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Topic: T cell receptor

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	T cell receptor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The T cell receptor or TCR is a molecule found on the surface of T lymphocytes (or T cells) that is responsible for recognizing antigens bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules.
		It is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha and beta chain in 95% of T cells, while 5% of T cells have TCRs consisting of gamma and delta chains.
		Each chain of the TCR is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily and possesses one N-terminal immunoglobulin (Ig)-variable (V) domain, one Ig-constant (C) domain, a transmembrane/cell membrane-spanning region and a short cytoplasmic tail at the C-terminal end.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/T_cell_receptor (650 words)

	Artificial T cell receptor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Artificial T cell receptors (also known as chimeric T cell receptors) are engineered molecules, which when expressed by T cells, redirect the T cells to kill a target cell with a specificity dictated by the artificial receptor.
		To target malignant B cells, investigators have redirected the specificity of T cells using a chimeric immunoreceptor specific for the B-lineage molecule, CD19.
		The cell membrane lipid bilayer, through which the transmembrane domain passes, acts to isolate the inside portion (endodomain) from the external portion (ectodomain).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Artificial_T_cell_receptor (851 words)

	Watching The Immune System Recognize Foreign Invaders
		The coreceptor is crucial for this recognition because it stabilizes the binding of the T cell receptor to the MHC.
		When the CD4 and the T cell receptor are working properly with both recognizing the MHC, their two fluorescent proteins are close enough to interact, which is visible as reduced cyan fluorescence and increased yellow fluorescence upon exciting the cyan fluorophore under the microscope.
		And when T cell receptor antagonists are mixed in, there is no yellow fluorescence from the activation of the cyan protein, which would indicate that the fluorescent proteins -- and therefore the CD4 molecules and the T cell receptors -- are not interacting.
	unisci.com /stories/20022/0417021.htm (967 words)

	Higher predicted replacement mutability of T cell receptor CDRs than T cell receptor FRs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		That is, only germinal center T cells, already recruited in the immune response were affected, mutations were mostly found in the CDRs and they were concentrated in the hot spots described for B cell receptor hypermutation.
		T cell receptor mutation in the germinal centers may then turn a benign T cell into an auto-reactive one.
		Kepler and Bartl (1998), looking for the presence of mutable motifs in T cell receptors CDRs concluded that some of the T-cell receptor chains resemble immunoglobulins in their mutability pattern, but a consistent trend could not be identified.
	www.santafe.edu /~mihaela/thesis/node27.html (570 words)

	Index: T
		There, the progenitor cells closely associate with the epithelial thymic stroma network by which a signal is transduced through the Notch1 receptor that commits the progenitors to the T cell lineage.
		Immature progenitor cells that just enter the thymic cortex lack most of the surface molecules characteristic of mature T cells and their receptor genes are not yet rearranged.
		Another 20% of this double-negative pool are cells with rearranged gamma-delta T cell receptor and the remaining 20% display rearranged alpha-beta T cell receptors of very limited diversity but which in addition express the NK1.1 receptor (commonly found on NK cells) and which therefore are called NK T cells.
	www.celldeath.de /encyclo/index/t.htm (1802 words)

	antigens
		The structure of the T cell receptor was not elucidated until the 1980s.
		The T cell receptor is a heterodimer composed either of alpha and beta or gamma and delta polypeptide chains.
		B cells and T cells are derived from a common progenitor cell and have many genes in common.
	bioweb.wku.edu /courses/biol328/TcR.htm (1498 words)

	T cell receptor
		T cell receptor An antigen-binding protein, located on the surface of mammalian killer T cells, which mediates the cellular immune response.
		T cell antigen encoding genes are assembled from gene segments by somatic recombination processes that occur during lymphocyte differentiation.(From Glossary of Biotechnology for Food and Agriculture)
		Muromonab-CD3 is a murine monoclonal antibody that blocks the function of T cells by reacting with the T cell receptor-CD3 complex found on the surface of...
	www.mongabay.com /igapo/biotech/T_cell_receptor.html (987 words)

