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Topic: Systems of zoological classification

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	Learn more about Zoology in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		(1) The museum-makers of old days and their modern representatives the curators and describers of zoological collections, (2) early explorers and modern naturalist travellers and writers on zoo-geography, and (3) collectors of fossils and palaeontologists are the chief varieties of zoological workers coming under this heading.
		The most instructive classification of the variations exhibited by fully formed organisms consists in the separation in the first place of those which arise from antecedent congenital, innate, constitutional or germinal variations from those which arise merely from the operation of variation of the environment or the food-supply upon normally constituted individuals.
		It has been argued that the elaborate structural adaptations of the nervous system which are the corporeal correlatives of complicated instincts must have been slowly built up by the transmission to offspring of acquired experience, that is to say, of acquired brain structure.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /z/zo/zoology.html (3026 words)

	Scientific classification - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Scientific classification can also be called scientific taxonomy, but should be distinguished from folk taxonomy, which lacks any proper scientific basis.
		Advances in classification due to the work of entomologists and the first microscopists is due to the research of people like Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694), Jan Swammerdam (1637–1680), and Robert Hooke (1635–1702).
		The usual classifications of five species follow: the fruit fly so familiar in genetics laboratories (Drosophila melanogaster), humans (Homo sapiens), the peas used by Gregor Mendel in his discovery of genetics (Pisum sativum), the "fly agaric" mushroom Amanita muscaria, and the bacterium Escherichia coli.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Scientific_classification (2040 words)

	Panda Classroom-National Zoological Park/FONZ
		These systems group living organisms on the basis of the traits they share with other organisms and on their genetic relationships with each other.
		In this system, organisms are grouped into the categories of kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species, with each successive grouping containing fewer organisms that are more closely related.
		However, this classification is based on the panda's genetic traits and anatomical features, and not on their eating habits.
	nationalzoo.si.edu /Animals/GiantPandas/PandasforKids/classification/classification.htm (1236 words)

	ZOOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences is one of the oldest scientific institutions in Russia.
		A quantitative approach to the classification of ecological situation in lakes (V. Bul’on) was proposed.
		Parasitic systems were shown to be the most sensitive index of environmental state and remote consequences of anthropogenic impact (O. Pugachev).
	spbrc.nw.ru /!english/org/zin.htm (1255 words)

	Zoological Philosophy: I, Part 1, Chapter 5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The case is different with classification, that is to say, with the different lines of separation which we are concerned to trace from place to place in the general distribution, whether of animals or plants.
		In fact, although nature does not move abruptly from one structural system to another, it is possible to establish some limits between each system, so that throughout nature there is only a small number of animals placed near these limits and in a position to raise some doubts about their true class.
		And it is these particular systems which are going to deteriorate from the one which shows the greatest complexity right to the one which is the simplest.
	www.mala.bc.ca /~johnstoi/LAMARCK/lamarck5.htm (3630 words)

	Texas A&M University 2005-2006 Graduate Catalog (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The aims of a PhD degree in Zoology are to train the student to do original and significant research in zoological science, to develop a broad understanding of the zoological literature, and to provide experience and training in the presentation and publication of scientific findings.
		Topics such as evolution of nervous systems and their diverse structure and complex functions are dealt with.
		Function of endocrine glands and hormonal regulatory systems in different animal groups, vertebrates and invertebrates; mechanisms of action of hormones at the cellular and molecular level; recent experimental advances in endocrinological research; isolation, purification and assay of certain hormones.
	www.tamu.edu /admissions/catalogs/GRAD_catalog/course_descriptions/zool.htm (482 words)

	.:Texas A&M University Department of Biology Graduate Studies
		The aims of a Ph.D. degree in Zoology are to train the student to do orginal and significant research in zoological science, to develop a broad understanding of the zoological literature, and to provide experience and training in the presentation and publication of scientific findings.
		Topics such as evoluation of nervous systems and their diverse structure and complex functions are dealt with.
		Classification, life history, morphology, physiology, ecology, diseases, parasites and predators of crustaceans; economic aspects of crustaceans; original literature emphasized.
	www.bio.tamu.edu /gradinfo/course_zoology.html (573 words)

	Classification
		Systems of biological classification did not make much significant progress for about 2,000 years after Aristotle's contribution, until a Swedish Professor of Botany devised a new organizing principle, and applied it to a taxonomy of plants, animals and later minerals and diseases.
		He had invented the binomial system of naming creatures, or what can be considered to be a binary nomenclature.
		The combination of an easy to remember binomial name (even if it was in Latin), and the ease with which new organisms could be identified, characterized and then fitted into their respective groups and grouping, gave the Linnaean system of classification a utility that greatly exceeded its artificiality.
	www.brooklyn.cuny.edu /bc/ahp/CLAS/CLAS.Linn.html (802 words)

