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	Photo Gallery - TKS
		TKS capsules (VA is the Russian acronym) flew 13 times between 1976 and 1983, ten times in capsule tests, three times as part of complete TKS spacecraft which docked with Salyut space stations.
		The TKS crew instruments were assembled from the same building blocks as those used in the Soyuz series of spacecraft.
		The crew of the TKS went from the descent capsule to the main spacecraft cabin through this hatch in the heat shield of the capsule.
	www.astronautix.com /gallery/ctks.htm (0 words)

	Artyukhin, Yuri (Site not responding. Last check: )
		TKS spacecraft flew unmanned to Salyut 6 as Cosmos 1267.
		TKS spacecraft flew unmanned to Salyut 7 as Cosmos 1443.
		TKS spacecraft flew unmanned to Salyut 7 as Cosmos 1686.
	pages.prodigy.net /pxkb94ars/Artyukhin_Yuri.htm (228 words)

	ALMAZ (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The use of the TKS as a crew delivery and add-on vehicle for the Almaz core station was stipulated in an official governmental decree dated 16 June 1970.
		TKS flights to OPS-4 were expected to begin in 1978 leading to full operational status in 1980.
		TKS spacecraft would have been capable of docking on both the forward and aft ports.
	home.earthlink.net /~cliched/spacecraft/almaz.html (793 words)

	TKS
		TKS capsule detail 1 - The BSO (Bloka Skhoda s Orbiti - Deorbit Block) mounted on top of the VA capsule weighed 450 kg and allowed the capsule to maneuver and orient itself after separation from the FGB for retrofire and return to the earth.
		TKS capsule interior - At the junction of the left and right instrument panels of the TKS was a Vzor optical device, as used in Vostok and Soyuz.
		TKS capsule hatch - The crew of the TKS went from the descent capsule to the main spacecraft cabin through this hatch in the heat shield of the capsule.
	www.friends-partners.org /partners/mwade/craft/tks.htm (0 words)

	Salyut
		Since the spacecraft was already in orbit and had been registered by Western radar, the Russians disguised the launch as Cosmos 557 and quietly allowed it to reenter and burn up a week later.
		Fortunately, the spacecraft was also about 40 m off target and the crew were able to abort the mission and return safely home.
		When the sixth spacecraft in the pre-Mir space station program was deorbited on July 29, 1982, the Soviets already had a new station in place-Salyut 7, which had been launched three months earlier.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/S/Salyut.html (1753 words)

	eoPortal directory: Almaz Program
		Eventually, four TKS spacecraft were launched in the timeframe 1977 to 1984.
		The crew of the Soyuz-14 spacecraft spent 15 days onboard the station from July 4-19, 1974 (Chelomey was directed to use the Soyuz spaceships instead of TKS during flight testing of OPS).
		The Almaz-1 spacecraft was launched on March 31, 1991 on a Proton booster from the Baikonur Cosmodrome launch facility.
	directory.eoportal.org /pres_AlmazProgram.html (0 words)

	Space station - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A space station is distinguished from other manned spacecraft by its lack of major propulsion or landing facilities — instead, other vehicles are used as transport to and from the station.
		Starting with Salyut 6 and 7, a change was seen; these were built with two docking ports, which allowed a second crew to visit, bringing a new spacecraft (for technical reasons, a Soyuz capsule cannot spend more than a few months on orbit, even powered down, safely) with them.
		This concept was expanded on Salyut 7, which "hard docked" with a TKS tug shortly before it was abandoned; this served as a proof-of-concept for the use of modular space stations.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Space_station (896 words)

	The Space Review: Apocrypha now redux: more space stories that just aren't true
		When the spacecraft was bought at auction by The Perot Foundation along with a number of other space artifacts, the name was attached to it and that’s what the Smithsonian labeled it, despite the lack of corroborating Russian sources.
		The spacecraft in reality is known as the TKS “Vozvrashaemiy Apparat,” or “return craft,” often abbreviated as “VA.” The TKS, which in Russian stands for “transport supply ship,” consisted of two sections: the VA and the “functional cargo block” or FGB.
		As a manned spacecraft, the TKS proved to be a dead-end, and in this respect it shares some characteristics of another dead-end—and often mislabeled spacecraft—the second Soviet space shuttle.
	www.thespacereview.com /article/604/1 (1010 words)