	T Cell Activation
		These studies showed that aging leads to a decline in the proportion of T cells in which activation induces translocation of kinases and substrates into the "synapse" area at which the T cell is in contact with its antigen-presenting cell (APC).
		The failure of aged T cells to initiate cytoskeletal changes shows that their defect lies at a stage prior to recognition, by the T cell receptor, of the specific residues that distinguish agonist from antagonist peptides.
		Treatment of aged T cells with an endopeptidase specific for O-linked sugars (such as those on CD43) was indeed found to restore excellent synapse formation to T cells from old mice, and to restore production of surface activation markers CD69 and IL-2R as well [PubMed].
	www-personal.umich.edu /~millerr/T_cell_activation.htm (1482 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| IMGT/GeneInfo: T cell receptor gamma TRG and delta TRD genes in database give access to ...
		IG and TR are the antigen receptors of the B and T cells, respectively.
		Gamma-delta T cells are distinct from αβ T cells, by their functions, by the genes which encode their TR, by the nature of the recognized antigens, and by the type of antigen presenting receptors [9-11].
		Furthermore, γδ T cells are known to appear earlier than αβ T cells during the ontogeny in mouse and probably in human [15-17].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2105/7/224 (3645 words)

	Diagnostic role of tests for T cell receptor (TCR) genes -- Hodges et al. 56 (1): 1 -- Journal of Clinical Pathology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		for all TCR and immunoglobulin (Ig) loci and the standardised
		The T-cell receptor repertoire in the synovial fluid of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis is polyclonal.
		T cell receptor peptide vaccination in rheumatoid arthritis: a placebo-controlled trial using a combination of Vbeta3, Vbeta14, and Vbeta17 peptides.
	jcp.bmj.com /cgi/content/full/56/1/1 (7586 words)

	T cell receptor repertoire
		Research Project: Analysis of the T cell receptor repertoire of distinct intestinal T cell subsets: influence of intestinal location on the TCR repertoire.
		primer-driven run-off reaction, the length of the T cell receptor's (TCR's) third complementarity determining region (CDR3) is determined.
		T cells can be subdivided into 288 different groups (“spectratyping”; “immunoscope”).
	www.pathology.unibe.ch /Forschung/muc_immun/tcr_repertoire.htm (145 words)

	IMGT Index
		T cell receptors are proteins on the surface membrane of T lymphocytes, capable of specific recognition and binding with a peptide (or "processed antigen") associated with a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) (human leucocyte antigen (HLA) in human).
		The molecular synthesis of the T cell receptor (TR) chains includes, as that of the immunoglobulin (IG) chains, complex mechanisms such as DNA rearrangements, nucleotide insertions and deletions, but in contrast to the IG, there are no somatic hypermutations.
		The limiting factor is not the diversity mechanisms but the number of T cells that an organism can produce.
	imgt.cines.fr /textes/IMGTindex/TR.html (236 words)

	Animated T-cell Receptor and MHC Class I Complex (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In the model shown the three extracellular domains of the MHC alpha chain are shown at the bottom in dark blue and the associated beta-2-microglobulin light chain in light blue.
		The alpha chain of the T-cell receptor is shown in yellow and the beta chain in red.
		It is clearly seen that the T-cell receptor is binding to an area comprising of the peptide and the the MHC.
	www.path.cam.ac.uk /~mrc7/movies/mhc_tcr.html (308 words)

	Lung restricted T cell receptor AV2S3+ CD4+ T cell expansions in sarcoidosis patients with a shared HLA-DR{beta} chain ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid T cells and the HLA DR alleles of 121 Scandinavian patients with sarcoidosis was determined.
		Gamma interferon is spontaneously released by alveolar macrophages and lung T lymphocytes in patients with pulmonary sarcoidois.
		T cell receptor V-segment frequencies in peripheral blood T cells correlate with human leukocyte antigen type.
	thorax.bmj.com /cgi/content/full/57/4/348 (3095 words)