	The Structure and Classification of the Mammalia (1864)
		In the adult state it forms a double sigmoid curve, caused, in the dorsal and sacral regions, by the conformation of the vertebræ–in the cervical and lumbar regions, by the elasticity of the ligamenta subflava connecting the posterior arches.
		The teeth of man are composed of the ordinary constituents, cementum, dentine, and enamel, are fixed in alveolar sockets, and consist of a temporary and permanent set, the latter replacing the former vertically.
		In connection with the cutaneous system may be mentioned the great accumulations of fat in particular parts of some races, as on the buttocks of the Bosjesmen, more especially the females; and also the great development of the nymphæ in some negro tribes.
	aleph0.clarku.edu /huxley/UnColl/Gazettes/Mamma.html (17563 words)

	Library Skills \| Library of Congress Classification System
		This system was adopted quickly as is or in modified form by many libraries.
		The other standard book classification, and the one which most Americans will encounter, is the Library of Congress Classification system (LC), which was also conceived and introduced in the last part of the nineteenth century.
		Since the Library of Congress Classification System is used in every college and university library in the USA, then mastering it will apply to any college or university a student attends.
	www.ferris.edu /htmls/colleges/artsands/Biology/ResearchScience/LibClassificationSystem.cfm (343 words)

	[No title]
		A program that focuses on the scientific study of the chemistry of living systems, their fundamental chemical substances and reactions, and their chemical pathways and information transfer systems, with particular reference to carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
		Includes instruction in reproductive ecology and behavior, reproductive system physiology, endocrinology, developmental biology, neuroendocrinology, evolution and types of reproductive systems, reproductive genetics, physiopathology of reproductive processes, and applications of molecular biology and biophysics to the study of reproductive physiology.
		Includes instruction in toxicological biochemistry, toxic agents and transporters, toxin fate, toxicokinetics and metabolism, toxin classification, molecular toxic mechanisms, extracellular matrices and cell function, bacterial pathogenesis and mutagenesis, pathophysiology and apoptosis, cell stress and injury, studies of specific toxins, and studies of specific organ systems and physiological functions in relation to toxicological problems.
	nces.ed.gov /pubs2002/cip2000/ciplist.asp?CIP2=26 (4703 words)

	Amniota
		The linked page Phylogeny and Classification of Amniotes provides information about the phylogenies incorporating extinct amniote taxa, and provides a detailed classification of the relevant groups.
		Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 120: 281-354.
		In M. Benton (ed.) The phylogeny and classification of the tetrapods, Volume 1: amphibians, reptiles, birds: 103-155.
	tolweb.org /tree?group=Amniota&contgroup=Terrestrial_Vertebrates (2521 words)

	LSU Libraries - Understanding Call Numbers Tutorial
		Classification Systems are the rules used to determine call numbers.
		Most libraries, like public and academic libraries use standardized classification systems, but some (mostly special libraries) come up with their own classification system unique to their own needs and collections.
		The SuDocs Classification System is not a subject based system, rather, items are arranged by the department or the agency issuing the publication, such as the FBI or the Department of Health.
	www.lib.lsu.edu /instruction/callnumbers/callnum-print.html (1648 words)

	Initial SSM for an Animal Classification System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The system allows for the construction of a variety of classifications by using Node objects.
		I don't care to use the species because that ties the records to a Linnaean classification system and would be redundant.
		At each level of the Linnaean System there are a number of other Nodes--many Families under the same Order, many Species under the same Genus, etc. These systems all use the same animal records.
	www2.hawaii.edu /~ztomasze/adm/datamodel01.html (1642 words)

	Zoological Museum Amsterdam - Zoölogisch Museum Amsterdam
		The Zoological Museum of Amsterdam is part of the Faculty of Natural Sciences of the University of Amsterdam.
		Because systems of classification are not perfect in capturing the complexity of life, the continued availability of biological research collections is crucial.
		The collections of the Zoological Museum preserve the type specimens that formally link taxa to names; they provide an objective testimony of the occurrence of a taxon at specific times and places they permit us to understand how scientists in the past constituted taxa; and finally they provide the materials for further research.
	www.science.uva.nl /zma (1353 words)

	Stepsedu-The Exclusive site for a X Grader
		Classification of Plants – There are over 3,50,000 species of plants and still more of animals known to mankind.
		For example: the zoological name of the common house-fly is Musca domestic and that of man is Homo sapien.
		However, taxonomists in the last few decades have been opposing this classification of unicellular organisms into the plant kingdom and there have been constant endeavors to revise the system of classification.
	www.stepsedu.com /bio/ap_cells.htm (578 words)