	Salyut - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Since the spacecraft was already in orbit and had been registered by Western radar, the Soviets disguised the launch as "Cosmos 557" and quietly allowed it to reenter Earth's atmosphere and burn up a week later.
		Although it resembled the previous Salyut stations in overall design, it featured several revolutionary advances including a second docking port where an unmanned Progress cargo spacecraft could dock and refuel the station.
		After Salyut 6 manned operations were discontinued in 1981, a heavy unmanned spacecraft called TKS and developed using hardware left from the canceled Almaz program was docked to the station as a hardware test.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Salyut (890 words)

	Zarya - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Zarya is a descendant of the TKS spacecraft designed for the Russian Salyut program.
		ISS Zvezda is attached to one of the ends, the Unity Module to the other, with the side (the axial or nadir port) used to dock with either a Russian Soyuz or a Progress spacecraft.
		It has two solar arrays, measuring 10.67 m by 3.35 m, and six nickel-cadmium batteries that can provide on the average 3 kilowatts of power.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Zarya (500 words)

	TKS transport ship 11F72
		A parachute assembly used in the reentry capsule of the TKS spacecraft.
		The TKS was designed to be launched by the Proton rocket, to carry a three-man crew, up to eight small film return capusles and other supplies for the Almaz station.
		The TKS spacecraft had a length of 13 meters and a pressurized volume of 49.88 cubical meters.
	www.russianspaceweb.com /tks.html (0 words)

	Kliper (Clipper) spacecraft
		By January 2006, when the Russian government launched a tender for the development of the next generation spacecraft to replace Soyuz, RKK Energia conceptualized a new configuration of the Kliper spacecraft.
		According to the Russian law, federal funding for the development of the Kliper spacecraft could not be provided before the official tender of for the project had taken place.
		It would be the third significant re-shaping of the spacecraft configuration, since it was first unveiled to the public in February 2004.
	www.russianspaceweb.com /kliper.html (0 words)

	Polyus-Energia
		The spacecraft was about 37 meters in length, 4.1 meters in diameter and weighed about 80 metric tons.
		The replaceable and returnable space station to house cosmonauts was adapted from the upgrade of the existing TKS Transport Supply Spacecraft (Kosmos 929, 1267, 1443, 1668).
		Since the interface of the replaceable space station with the Proton launch vehicle was adapted to interface it with the central module, the rocket engines for orbital insertion had to be placed in the nose of the vehicle.
	www.k26.com /buran/Info/Polyus/polyus-energia.html (1329 words)

	Radio signals from TKS/Merkur
		The TKS series of spacecraft were very enigmatic when they flew, but now we know more about their fascinating history as part of the manned space station program of the Soviet Union.
		This was the TKS vehicle that docked to Salyut 6 on 19 June 1981 after having dropped the re-entry capsule on 24 May 1981.
		This was the TKS vehicle that docked to Salyut 7 10 March 1983 and dropped the re-entry capsule on 23 August 1983.
	www.svengrahn.pp.se /trackind/merkur/merkur.htm (765 words)

	Space Calendar — December, 11-20 \| VideoCosmos (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Born Korzhenevsky Eduard Ivanovich, leading specialist in rocketry and spacecraft, Head jf the LV and Spacecraft Structure Department at RKK Energia, Cand.
		Soyuz-T unmanned spacecraft was launched to conduct comprehensive testing of new onboard systems and to dock with the Salyut-6 orbital station.
		Progress M-36 cargo spacecraft undocked from the Mir orbital station and launched the Inspector small satellite carrying a TV camera to study the damages Spektr module.
	www.videocosmos.com /calendar-december1120.shtm (1154 words)

	Remote Sensing Tutorial Introduction - Part 1 Page 23
		During that five years of operations, it was occupied by five long term crews, eleven visiting crews, and had been supplied by the Progress Transport spacecraft twelve times.
		It was also hooked to the Cosmos 1267 TKS module, the first time that two large structures had been remotely joined together in space.
		To complete the overall manned program, Russia wanted to replace its Soyuz manned spacecraft which had been in operations since 1967 with a reusable craft similar to the American space shuttle.
	rst.gsfc.nasa.gov /AppA/Part1_23.html (721 words)