	Cross-Talk between the T Cell Antigen Receptor and the Glucocorticoid Receptor Regulates Thymocyte Development -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		is because of cross-talk from the TCR and the GR signaling pathways.
		Cell growth cycle block of T cell hybridomas upon activation with antigen.
		Fas and activation-induced Fas ligand mediate apoptosis of T cell hybridomas: inhibition of Fas ligand expression by retinoic acid and glucocorticoids.
	stemcells.alphamedpress.org /cgi/content/full/14/5/490 (5422 words)

	Crystal structure of the beta chain of a T cell antigen receptor -- Bentley et al. 267 (5206): 1984 -- Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The crystal structure of the extracellular portion of the beta chain of a murine T cell antigen receptor (TCR), determined at a resolution of 1.7 angstroms, shows structural homology to immunoglobulins.
		Role of the T Cell Receptor Ligand Affinity in T Cell Activation by Bacterial Superantigens.
		A Response Calculus for Immobilized T Cell Receptor Ligands.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/abstract/267/5206/1984 (1277 words)

	CELLS alive! Cell Models
		Living cells are divided into two types - procaryotic and eucaryotic (sometimes spelled prokaryotic and eukaryotic).
		Eucaryotic: The cells of protozoa, higher plants and animals are highly structured.
		These cells tend to be larger than the cells of bacteria, and have developed specialized packaging and transport mechanisms that may be necessary to support their larger size.
	www.cellsalive.com /cells/3dcell.htm (147 words)

	T cell receptor
		The T cell receptor (TCR) is a complex of integral membrane proteins that participates in the activation of T cells in response to the presentation of antigen.
		This activation involves other subunits of the receptor complex as well as other membrane-associated molecules that couple the extracellular liganding event to downstream signaling pathways such as protein phosphorylation, the release of inositol phosphates and the elevation of intracellular calcium levels.
		The regulation and mechanism of the recruitment of protein kinases to the activated T cell receptor is being studied intensively; members of both the Syk family (ZAP-70) and Src family (Lck) of kinases are involved in this process.
	www.bioc.rice.edu /~mev/TCR2.html (635 words)

	TSRI - News and Publications
		In Gascoigne and Zal's study, they use FRET to look at the recognition of MHC by the T cell receptor and the coreceptor CD4.
		And when T cell receptor antagonists are mixed in, there is no yellow fluorescence from the activation of the cyan protein, which would indicate that the fluorescent proteins--and therefore the CD4 molecules and the T cell receptors--are not interacting.
		The research article "Inhibition of T-cell receptor-coreceptor interactions by antagonist ligands visualized by live FRET imaging of the T-hybridoma immunological synapse" is authored by Tomasz Zal, M. Anna Zal, and Nicholas R.J. Gascoigne and appears in the April 17, 2002 issue of Immunity.
	www.scripps.edu /news/press/041702.html (932 words)

	T Cell Receptor-induced Activation and Apoptosis In Cycling Human T Cells Occur throughout the Cell Cycle -- Karas et ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		T Cell Receptor-induced Activation and Apoptosis In Cycling Human T Cells Occur throughout the Cell Cycle -- Karas et al.
		T Cell Receptor-induced Activation and Apoptosis In Cycling Human T Cells Occur throughout the Cell Cycle
		T cell clone, and the leukemic T cell line Jurkat were separated
	www.molbiolcell.org /cgi/content/abstract/10/12/4441 (430 words)

	The Scripps Research Institute - News and Views
		Using a new technique that allows scientists to see the internal machinery of a living cell, a team of researchers at The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) addressed one of the most fundamental issues in immune research: the early events in the immune system's recognition of foreign invaders, such as bacteria and viruses, in the body.
		"That allows us to see whether or not you are getting T cell activation by a particular ligand—the very earliest events in T cell recognition," he adds.
		And when T cell receptor antagonists are mixed in, there is no yellow fluorescence from the activation of the cyan protein, which would indicate that the fluorescent proteins—and therefore the CD4 molecules and the T cell receptors—are not interacting.
	www.scripps.edu /newsandviews/e_20020422/print-footage.html (982 words)

