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Topic: Table of Judgments

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Critique of Judgment

Immanuel Kant

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	An approach to the validation of judgments in language testing - an article by GholamReza HajiPourNezhad
		Examining how closely judgments are inherent in all phases of each testing effort, it may be useful to recollect the stages we went through when last constructing a test.
		Judgments made by each testing expert are the outcomes of her/his individual theoretical and/or practical backgrounds (Brown, 1996: 235).
		Judgments are made and clear information about the steps made to reach those judgements is usually obliterated in the course of time.
	www.jalt.org /pansig/2003/HTML/HajiPourNezhad.htm (3137 words)

	Critique of Judgment
		Nonetheless, Kant analyzes judgments of taste from those four points of view as forms of subjective synthesis that fall short of exemplifying pure logical types but still could be meaningfully considered as judgments and consequently as displaying characteristics comparable to what classical logic considers as the four main attributes of propositions.
		The judgment of taste arises from the comparison of a given representation in the subject with the whole faculty of representations of which the mind is conscious in the feeling of its state.
		A judgment with objective universal validity is always valid subjectively but an aesthetically claimed universality does not warrant the objective logical validity because it is not formulated by means of a universally valid concept that would entail the predicate of beauty.
	www.uri.edu /personal/szunjic/philos/critjudg.htm (10348 words)

	Judicial Business 2000
		Table B Appeals Commenced, Terminated, and Pending, 1999 and 2000
		Table C Cases Commenced, Terminated, and Pending, 1999 and 2000
		Table F Bankruptcy Cases Commenced, Terminated, and Pending, 1999 and 2000
	www.uscourts.gov /judbus2000/contents.html (1129 words)

	Kant's Theory of Judgment (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		According to Kant, a “judgment” (Urteil) is a kind of “cognition” (Erkenntnis) — which he defines in turn as an objective conscious mental representation (A320/B376) — and is the characteristic output of the “power of judgment” (Urteilskraft).
		Judgment is … the mediate cognition of an object, hence the representation of a representation of it.
		All judgments are … functions of unity among our representations, since instead of an immediate representation a higher one, which comprehends this and other representations under itself, is used for the cognition of the object, and many possible cognitions are hereby drawn together into one.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/kant-judgment (6006 words)

	20th WCP: Kant's Categories Reconsidered
		We thus look forward to further argument for an explanation of this identity between the source of the unity in a judgment and that of the unity of a synthesis in an intuition; that is, an explanation of the relation between a unitary judgment and a unitary synthesis in an intuition.
		Of course this must be the case, since a judgment and a synthesis in an intuition are both combinations (B 135, B 142, B 143, B 150, B 162b) and the unity belonging to all combinations is the transcendental unity of apperception (B 131, B 132, B 134-5).
		In reply, though the logical functions of judgment are not yet contained in any knowledge in step-one, were that step not to belong to a demonstration of the possibility of a priori knowledge, it would not belong to a logic that is transcendental.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Mode/ModeGree.htm (3207 words)

	Prolegomena
		judgments is already contained in our concept, and that the judgment is therefore analytical, is the duplicity of the expression, requesting us to think a certain predicate as of necessity implied in the thought of a given concept, which necessity attaches to the concept.
		Before, therefore, a judgment of perception can become a judgment of experience, it is requisite that the perception should be subsumed under some such a concept of the understanding.; for instance, air ranks under the concept of causes, which determines our judgment about it in regard to its expansion as hypothetical.
		That this heat necessarily follows the shining of the sun is contained indeed in the judgment of experience (by means of the concept of cause), yet is a fact not learned by experience; for conversely, experience is first of all generated by this addition of the concept of the understanding (of cause) to perception.
	www.loyno.edu /~folse/prolegomena.htm (15156 words)

	Judicial Business 2003
		Table B Appeals Commenced, Terminated, and Pending, 2002 and 2003
		Table C Cases Commenced, Terminated, and Pending, 2002 and 2003
		Table F Bankruptcy Cases Commenced, Terminated, and Pending, 2002 and 2003
	www.uscourts.gov /judbus2003/contents.html (1159 words)

	Preamble
		From this point of view all judgments are synthetical in the sense of connecting a subject with a predicate by means of a copula ('is' or 'is not').
		Kant disagrees that all synthetic judgments are empirical (although synthesis is a suitable designation for all judgments of this kind, it is not tantamount to empirical linkage of a predicate to the subject).
		However, his theory of judgments includes also a grasp of the object as well as of the "I" ("the objective unity of apperception") and this moment moves him away from a purely logical conception of judgments.
	www.uri.edu /personal/szunjic/philos/preamble.htm (9343 words)