	Salyut (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Since the spacecraft was already in orbit and had been registered by Western radar, the Soviets disguised thelaunch as " Cosmos 557 " and quietlyallowed it to reenter Earth's atmosphere and burn up a week later.
		Although it resembled the previous Salyut stationsin overall design, it featured several revolutionary advances including a second docking port where a unmanned Progress cargo spacecraft could dock and refuel the station.
		AfterSalyut 6 manned operations were discontinued in 1981, a heavy unmanned spacecraft called TKS and developed using hardware left from the canceled Almaz program was docked to the station as a hardware test.
	www.therfcc.org /salyut-111639.html (800 words)

	SBN Mission Support: Vega 1
		To increase the reliability and the overall return of the science data, the mission consisted of two spacecraft, Vega 1 and Vega 2.
		The two spacecraft then successfully encountered Halley on 6 and 9 March 1986.
		Spacecraft operations were discontinued a few weeks after the Halley encounters.
	pdssbn.astro.umd.edu /missions/vega1 (248 words)

	Encyclopedia: Salyut 6 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Although it resembled the previous Salyut space stations in overall design, it featured several revolutionary advances including a second docking port where an unmanned Progress cargo spacecraft could dock and refuel the station.
		ISS Progress cargo spacecraft (NASA) The Progress is an expendable unmanned freighter spacecraft; it was derived from the Soyuz spacecraft, and is launched with the Soyuz launch vehicle.
		The transport logistics spacecraft was originally designed for the Almaz program.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Salyut-6 (5219 words)

	physics - Space Race
		Before this achievement, unmanned spacecraft had to first explore the moon by photography and demonstrate their ability to land safely on it.
		The Soviet Zenith spacecraft, which by the dual-use designed in by Korolev eventually became Vostok, began as a photoimaging satellite.
		The USA launched the first reusable spacecraft (space shuttle) on the 20th anniversary of Gagarin's flight, April 12 1981.
	www.physicsdaily.com /physics/Space_Race (4833 words)

	Luna 20001 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The cylindrical section attached to it contains the fuel for the return trip, while the central bulbous rocket unit below the spacecraft is used for the major part of the descent to the lunar surface.
		The Luna-2001 Merkur/OTV spacecraft with two cosmonauts is launched on a translunar trajectory by one of the rockets mentioned earlier on.
		The spacecraft is very cramped and contains living space for a crew of two, plus some room for their spacesuits and other equipment.
	www.ari.net /moon/forum/mp/mp-3/luna2001.html (3206 words)

	THE SOVIET MANNED LUNAR PROGRAM - Title
		This described a 3-man spacecraft that would dock in orbit with a stack of five separately launched solid rocket motors to boost 7K to the Moon, but other leading OKB-1 engineers convinced him this approach was not the right one.
		The drawback was that his LK-700 spacecraft would have to be rather heavy since it would have to carry additional fuel plus landing equipment for the return to Earth.
		Chelomei had also developed a large cargo spacecraft called TKS using elements from the old LK-1 program, and we also know that he proposed a manned Mars flyby using an UR-700 heavy-lift rocket with a new nuclear upper stage (the LK-700 lunar landing project had been cancelled a year earlier).
	www.myspacemuseum.com /moon1.htm (9277 words)

	Salyut (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Since spacecraft was already in orbit and had registered by Western radar the Soviets disguised launch as "Cosmos 557" and quietly allowed to reenter Earth's atmosphere and burn up week later.
		Although it resembled the previous Salyut in overall design it featured several revolutionary including a second docking port where a Progress cargo spacecraft could dock and refuel the station.
		After 6 manned operations were discontinued in 1981 heavy unmanned spacecraft called TKS and developed using hardware left from canceled Almaz program was docked to the as a hardware test.
	www.freeglossary.com /Salyut (937 words)

	TKS follow-on
		In addition to the heavy-lift launch-vehicle, Khrunichev concurrently proposed a new manned spacecraft, loosely based on the company's long-lasting TKS family of space tugs and modules.
		The spacecraft, would put Khrunichev on a collision course with its old-time rival -- RKK Energia -- which earlier proposed the Kliper spacecraft with similar capabilities.
		The new spacecraft would be launched by a "man-rated" version of the Angara-3 booster, which was designated Angara-A3M.
	www.russianspaceweb.com /tks_followon.html (0 words)