	Early T Cell Receptor {beta} Gene Expression Is Regulated by the Pre-T Cell Receptor—CD3 Complex -- Aifantis et al. ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Early T Cell Receptor {beta} Gene Expression Is Regulated by the Pre-T Cell Receptor—CD3 Complex -- Aifantis et al.
		Early T Cell Receptor ß Gene Expression Is Regulated by the Pre-T Cell Receptor–CD3 Complex
		cell surface (11) and were included in previous analyses (8).
	www.jem.org /cgi/content/full/190/1/141 (1630 words)

	Evaluation of T Cell Receptor Testing in Lymphoid Neoplasms: Results of a Multicenter Study of 29 Extracted DNA and ...
		Evaluation of T Cell Receptor Testing in Lymphoid Neoplasms: Results of a Multicenter Study of 29 Extracted DNA and Paraffin-Embedded Samples -- Arber et al.
		in all cases of T cell lymphoma and none of the B cell neoplasms.
		Veelken H, Tycko B, Sklar J: Sensitive detection of clonal antigen receptor gene rearrangements for the diagnosis and monitoring of lymphoid neoplasms by a polymerase chain reaction-mediated ribonuclease protection assay.
	jmd.amjpathol.org /cgi/content/full/3/4/133 (4043 words)

	TRA (T cell Receptor Alpha)
		The organization of the TRAJ segments on a large area is quite unusual and has not been observed in the other immunoglobulin or T cell receptor loci.
		Proteins encoded by the TRA locus are the T cell receptor alpha chains.
		T- cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)
	atlasgeneticsoncology.org /Genes/TCRAID39.html (737 words)

	T Cell Receptor Vaccine for Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Arthritis and Rheumatism 41:1919, 1998) demonstrated safety and clinical improvement in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients using T cell receptor (TCR) peptide vaccine therapy.
		The use of T cell receptor (TCR) peptides as vaccines is based on the hypothesis that autoreactive T cells play a role in the inflammation and joint destruction of RA.
		Editor — This is one of the few T cell directed therapies that appears to show some promise in the treatment of RA.
	www.hopkins-arthritis.som.jhmi.edu /news-archive/1999/tcell.html (296 words)

	Cross-Talk between the T Cell Antigen Receptor and the Glucocorticoid Receptor Regulates Thymocyte Development -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Cross-Talk between the T Cell Antigen Receptor and the Glucocorticoid Receptor Regulates Thymocyte Development -- Ashwell et al.
		Cross-Talk between the T Cell Antigen Receptor and the Glucocorticoid Receptor Regulates Thymocyte Development
		TCR avidity is interpreted as a "rescue" signal or a death signal
	stemcells.alphamedpress.org /cgi/content/abstract/14/5/490 (704 words)

	Costimulation through CD28 Suppresses T Cell Receptor-dependent Activation of the Ras-like Small GTPase Rap1 in Human T ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Cells-- The human T cell leukemia cell line Jurkat was maintained as described previously (25).
		TCR Stimulation Transiently Activates Rap1 in T Lymphocytes-- Recent reports have suggested that Rap1 may be involved in B and T cell antigen receptor signaling in lymphocytes, as these
		The abbreviations used are: TCR, T cell receptor; PTK, protein-tyrosine kinases; IL, interleukin; MAP, mitogen-activated protein;
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/273/9/4944 (5436 words)

	Prof. Dov Zipori. Mesenchymal TCR (T cell receptor)
		A relatively higher expression of the mesenchymal TCRbeta mRNA by cultured mesenchymal cell clones correlates with fast growth, whereas poorly expressing cells are slow growers and are contact inhibited.
		This cell cycle dependent expression, considered together with the correlation between growth properties and the level of TCR expression by cell clones, implies association of mesenchymal TCR with cell growth control.
		Structure and implied functions of truncated B cell receptor mRNAs in early embryo and adult mesenchymal stem cells: C{delta} replaces C{micro} in {micro} heavy chain deficient mice.
	www.weizmann.ac.il /mcb/Zipori/TCR.html (477 words)

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