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	ADA: Thiazolidinediones May Pose Heart Failure Risk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		A total of 5,445 patients were considered exposed to TZD and had a mean age of 57 years, while the 28,137 controls had a mean age of 59 years.
		Those on TZD were more likely to have the following characteristics: coronary artery disease/stroke/transient ischemic attack; diabetes complications; a recent prescription for an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or a beta blocker or insulin; and higher pre-index medical costs.
		Delea cautioned that interpretation of the results may be limited by the fact that treatment was not based on random assignment, suggesting that the observed difference in risk may be due to differences in unobserved factors such as hemoglobin A1c levels and body mass index.
	www.pslgroup.com /dg/215C86.htm (523 words)

	Pcenginefx.com - Feature - TZD: The Interview
		TZD: One big title could have made a big difference, but it is impossible to assume it would have given both NEC and Hudson the cajones to spend the gazillion dollars needed to make any further inroads on market share being contested between Sega and Nintendo.
		TZD: By then we were losing our connections in Japan, many of the wholesalers we were buying from didn't even carry it, and my partner at the time said skip it.
		TZD: Marketing hardware is about the least profitable and the development of the hardware the most expensive proposition out there, so it may be one of their best moves yet.
	www.pcenginefx.com /main/pcenginefx_com_-_feature_-_tzd.html (1550 words)

	Molecular characterization of insulin resistance in the adipose tissue and the effects of thiazolidinediones / ...
		In Paper IV, we show that short-term treatment with TZD increases the insulin sensitivity and that this is associated with an improvement in some, but not all, markers of a dysregulated adipose tissue.
		TZD increases the expression of IRS-1 in vitro in cultured skeletal muscle cells.
		Nevertheless, the improved insulin sensitivity after TZD treatment was associated with an increased expression of a number of other genes and proteins involved in insulin-signaling and adipocyte differentiation.
	www.ub.gu.se /sok/dissdatabas/detaljvy.xml?id=6434&initLang=1 (473 words)

	Thiazolidinedione Effects on Glucocorticoid Receptor-Mediated Gene Transcription and Differentiation in Osteoblastic ...
		A, MB 1.8 cells were transiently transfected with the MMTV-luc reporter gene and then treated with TZD at the indicated concentrations in the presence and absence of increasing concentrations of DEX for 48 h.
		TZD in the absence and presence of progesterone for 48 h.
		TZD caused a dose-dependent decrease in alkaline phosphatase
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/140/7/3245 (6282 words)

	Diabetes In Control Dot Com. The weekly newsletter for medical professionals in Diabetes care.
		TZD therapy has been associated with weight gain, increased plasma volume, and oedema, but previous studies have not addressed a potential relationship with heart failure.
		One hundred twenty-six TZD patients (2.3%) and 397 non-TZD patients (1.4%) experienced heart failure during follow up, and statistical analyses revealed that TZD use increased the likelihood of heart failure.
		TZD use was also found to be associated with coronary artery disease, diabetes complications, and hyperglycemic emergencies.
	www.diabetesincontrol.com /issue181/item4.shtml (528 words)

	Toward Zero Deaths - Home Page
		The 2006 TZD Conference will be held November 2-3, 2006 at the Duluth Entertainment Convention Center.
		A report of the 2005 TZD Conference is now available.
		The groundbreaking TZD conference in September 2004 brought together transportation safety experts to discuss legislation, engineering, emergency services, and public outreach opportunities.
	www.tzd.state.mn.us (449 words)

	HSC News Details
		Using knockout-gene technology, the U of U School of Medicine researchers found that when TZD is activating a nuclear receptor, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, in the collecting duct in the kidney, it serves as a mechanism for fluid retention, or edema.
		TZD compounds have been shown to be highly effective in lowering blood glucose and lipid levels and in controlling blood pressure.
		TZD works by activating PPAR-gamma, a receptor that helps sensitize the body to insulin.
	uuhsc.utah.edu /pubaffairs/news_detail.cfm?ID=35262 (493 words)

