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	Systematization (Romania) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Respecting neither traditional rural values nor a positive ethic of urbanism, systematization is now almost universally agreed to have been a disaster for Romania and a major contributing factor to the uncommonly violent fall of the Ceauşescu regime during the uprisings of 1989.
		The initial phase of systematization largely petered out by 1980, at which point only about 10 percent of new housing was being built in historically rural areas.
		Systematization, especially the destruction of historic churches and monasteries, was protested by several nations, especially Hungary and West Germany, each concerned for their national minorities in Transylvania.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/systematization_%28Romania%29 (645 words)

	Romania
		Romania subsequently joined the war against Germany and in the Paris peace treaties in 1947 recovered Transylvania but lost Bessarabia and northern Bukovina to the USSR (they were included in Moldavia and the Ukraine) and southern Dobruja to Bulgaria.
		Soviet-style constitutions were adopted in 1948 and 1952; Romania joined Comecon in 1949 and co-signed the Warsaw Pact in 1955; and a programme of nationalization and agricultural collectivization was launched.
		Romania's relations with Hungary also reached crisis point 1988–89 as a result of a Ceausescu ‘systematization plan’ to demolish 7,000 villages and replace them with 500 agro-industrial complexes, in the process forcibly resettling and assimilating Transylvania-based ethnic Hungarians.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0019845.html (2363 words)

	Communist Romania (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Yalta Conference had granted the Soviet Union a predominant interest in Romania, the Paris Peace Treaties failed to acknowledge Romania as a co-belligerent, and the Red Army was sitting on Romanian soil.
		Romania's government also took measures to allay domestic discontent by reducing investments in heavy industry, boosting output of consumer goods, decentralizing economic management, hiking wages and incentives, and instituting elements of worker management.
		Romania's was nearly the last of the Eastern European communist regimes to fall; its fall was also the most violent up to that time.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/communist_romania (2913 words)

	Encyclopedia: Communist Romania (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Romania developed a system of forced labor and political prisons similar to the Soviet Union, with an estimated 100,000 forced laborers dying in an unsuccessful effort to build a Danube-Black Sea Canal.
		Romania was nearly the last of the Eastern European communist regimes to fall; its fall was also the most violent up to that time.
		While, ultimately, a great deal did change in Romania, it is still very contentious among Romanians and other observers as to whether this was their intent from the outset, or merely pragmatic playing of the cards they were dealt.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Communist-Romania (2831 words)

	Read about Search at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Search and learn about Search here! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Systematics is the study of the diversity of organism charac...
		The basic premise of systematic ideology is that ideology is the central motivato...
		Systematic theology is the study of Christian theology organ...
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Special:Search/Systematic_musicology (607 words)

	Foreign relations of Romania -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Romania was a helpful partner to the allied forces during the (A war fought between a coalition led by the United States and Iraq to free Kuwait from Iraqi invaders; 1990-1991) Gulf war, particularly during its service as president of the (Click link for more info and facts about UN Security Council) UN Security Council.
		Romania also is a founding member of the (A sea between Europe and Asia; a popular resort area of eastern Europeans) Black Sea Consortium for Economic Development.
		Most of Moldova was part of Romania during the interwar period and linguists generally agree that the Moldovan language is a dialect of Romanian (and by all accounts, not a very distinctive dialect).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/F/Fo/Foreign_relations_of_Romania.htm (732 words)

	WORLD ENCYCLOPAEDIA - Romania - Systematization: A Settlement Strategy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Official projections had predicted that by 1985 Romania's population would have reached 25 million, of which 65 percent would live in urban places, with the increase in urbanization a result of the systematization program.
		Although lack of capital appeared to limit the renewed interest in systematization primarily to the Bucharest area, plans for nationwide rural resettlement were merely postponed and not canceled.
		Each village escaping systematization was to have a civic center, often referred to as a "Song to Romania House of Culture." These institutions promised to be useful tools for indoctrination and mobilization and were apparently intended to replace churches as the focal point of community life.
	encyclopaedic.net /world/romania/39.php (1063 words)

