/2004/09/06/parrot_tongue040906.html (296 words)

	the sakura stand: 08/2002
		Later, in high school biology class, our teacher once brought from the dusty jars of floating dead creatures along the back wall a jar with an enormous tick, bloated to perhaps the size of a cherry from gorging on some poor creature.
		I can't remember if it was the biology teacher it had fed upon, who had dealt with spotted fever twice, which might have explained a few things about his personality.
		This is a paragraph of text that could go in the sidebar.
	thepopsiclestand.blogspot.com /2002_08_01_thepopsiclestand_archive.html (336 words)

	Yale Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology
		Since comparative methods are essential to my research, I have a long running interest in phylogenetic reconstruction.
		Initially based in on morphological characters from the syrinx, skeleton, and plumage, I have begun modest phylogenetic projects based on molecular characters (e.g.
		At Yale, I will be expanding my efforts in molecular sequencing and phylogenetic reconstruction, specifically within the suboscine passeriforms, a clade which includes about 10% of all avian biological species.
	www.eeb.yale.edu /prum/avian_phylogenetics.htm (342 words)

	Journal of Experimental Biology -- About the Cover (January 2002, 205, (1)) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Cover: The avian vocal organ, the syrinx, is a complex bipartite structure situated where the connecting tubes to the lungs (the bronchi) join the windpipe (the trachea).
		In anaesthetised birds, the action of single syringeal muscles was observed directly by stimulating the muscles electrically while video-recording the syrinx through an endoscope (see Larsen and Goller, pp.
		External endoscopic views show the movement of the entire syrinx during vocalisation, while internal views reveal which muscles cause opening, closing and tensing of the syringeal valves.
	intl-jeb.biologists.org /content/vol205/issue1/cover.shtml (119 words)

	Notes on Syrinx Sound Analysis Program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Syrinx is a powerful bioacoustical analysis program, written by John Burt while he was a student at The University of Washington.
		This handout is meant to introduce you to enough of the basics to get you started, but Syrinx also has a good Help menu you should look through for much more information.
		Syrinx is installed on all the computers in the IBSCORE Lab, but you can also download it (for free – don’t forget to say thanks to John Burt!) from:
	ibscore.dbs.umt.edu /bio103/labs/Syrinxinstrucations1.htm (796 words)

	The Cosyne meeting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Marc F. Schmidt and Paul M. Nealen Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
		It is known that each half of the syrinx is largely under ipsilateral neural control, but the degree to which asymmetry at the level of the syrinx is matched by asymmetry of central control systems in the brain is unknown.
		In the present study, we investigate the relationship between vocal premotor activation patterns in each hemisphere in the domestic canary (Serinus canarius), a songbird species known for its strong syringeal lateralization.
	www.cosyne.org /program05/234.html (647 words)

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