	UCSD, Salk researchers define role of abnormal muscle, fat & liver in common metabolic disorder
		The team further determined that while TZD treatment did not increase insulin sensitivity in PPARgamma muscle deficient mice, it did ameliorate liver and fat tissue insulin resistance, indicating that TZD remained fully effective through the normal PPARgamma in these tissues.
		TZD treatment also lowered detrimental conditions linked to Metabolic Syndrome, specifically, high levels of free fatty acids, glucose and triglycerides.
		According to the researchers, this indicates that TZD treatment targeted only to fat tissue and liver may be sufficient to normalize most of the major manifestations of Metabolic Syndrome.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-01/uoc--usr010804.php (960 words)

	New Era in Type 2 Diabetes Management: Avandia(R) Only TZD Indicated For Initial Monotherapy and in Combination With ...
		Avandia is a new thiazolidinedione (TZD), a class of novel, oral antidiabetic agents that treat the symptoms of type 2 diabetes and directly target insulin resistance -- or the failure of the body to respond adequately to its own insulin.
		By contrast, most older therapies for type 2 diabetes exert their effects primarily through different mechanisms: metformin by reducing glucose output from the liver, sulfonylureas by stimulating the pancreas to produce more insulin, and insulin injections by taking the place of the natural insulin that the pancreas can no longer produce.
		In vitro, troglitazone -- another member of the TZD class -- affected all endpoints of liver cell toxicity at low concentrations, indicating marked toxicity to rat liver cells.
	www.prnewswire.com /cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=105&STORY=/www/story/06-21-1999/0000966895 (1144 words)

	EFFECT OF THIAZOLIDINEDIONE (TZD) RING MODIFICATION ON 3-(3,5-DICHLOROPHENYL)-2,4-THIAZOLIDINEDIONE (DCPT) INDUCED ...
		DCPT has a TZD ring which is also present in insulin-sensitizing drugs used for the treatment of diabetes.
		Data in literature suggest that metabolism in the TZD ring might contribute to the hepatic damage.
		DCPT may therefore be useful for investigating the potential toxicity of TZD ring-containing compounds.
	www.usip.edu /research/scholarlyday/abstractDetail.asp?id=94 (360 words)

	Effect of heterozygous PPARgamma deficiency and TZD treatment on insulin resistance associated with age and high-fat ...
		Effect of heterozygous PPARgamma deficiency and TZD treatment on insulin resistance associated with age and high-fat feeding -- Miles et al.
		The expected effect of TZD treatment is to increase insulin sensitivity.
		TZDs are traditionally used to increase insulin sensitivity.
	ajpendo.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/284/3/E618 (3959 words)

	TZD use appears safe in HF patients., Toronto, Sept. 12-15, 2004 thiazolidinediones heart failure Geriatrics - Find ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) do not have adverse effects on clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure (HF) and diabetes, and may protect against hospitalizations, according to findings of a retrospective study.
		Dr. Golden and researchers analyzed clinical outcomes at 1 year in 97 consecutive patients with diabetes who were referred to their HF treatment program; 37% were treated with TZDs (pioglitazone) and 15% were treated with TZDs and insulin.
		HF hospitalization per patient was 0.03 in the TZD group and 0.16 in the nonusers (p=0.04).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2578/is_11_59/ai_n9538440 (323 words)

	HFSA: Thiazolidinediones and Fluid Retention: Prevalence and Tolerability in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Other objectives were to compare the clinical signs of fluid retention in decompensated patients taking TZD and those who were not on the drug, as well as to evaluate the effects of heart failure severity on the tendency to develop fluid retention in TZD patients.
		Fluid retention within six months of initiating TZD was defined as the amount of weight over 10 pounds that patients gained involuntarily, with documented worsening of signs and symptoms of volume overload.
		Recent studies have linked thiazolidinediones to increased risk of heart failure; according to the results of this retrospective observational study, it may be the case that TZD therapy in patients with systolic heart failure leads to fluid retention that may mimic heart falure decompensation.
	www.pslgroup.com /dg/21e8a6.htm (486 words)