	Systematization (Romania) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Respecting neither traditional rural values nor a positive ethic of urbanism, systematization is now almostuniversally agreed to have been a disaster for Romania and a major contributing factor to the uncommonly violent fall of theCeauşescu regime during the uprisings of 1989.
		In the mid- 1980s the concept of systematization found new life, applied primarily tothe area of the nation's capital, Bucharest.
		Systematization, especially the destruction of historic churches and monasteries, was protested by several nations, especially Hungary and West Germany, eachconcerned for their national minorities in Transylvania.
	www.therfcc.org /systematization-romania--163653.html (558 words)

	Romania, a country study
		The study provides the context for Romania's “revolution,” the violent demise of the detested Nicolae and Elena Ceausescu, the displacement of the Romanian Communist Party by the National Salvation Front, the reemergence of long-dormant political parties, and the escalation of interethnic tensions inside the country and with Hungary and the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic.
		Romania, in spite of its fierce prewar anticommunism and long antipathy toward tsarist Russia and the Soviet Union, became one of the first East European states to suffer a Soviet-sponsored communist takeover after World War II.
		Despite Ceausescu's growing international isolation, Romania's state-controlled media continued to lionize the “genius of the Carpathians.” The period after 1965 was termed the “golden age of Ceausescu,” an era when Romania purportedly had taken great strides toward its goal of becoming a multilaterally developed socialist state (see Glossary) by the year 2000.
	www.pos1.info /r/romanstu.htm (17945 words)

	Information on Communist Romania (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Soviet Union pressed for inclusion of Romania's heretofore negligible Romanian Communist Party in the post-war government, while non-communist political leaders were steadily eliminated from political life.
		Either systematic neglect or outright demolition affected 70% of historic Bucharest, including buildings in the areas such as Magheru-Universitate (the heart of Bucharest), Lipscani, Halelor, Domenii, St. John's Cathedral, Grivitei, and the Gara de Nord, systematization being halted only by the Romanian Revolution of 1989.
		By 1985, despite Romania's huge refining capacity, petrol was strictly rationed, with supplies drastically cut, a Sunday curfew was instated, and many buses and taxis converted to Methane propulsion (they were mockingly named "bombs").
	www.information-resource.net /search/Communist_Romania.html (4007 words)

	Romania Hungary - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, ...
		Although in the postwar period Romania and Hungary were "fraternal states in the socialist community of nations," bilateral relations were marred by historical hostility, and disputes continued to erupt throughout the 1970s and 1980s.
		At Geneva the Hungarian representative accused Romania of "severe violations of basic human rights," while his Romanian counterpart reproached Hungary for "pursuing irredentist goals." The Hungarian government therefore decided to join the Geneva Refugee Convention and to establish refugee camps in the eastern part of the country and in Budapest.
		Romania rejected the criticism as meddling in its internal affairs.
	www.photius.com /countries/romania/government/romania_government_hungary.html (802 words)

	FREE In-depth report - Introduction - Romania
		The goal of that strategy was economic autarky, which was to be attained through the socialization of assets, the rapid development of heavy industry, the transfer of underemployed rural labor to new manufacturing jobs in urban centers, and the development and exploitation of the nation's extensive natural resources.
		Romania's progress along the path of "socialist construction" was acknowledged in 1965 when the country's name was changed from the Romanian People's Republic to the Socialist Republic of Romania.
		Throughout the twentieth century, Romania's leaders repeatedly exploited the nationalistic and xenophobic sentiments that the long history of foreign domination had instilled in their countrymen.
	www.exploitz.com /Romania-Introduction-cg.php (6205 words)

	World Homes Network - Romania
		After the withdrawal of the Romans AD 275, Romania was occupied by Goths, and during the 6th-12th centuries was overrun by Huns, Bulgars, Slavs, and other invaders.
		Romania subsequently joined the war against Germany and in the Paris peace treaties 1947 recovered Transylvania but lost Bessarabia and N Bukovina to the USSR (they were included in Moldavia and the Ukraine) and S Dobruja to Bulgaria.
		Romania's relations with Hungary also reached crisis point 1988-89 as a result of a Ceausescu ` systematization plan´ to demolish 7,000 villages and replace them with 500 agro-industrial complexes, in the process forcibly resettling and assimilating Transylvania-based ethnic Hungarians.
	www.world-homes.net /atlas/europe/eastern/romania.htm (1742 words)