	[No title]
		In that case, the defendants had entered an appearance and the court held that a default judgment for failure to file an answer (after having filed an appearance) must be entered by the court under FRCP 55(b)(2), and not the clerk.
		In all other cases the party entitled to a judgment by default shall apply to the court therefor; but no judgment by default shall be entered against an infant or incompetent person unless represented in the action by a general guardian, committee, conservator, or other such representative who has appeared therein.
		If the party against whom judgment by default is sought has appeared in the action, the party (or, if appearing by representative, the party's representative) shall be served with written notice of the application for judgment at least 3 days prior to the hearing on such application.
	www.akb.uscourts.gov /6abr85.htm (1452 words)

	G. J. Mattey's Kant Lexicon: Judgment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Judgments may be a priori or empirical, and they may be analytic or synthetic.
		Analytic judgments are such that the predicate is contained in the subject, while in synthetic judgments the content of the predicate goes beyond that of the subject.
		Kant enunciated twelve forms of judgment, and his table of judgments is the basis for the table of categories.
	www-philosophy.ucdavis.edu /mattey/kant/JUDGMENT.HTM (197 words)

	Kant: Critique of Pure Reason
		In all judgments in which the relation of a subject to the predicate is thought (I take into consideration affirmative judgments only, the subsequent application to negative judgments being easily made), this relation is possible in two different ways.
		Analytic judgments (affirmative) are therefore those in which the connection of the predicate with the subject is thought through identity; those in which this connection is thought without identity should be entitled synthetic.
		Judgments of experience, as such, are one and all synthetic.
	www.wutsamada.com /alma/modern/kant1.htm (4252 words)

	SparkNotes: Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics: Second Part, Sections 14–26
		Judgments of perception bring together several empirical intuitions and are only subjectively valid.
		This judgment draws together the intuitions that the sun is shining and the rock is warm, but it is still valid only for me and only at that particular time.
		Judgments of experience apply pure concepts of the understanding to judgments of perception, turning them into objective, universally valid laws.
	www.sparknotes.com /philosophy/prolegomena/section4.rhtml (1301 words)

	Supreme Court of Canada - Judgments
		All written and oral judgments and reasons for judgment are printed in their entirety along with a summary (called a headnote) of the reasons.
		The first case reported, published in 1877, was for an appeal heard in 1876 from the Supreme Court of Judicature of Prince Edward Island.
		Judgments are made available in electronic form the day of their release through links.
	www.scc-csc.gc.ca /judgments/index_e.asp (142 words)

	CHAPTER FOUR:
		Table 14 reports the judgments of seventeen teachers of computer-based distance education about students’ competencies in utilization of computer resources and applications.
		The following Table was based on the teachers’ responses to the question: "Do you think students are ready for computer-based distance education?" The majority 76.5% of the teachers indicated that students were ready for computer-based distance education.
		The majority of students about 70%, (see Table 20) reported that their teachers’ competency to help them with computer problems was good or excellent.
	www.bsu.edu /classes/nasseh/test200/data.html (5322 words)

	[No title]
		This table of judgments as such, isolated so that it is taken as a doctrine of formal logic, is certainly not the guide to the discovery of the origin of the pure concepts of the understanding.
		Heidegger complains that most criticism of the table of categories (Lotze's for instance) misses the point because the table of judgments is assumed to be the source of the categories.
		The table of judgments misses precisely the transcendental aspect of the categories, that is, their relation to intuition and therefore to objects.
	www.esu.edu /phil/mwthesis/ct-06.html (4358 words)

	Kant: Critique of Pure Reason
		Judgment is therefore the mediate knowledge of an object, that is, the representation of a representation of it.
		The objective validity of the categories as a priori concepts rests, therefore, on the fact that, so far as the form of thought is concerned, through them alone does experience become possible.
		They relate of necessity and a priori to objects of experience, for the reason that only by means of them can any object whatsoever of experience be thought.
	www.wutsamada.com /alma/modern/kant1b.htm (1854 words)

	Experimenter Bias in Hypnotist Performance at Charles T. Tart Home Page and Consciousness Library Online. For ...
		The binomial probabilities that the number of correct judgments would be as high as or higher than that obtained by chance alone were calculated directly from binomial tables
		As shown in Table 1, three of the judges (B, D, E) scored significantly higher than chance (p =.05), three others (A, C, F) came close to significance (p -.13), and one judge (G) scored at chance expectancy.
		The impressions of the judges as to what their judgments were based on are of some interest.
	www.paradigm-sys.com /ctt_articles2.cfm?id=39 (1392 words)