	Wellen
		In this study, we asked whether the ability of TZD to suppress and antagonize TNFa is relevant to its molecular and physiological effects, using obese (ob/ob) mice lacking TNFa function.
		We have found that the lipid lowering effects of TZD are independent of TNFa, and that the improvements in plasma glucose and insulin sensitivity are largely, although not completely, independent of TNFa suppression.
		TZD treatment improved insulin sensitivity in ob/ob mice both with and without functional TNFa, albeit with different absolute potency.
	www.hsph.harvard.edu /gcd/students/Wellen.htm (418 words)

	Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor {gamma} Activation Modulates Cyclin D1 Transcription via ...
		TZD lanes at 72 h) and HT-29 (Fig.
		A, Western analysis of total protein extracts isolated from MKN-45 gastric cancer cells treated for 24 and 72 h in the absence (0) or presence of increasing concentrations of TZD using the indicated antibodies.
		C, Western analysis similar to that described in A with cell extracts isolated from HT-29 colon cancer cells treated with the indicated concentrations of TZD for 48 and 72 h.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/279/17/16927 (5463 words)

	deseretnews.com \| U. hopeful on diabetes-linked study
		Dr. Tianxin Yang, the two-year study's principal investigator and associate professor of internal medicine in the U. medical school, said TZD is the most effective antidiabetes drug.
		The researchers gave TZD to a control group of mice that still had the PPAR-gamma, and after nine days the mice experienced a body weight increase of approximately 10 percent.
		Yang said if researchers could develop a new drug that activated the receptors in the muscles and fat but not in the kidney, that would be an ideal drug.
	deseretnews.com /dn/view/0,1249,600142736,00.html (401 words)

	TRICARE: Uniform Formulary Blanket Purchase - TZD Drug Class
		All TZDs recommended for the generic or formulary cost share tier on the Uniform Formulary will be considered for inclusion on the BCF.
		Although any alternative formulations (combinations) for a primary TZD would typically be recommended for the BCF, the P&T Committee reserves the right to recommend the exclusion of one or more formulations from the BCF, if the Committee finds significant differences in the clinical effectiveness or cost effectiveness between the formulations for a given TZD.
		The item descriptions and NDC numbers for all TZDs that were utilized in TRRx for the last 12 months are listed in the TZD Dataset Spreadsheet.
	www.tricare.osd.mil /ufbpa/classDetail_TZD.cfm (1349 words)

	Inhibition of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Expression in Cytokine-Treated Human Lung Epithelial Cells by ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The TZD inhibited the expression of MCP-1 messenger RNA with
		TZD suppressed the induction of the MCP-1 messenger RNA in A549
		TZD was partially regulated at the transcriptional level.
	www.chestjournal.org /cgi/content/full/120/4/1293 (3267 words)

	Alzforum: Live Discussions: Probing PPARg Agonists: Could Diabetes Drugs Treat Alzheimer's Disease?
		As with statins, TZD drugs have been taken safely for years, but unlike statins, epidemiological and mechanistic research on the relevance of TDZ drugs in AD is only now picking up steam.
		A caveat of the studies is that they tested only one TZD dose, which was chosen based on previous studies evaluating its insulin-sensitizing effects.
		A key question regarding the use of TZDs in AD is whether they induce functional recovery, and if so, when they should be taken with respect to pathology development.
	www.alzforum.org /res/for/journal/galea/default.asp (2809 words)

	Thiazolidinedione (TZD) class of anti-diabetic drugs may be a potential targeted therapy for myeloma patients (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Thiazolidinedione (TZD) class of anti-diabetic drugs may be a potential targeted therapy for myeloma patients
		Another encouraging factor is that the anti-diabetes drugs were able to kill the multiple myeloma cells, despite the fact that myeloma produces its own growth factor (Interleukin 6), which usually enables the cancer to multiply more effectively.
		Furthermore, the Phipps lab found that the effectiveness of the TZD drugs was enhanced when combined with Vitamin A-like compounds.
	www.news-medical.net /?id=6759 (622 words)

	TPNA - Press Releases
		TZDs are a preferred therapy option for reducing insulin resistance, an underlying cause of type 2 diabetes.
		While 0.4% of U.S. physicians are endocrinologists, they account for approximately 12% of total TZD prescriptions written in the U.S. "We believe that physicians are beginning to really understand the benefits of ACTOS, which should also be helpful to patients transitioning from Rezulin
		However, since liver toxicity has been observed with the earliest-approved drug in the TZD class, patients should obtain medical monitoring of liver enzyme levels (via a blood test) prior to the start of therapy, every two months for the first year of therapy, and periodically thereafter.
	www.tpna.com /prdetail.asp?articleid=61 (930 words)