	Epoca Luminoasa; Ceasescu's Era of Light in Romania
		The economy began to fail in the 1970s - by 1979 the huge, uneconomic oil refineries were functioning at 10% or their capacity, unrealistic targets were set for factory and agricultural workers alike and the standard of living plummeted.
		"Systematisation" was a plan to raze half of Romania's villages and rehouse the inhabitants in new "Agro-industrial" centres where they could be better controlled.
		Of equal significance to the systematisation was the razing of one quarter of old Bucharest - the Uranus district which included 10 churches, 3 synagogues and a maze of old streets, villas and small houses - to create a palace fit for a megalomaniac.
	www.beyondtheforest.com /Pages/RSR3.html (1606 words)

	Knowledge King - Systematization (Romania) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The original more-or-less rational, plan was to bring the advantages of the modern age to the Romanian countryside.
		The hungry years of the late 1980s would doubtless have been far worse if systematization had proceeded further.
		Nearby villages were destroyed, often in service of never-to-be-completed projects such as a canal from Bucharest to the Danube.
	www.knowledgeking.net /encyclopedia/s/sy/systematization__romania_.html (599 words)

	The New York Review of Books: RAZING ROMANIA
		Whether the systematization is aimed at Romania's national minorities, especially at the settlements inhabited by the nearly two million Hungarians, or whether it will affect the rural population as a whole, is unclear.
		The avowed purpose of systematization in the countryside is to gain arable land and to make such modern facilities as schools available to the rural population.
		While it is the Romanian population in the Bucharest area that is primarily victimized by measures thus far taken, the contemplated expansion threatens to strike with particular force the Hungarian and German ethnic communities of the countryside.
	www.nybooks.com /articles/4173 (611 words)

	The Hungarian Minority's Situation in Ceausescu's Romania
		It is none the less accurate to say that all regions acquired by Romania north of the Transylvanian Alps and west of the eastem Carpathian mountain ranges.
		Romania.s Magyar minority of 1.704.000 was reduced to 533.004.
		For the presentation of recent developments we mainly used the writtn or oral communications of clergymen living in Hungary or Romania; the minutes of the debate over the extension of the MFN status to Romania is published in, Congressional Record, Senate, Washihgton, June 26, 1987; Congressional Record, House, Washington, February 18, 1988.
	www.hungarian-history.hu /lib/humis/humis18.htm (3443 words)

	FREE In-depth report - Farm Organization - Romania
		Beginning in 1987, an area of at least 500 square meters (or one-third) of each private plot was required to be sown in wheat, and the harvest was to be traded to the state for the yield from an equivalent amount of land cultivated by the cooperative farm.
		In the late 1980s, the systematization program aimed to subordinate privately owned land and private plots on cooperative farms to the regional agro-industrial councils and thereby tighten central control of private farming (see Administration and Control, this ch.).
		Systematization would eliminate many of the plots, as villages were levelled to create vast fields for socialized farming.
	www.exploitz.com /Romania-Farm-Organization-cg.php (1037 words)

	Body (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The birthrate in Romania had fallen to 14.3 per 1000 from a 1960 rate of 19.1 per 1000.
		The systematization policy attempted to relocate commercial and apartment buildings that were often finished without plumbing and heat.
		Hundreds of Americans, and Western European citizens fled to Romania to adopt, because there was a lack of adoptable Caucasian children in their own countries.
	www.louisville.edu /~bnnuxo01/arguement.html (711 words)

	Romania : Country Studies - Federal Research Division, Library of Congress
		Romania and Transylvania to the End of the World War I, 1861- 1919
		Greater Romania to the End of World War II, 1920-45
		The Agrarian Crisis and the Rise of the Iron Guard
	lcweb2.loc.gov /frd/cs/rotoc.html (161 words)

	Untitled Document
		Nicolae Ceausescu was President of Romania from 1974 to 1989.
		Eager to enhance the strength and prestige of Romania, the Ceausescus hit upon a plan to enhance the vitality of Romanian children through state intervention.
		Romania's plight demonstrated the ultimate futility of centralized, homogenized, government-directed, Platonic child care.
	www.quaqua.org /romania.htm (578 words)