	1997 Kagan notes on Kant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Kant first distinguishes judgments of perceptionform judgments of experience--the former along the lines of it seems redto me the latter like the heat caused the milk to go bad so quickly.
		If cause really were just habit, then judgments of experiencewould not differ from judgments of perception, there would be no objectiveknowledge of the real world.
		But they (judgments of perception and judgmentsof experience) are different matters, and there is real objective knowledgeabout the world.
	web.lemoyne.edu /~kagan/kant1997.htm (1096 words)

	The Laws Of The Twelve Tables (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Where anyone, having acknowledged a debt, has a judgment rendered against him requiring payment, thirty days shall be given to him in which to pay the money and satisfy the judgment.
		Law V. After the term of thirty days granted by the law to debtors who have had judgment rendered against them has expired, and in the meantime, they have not satisfied the judgment, their creditors shall be permitted to forcibly seize them and bring them again into court.
		If a slave, with the knowledge of his master, should commit a theft, or cause damage to anyone, his master shall be given up to the other party by way of reparation for the theft, injury, or damage committed by the slave.
	www.schola-tutorials.com /TwelveTables.htm (3043 words)

	[No title]
		Kant says: "A judgment is the representation of the unity of consciousness of differing representations, or the representation of the relations of these, in so far as they constitute a concept." Judgments are "functions of unity," that is, a representing of the unifying unity of the concept in its character as a predicate.
		Heidegger holds that since the purely reflective acts of the understanding, given in the table of judgments, do not give the primary determinations of categories, the table of judgments cannot be seen as the source of the categories, but merely the guide to their discovery.
		Consequently, the table of judgments cannot be said to be the source of the categories.
	www.esu.edu /phil/mwthesis/ct-07.html (8423 words)

	World Plus - Memo re Default Judgments & Usury
		Since the default judgments pertaining to usury were not susceptible to a "sum certain" determination in the BRA due to the pending global motion to dismiss the usury count, any default judgment required the signature of the court pursuant to FRCP 55(b)(2).
		This led the court to investigate whether this may have happened in previous adversary proceedings and, thus, the court staff developed a list of cases as shown on the table.
		Secondly, with respect to these three adversaries and the balance of those listed on the table, the computation of a usury recovery required more than a simple calculation.
	www.iciclesoftware.com /worldplus/WPBRAIssues/WPMemoDefaultUsury.html (1542 words)

	Peter Suber, "Kant Questions and Explication Topics"
		That a priori synthetic judgments are necessary for the possibility of experience.
		That the unknowability of things in themselves is necessary for the possibility of synthetic a priori judgments.
		That judgment is the mediate knowledge of objects.
	www.earlham.edu /~peters/courses/kant/weekly.htm (3501 words)

	Kant3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		All judgments starts as a subjective judgment, but if I can match the subjective judgment with a pure concept of the understanding then I have an objective judgment.
		The Table of the Concepts of Understanding are parallel but differ because they apply to Intuitions.
		Since judgments are the conditions for representations to be united in consciousness, they are rules.
	jfennel.myweb.uga.edu /Kant3.html (288 words)

	Discovery of Pure Concepts of the Understanding (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		If we abstract all content from a judgment, the function of thought in judgment is the Table of Judgments.
		In syllogisms, a singular judgment can be treated like the universal, but in respect to quantity it stands as unity to infinity and is therefore essentially different.
		Modality of judgments contributes nothing to the concept of judgments but only concerns the value of the copula in relation to thought in general.
	www.bright.net /~jclarke/kant/concept1.html (368 words)

	Lee Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Review of Reinhard Brandt, “The Table of Judgments: Critique of Pure Reason A 67-76; B 92-101.” The Review of Metaphysics 51 (September 1997): 138-39.
		“The Grounds for the Objectivity of the Distinction between Analytic and Synthetic Judgments in Kant’s Critical Philosophy,” paper presented at the inaugural meeting of the Pacific Group of the North American Kant Society at the University of California at San Diego, October 5-6, 2002.
		“Determinate and Indeterminate Judgments and the Unity of Kant’s Critical Philosophy,” paper presented at the Ninth International Kant Congress at the Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany, March 26-31, 2000.
	users.drew.edu /slee3 (315 words)

	Judicial Revenue Service - Title 9 Enforcement of Judgments EJL
		Judicial Revenue Service - Title 9 Enforcement of Judgments EJL
		ENFORCEMENT AFTER DEATH OF JUDGMENT CREDITOR OR JUDGMENT DEBTOR
		Collection of Judgment Where Judgment Debtor Is Creditor of Public Entity
	www.judicialrevenue.com /title-9.html (82 words)

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