	Case Study: Mrs. Gomez & Gestational Diabetes - American Diabetes Association
		Because she is overweight, has elevated morning glucose levels, and a normal Chem 18 (normal liver function tests and creatinine), treatment could begin with metformin (Glucophage).
		TZD + Secretagogue: Using a TZD in combination with a meglitinide may help reduce postprandial glucose level by combining the effect of an insulin sensitizer (TZD) with that of a rapid insulin secretagogue (meglitinide).
		TZD + MET: If you need to reduce postprandial glucoses, you could add an insulin secretagogue, while using a TZD in combination with MET, such as meglitinide or an SFU.
	www.diabetes.org /for-health-professionals-and-scientists/gomez-case-study-3.jsp (663 words)

	Heart attack, heart disease, and cholesterol information from HealthCentersOnline - HeartCenterOnline
		Besides the drug used, there were many differences between the TZD group of patients and the others.
		For example, although TZD patients were younger than controls, they had more other illnesses and were more likely to taking a variety of other drugs.
		Still, even after accounting for all these differences, TZD use was tied to a 70-percent higher risk of heart failure, the investigators found.
	heart.healthcentersonline.com /newsstories/newdiabetesdrugsdoraiseheart.cfm (534 words)

	P301 Spring 2005: Syllabus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		TZD problems: 6.2, 6.8, 6.10, 6.22, 6.28, 6.38, 6.42, 6.48
		TZD problems: 7.4, 7.12, 7.14, 7.18, 7.20, 7.24, 7.30, 7.40
		TZD problems: 16.10, 16.14, 16.18, 16.20, 16.34, 17.36, 17.40, 17.42, 17.50, 18.36
	www.iucf.indiana.edu /~rex/p301s05/syllabus.html (163 words)

	Role of skeletal muscle in thiazolidinedione insulin sensitizer ( PPARgamma agonist) action.
		An antipeptide PPARgamma antibody was generated; immunohistochemistry was then used to demonstrate that PPARgamma is present within nuclei of myocytes [in both skeletal (white and red fibers) and cardiac tissue (rodent and human)].
		In contrast to the effect of in vivo treatment on muscle insulin action, preincubation of isolated soleus muscles from naive lean or ob/ob mice for 5 h with 100 nM TZD did not affect insulin-stimulated 2-DOG uptake.
		The effect of insulin sensitizer treatment on muscle insulin action was studied using ob/ob mice after 4 days dosing with a potent (6 nM PPARgamma Kd) TZD (10 mg/kg x day).
	www.ihop-net.org /UniPub/iHOP/gp/1660609.html (328 words)

	TZD class emerges as next-gen diabetic treatment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The report is set to make interesting reading for companies developing diabetic drugs So significant is the market opportunity that many small biopharmaceutical firms are springing up to meet this challenge, dedicating their entire R&D efforts to diabetes alone.
		The report went on to detail several companies, which are developing TZD's to address one or more specific isoforms of the receptor, enhancing efficacy and/or potentially lowering side effects.
		For example, PPAR (Peroxisome Proliferators Activated Receptors) alpha is mainly expressed in the liver and is thought to mediate positive cardiovascular effects, such as lowering triglyceride levels and increasing high-density lipoprotein levels.
	www.drugresearcher.com /news/news-ng.asp?n=58237-tzd-class-emerges (800 words)

	Thiazolidinedione therapy in the prevention/delay of type 2 diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance and ...
		This prospective analysis examined the effect of early TZD treatment in the prevention or delay of T2DM in a multiethnic population with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and IR.
		Results: Mean HbA(1c) and C-peptide levels decreased for patients receiving either TZD at the 2-year assessment, and reductions were maintained at study end point.
		Conclusions: The TZDs, rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, were effective in reducing HbA(1c) and C-peptide levels in patients with IGT/IR.
	www.ndei.org /v2/website/litalerts/article.cfm?article_id=1023 (442 words)

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