	Russian spacecraft
		As soon as rockets learned to fly beyond the atmosphere, the spacecraft designers on both sides of the Atlantic drafted the plans for planetary exploration.
		As a result, numerous spacecraft have never been seen or heard of until the last decade of the 20th century.
		As their US counterparts, the Russian satellites served as spies for the government, as space sentries looking for the incoming missiles, provided secret communications and weather forecasting and scanned surface of the oceans in search for potential targets for the Soviet cruise missiles.
	www.russianspaceweb.com /spacecraft.html (0 words)

	Chinas Big Station Plan
		But the diameter of this module was substantially larger than a Shenzhou spacecraft, and it was obvious that it could not fit under the payload shroud of a Long March 2E or 2F.
		TKS never became a Soyuz replacement, but it did act like an upgraded version of the Progress supply spacecraft.
		Alternative plans for human spacecraft and space stations were advanced as ways to enable one designer to trump the other.
	www.spacedaily.com /reports/Chinas_Big_Station_Plan.html (0 words)

	Space Calendar - April, 21-30 \| VideoCosmos (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Conducted soft landing on the Moon of Lunar Module of "Apollo-16" spacecraft with the crew of J.Young and C.Duke - fifth expedition to the Moon.
		Launched "Soyuz-10" spacecraft with the crew of V.A. Shatalov, A.S. Eleseev and N.N. Rukavishnikov under the program of First Main Mission to "Salyut-1" space station.
		During landing of "Soyuz-1" spacecraft and due to the failure of parachute system cosmonaut V.M. Komarov perished.
	www.videocosmos.com /calendar-april2130.shtm (1363 words)

	Spaceflight :Soviet Space Stations
		It promised that if it were given the hull of an Almaz station-which was built by another organization-it could equip the hull with systems and electronics from the Soyuz ferry spacecraft and have a small station ready for launch long before Skylab.
		Additionally, the Soviets introduced an expendable cargo spacecraft known as Progress that was derived from the Soyuz.
		The goal was to slowly add at least six modules, each about the size of Mir itself, until the whole complex would be a full-scale space station weighing about 100 tons.
	www.centennialofflight.gov /essay/SPACEFLIGHT/soviet_stations/SP22.htm (1641 words)

	THE SOVIET MANNED LUNAR PROGRAM
		Komarov's spacecraft (tumbling wildly after one solar panel failed to deploy) miraculously survived the atmospheric re-entry but then the landing parachutes failed to deploy and the capsule impacted at 600km/h.
		Neither spacecraft reached orbit due to problems with the UR-500K booster, however, and the original goal of a manned circumlunar flight to comemorate the 50th anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution had to be abandoned.
		Meanwhile the triple flight of the Soyuz 6,7 and 8 spacecraft in November 1969 gave the Soviets something to cheer about, although that mission was part of the forthcoming Almaz space station program.
	www.fas.org /spp/eprint/lindroos_moon1.htm (9269 words)

	Category:Spacecraft - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Over $80,000 has been donated since the drive began on 19 August.
		For more information, see the article about Spacecraft.
		This page was last modified 02:18, 3 August 2005.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Category:Spacecraft (55 words)

	TKS spacecraft - Free net encyclopedia
		Image:TKS cargo ship.png TKS spacecraft was first designed as a Proton rocket launched manned spacecraft, with the VA (Vozvrashaemiy Apparat) capsule on top for the crew, where they would enter the lower portion of the TKS, the FGB (the "Functional Cargo Block"), through a hatch cut in the heat shield.
		The VA capsule was flown separately on four test missions with two capsules in one booster to test the design, as well as one "all up" test mission and three resupply missions with no VA capsule.
		The TKS design, which has never been flown manned, has gone on to provide the basic structure for the Kvant tug, Kvant-2, Krystall, Spektr, and Priroda modules for the Mir space station as well as the Polyus spacecraft and Zarya ISS module.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/TKS_spacecraft (0 words)

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