	Centru Civic - TheBestLinks.com - Art Deco, March 4, Romania, 1977, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Centru Civic (literally "Civic Center") is a portion of Bucharest, Romania which was completely rebuilt as part of the scheme of systematization under the dictator Nicolae Ceauşescu.
		However, neither of these changed the face of the city as much as the redevelopment schemes of the 1980s, under which eight square kilometers in the historic center of Bucharest were leveled, including monasteries, churches, synagogues, a hospital, and a noted Art Deco sports stadium.
		The apartments were originally intended to house Romania's communist elite, but the completed complex is certainly not a preferred residence for the city's new capitalist elite, with the possible exception of buildings that look out on the now-bustling Unirea Square, where the Centru Civic bisects the Dâmboviţa River, which is channelled underground past the Square.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Centru_Civic.html (542 words)

	gr-q158-Romania-e.htm
		Romania is to become member of the European Patent Convention in the near future, the effect of the EP has already been extended to Romania.
		Given this situation, Romania should harmonize its patent legislation with the European one and consider the world tendencies in this field.
		The Romanian Group has drafted his answer based on the provisions of the Romanian IP legislation but taking into account that Romania adhered to the TRIPS Agreement and it is to become member of the European Patent Convention, the effect of the EP being already extended to Romania.
	www.aippi.org /reports/q158/gr-q158-Romania-e.htm (1743 words)

	Talk: Nicolae Ceausescu - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		And it's not mentioned at all at Systematization (Romania), either.
		The conspiracy theory version suggested by many newspapers in 1990s and never validated or proven false is that the generals that were part of the probable conspiracy tried to create such fictive terrorists to instigate fear, to draw the army on the side of the plot.
		First, a lot of this would fit more at Romanian Revolution of 1989 (which is where we already talk about Milea), and insofar as it's appropriate at all, I think it belongs there, not in a biographical article on Ceauşescu.
	talk.open-encyclopedia.com /Nicolae_Ceausescu (2461 words)

	ROMANIA - Official Travel and Tourism Information - Saxon Herritage
		Bucharest, the capital of Romania was known in the 1930s as "The Little Paris" or "The Paris of the East" and French was the second language in Romania.
		Romania's significant German (Saxon) heritage is obvious in Southern Transylvania, home to hundreds of well-preserved Saxon towns and villages.
		Romania's top tourist attraction, this fairytale castle was begun in 1378 by Saxon merchants as a toll station to guard Bran Pass.
	www.romaniatourism.com /saxon.html (2450 words)

	Amazon.com: The Rough Guide to Romania: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Bucharest has lost much of its charm – its wide nineteenth-century Parisian-style boulevards are choked with traffic, once-grand fin-de-siecle buildings are crumbling and the suburbs are dominated by grim apartment blocks – but it remains the centre of the country’s commercial and cultural life.
		Having been born in Romania and having spent the first half of my life under the Ceaucescu regime, I find this book a refreshing reminder of all the wonderful sights that I have only seen or read in books and finally been able to see and experience in person.
		As a country Romania is scenic and pleasant, much sunnier and more open than the legend of Dracula portends.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/1858287022?v=glance (2153 words)

	AllRefer.com - Romania - The Society and Its Environment \| Romanian Information Resource
		Egalitarian values inculcated under socialist rule had created aspirations that the regime failed to meet, and discontent at every level of society was evidence of the growing frustration associated with that failure.
		Romania - The End of the Ancien Régime
		Romania - Education and Legitimacy of the Regime
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/romania/romania44.html (675 words)

	vivamalta.org - Nicolae Ceauşescu
		He joined the then-illegal Communist Party of Romania (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Romania) in early 1932 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932) and was first arrested in 1933 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933) for agitating during a strike (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike).
		Initially, he was a popular figure in Romania, due to his independent policy, challenging the supremacy of the Soviet Union in Romania.
		Also in the 1960s Ceausescu ended Romania's active participation in the Warsaw Pact (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact) (though Romania formally remained a member); he refused to take part in the 1968 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968) invasion of Czechoslovakia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia) by Warsaw Pact forces, and actively and openly condemned that action.
	www.vivamalta.org /archive/index.php/t-3346.html (3579 words)

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