	NYSDEC Regulations Part 664 Freshwater Wetlands Maps and Classification
		An explanation of the reasons for the classification shall be on file in the appropriate regional office(s) of the department.
		A copy of the classification order shall be filed in the office of the clerk of each local government in which the wetland is located and in the appropriate regional office(s)of the department.
		Once the wetland's classification has been confirmed or revised pursuant to this subdivision and the permit application that was the subject of the preapplication conference has been filed, no further department-initiated change in the wetland's classification shall change the standard for permit issuance applied to that application.
	www.dec.state.ny.us /website/regs/part664.html (7813 words)

	Subspecies and Classification
		The common perception of classification as conforming with and representing phylogenetic hypotheses must be superimposed upon the even more basic responsibility of reflecting biodiversity.
		To limit the scope of these dual responsibilities of classification by exclusion of subspecies, through their distortion by elevation to species rank, or through abandonment, in order to reflect phylogeny at all classification levels, is unwarranted.
		To exclude valid taxonomic entities from classification misrepresents fact and neglects a level at which a major part of evolution is occurring at all times and at varying rates, although it is little studied, understood, and appreciated in most groups of animals.
	www.goodrumj.com /Smith.html (3259 words)

	ASIS '96: Weinberg, B.
		The past hundred years have seen the development of numerous systems for the structured representation of knowledge and information, including hierarchical classification systems with notation as well as alphabetical indexing systems with sophisticated features for the representation of term relationships.
		As that category system grows, all the problems experienced by librarians in the area of classification will be encountered: accusations of bias, lack of currency, and lack of specificity.
		It is hoped that the systems for organizing information which were developed in the last century will not be ignored, that their design flaws will not be replicated, and that our increasing knowledge of human factors will be incorporated into systems for indexing the Internet.
	www.asis.org /annual-96/ElectronicProceedings/weinberg.html (5213 words)

	Library Classification Systems in The AnswerBank: Arts & Literature
		Some systems are more useful for public access, others for private access, and different systems have been devised in different countries, which may be geared specifically to given language or culture or specific to a particular academic discipline.
		It's what is known as a universal system, that is one which is not specific to any one field but which can be used in a multi-disciplinary way.
		These systems are far and away the most common means of classification, and others include the Universal Decimal Classification and the classification scheme devised by the Library of Congress in Washington, DC.
	www.theanswerbank.co.uk /Article3171.html (708 words)

	Courses in Biological Sciences at BGSU
		Anatomical and physiological aspects of cells and tissues and the integumentary, skeletal, muscular and nervous systems.
		Prerequisites: BIOL 204 and 205, or consent of instructor.
		Zoological classification, structural characteristics, life cycles, geographical distribution, methods of transmission, pathology, and physiology of helminths.
	www.bgsu.edu /departments/biology/courses.html (3659 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia â“ Free Online Encyclopedia for Reference, Research, Facts
		ANIMAL [animal] any member of the animal kingdom (kingdom Animalia), as distinguished from organisms of the plant kingdom (kingdom Plantae) and the kingdoms Fungi, Protista, and Monera in the five-kingdom system of classification.
		Almost all animals, unlike most plants, possess a limited scheme of growth; that is, the adults of a given species are nearly identical in their characteristic form and are similar in maximum size.
		In zoological classification the animal kingdom has been divided into the three subkingdoms of Parazoa (the sponges), Mezozoa (wormlike parasites), and Eumetazoa.
	www.encyclopedia.com /printable.aspx?id=1E1:animal (385 words)

	Agroforestry Systems
		The effects of two land-clearing methods and six land-use systems on soil physical properties of an Ultisol were studied for 4 yr in the humid coastal belt of Nigeria.
		The six land-use systems were comprised of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)-based cropping, oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)-based cropping, alley cropping, plantain (Musa spp.), pasture, and improved forestry, all under no-tillage.
		The K+ content decreased with time in all systems but the pasture in which its level remained unchanged owing to returning of the hay to the field after cutting.
	www.nal.usda.gov /afsic/AFSIC_pubs/qb92-28.htm (14662 words)

	Zoological Record - Thomson Scientific
		A: Zoological Record is the oldest continuing and most comprehensive index to the world's zoological and animal biology literature.
		Widely available through a number of search system platforms http://www.biosis.org/media/pdf/vendor/vendor_chart_zr.pdf, and with regular updates, Zoological Record provides unparalleled coverage and indexing of the animal biology literature vital to today's research.
		A: Items included in Zoological Record are obtained from a number of sources including direct donations from authors and publishers and various UK libraries.
	thomsonscientific.com /support/faq/zoo (1591 words)

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