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Topic: Tabulating machine

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Herman Hollerith

1850

April 2

	hb858.html
		All persons who perform any duties at the tabulating center shall be deputized by the superintendent, and only persons so deputized shall touch any ballot, container, paper, or machine utilized in the conduct of the count or be permitted to be inside the area designated for officers deputized to conduct the count.
		Upon the conclusion of the count, the superintendent shall record the results of the hand count on the return sheet and shall compare the results for the race to the results shown on the reports from the tabulating machine for such race.
		In the event of a discrepancy in the count between the totals for such race, the superintendent shall post the results of the hand count and one set of return tapes from the tabulating machine, noting any discrepancies found, at the tabulating center or the office of the superintendent for the information of the public.
	www.legis.state.ga.us /legis/2007_08/fulltext/hb858.htm (1914 words)

	Encyclopedia: Tabulating machine (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The tabulating machine was a machine designed to assist in tabulations.
		Tabulating machine File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version.
		The 1880 census had taken seven years to tabulate, and by the time the figures were available, they were clearly obsolete.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Tabulating-machine (1086 words)

	British Tabulating Machine Company - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The company was formed in 1902 as The Tabulator Limited, after Robert Porter obtained the rights to sell Herman Hollerith's patented punched card machines from the US Tabulating Machine Company (later to become IBM).
		During World War II, BTM was called upon to design and manufacture a machine to assist breaking the German Enigma machine ciphers.
		This machine, known as a bombe, was initially conceived by Alan Turing, but the actual machine was designed by BTM chief engineer Harold 'Doc' Keen, who had led the company's engineering department throughout the 1930s.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/British_Tabulating_Machine_Company (448 words)

	Patent 1710691
		Heretofore in machines of this character, it has been customary to construct tabulators and sorters as separate machines, so that where it was desired to tabulate the records contained in a stack of cards and to also sort the cards into classification groups, it was necessary to run the cards through two separate machines.
		In a record-controlled machine, a rotatable drum, a clip for securing a record to said drum; a depending rod connected to said clip and adapted when rotated to open the same a trip movable up and clown said rod and adapted when actuated to rotate the rod, a plurality.
		A record analyzing device for tabulating cards comprising a drum with gripper devices for positively gripping records and holding them positively in predetermined positions on said drum, analyzing devices cooperating with said drum and means for effecting relative motion between said drum and analyzing devices to permit analysis of records on said drum.
	www.uspto.gov /web/menu/busmethp/1710691.html (3896 words)

	Official Code 21-2-471 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		All persons who perform any duties at a tabulating machine center shall be deputized by the superintendent, and only persons so deputized shall touch any ballot card, container, paper, or machine utilized in the conduct of the count or be permitted to be inside the area designated for officers deputized to conduct the count.
		The official returns for the primary or election may be printed by the tabulating machine, to which are added the tally of write-in and absentee votes, and shall be canvassed and certified as provided by this chapter.
		If paper ballots or voting machines are used in part of the county for all or a part of the primary or election, such votes shall be canvassed in the manner provided by this chapter and shall be added to the votes cast on ballot cards as provided by this chapter.
	www.state.ga.us /cgi-bin/pub/ocode/ocgsearch?docname=OCode/G/21/2/471 (665 words)

	Calculator - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The type is considered distinct from both a calculating machine and a computer in that the calculator is a special-purpose device that may not qualify as a Turing machine.
		In the near past, mechanical and clerical aids such as abacuses, comptometers, Napier's bones, books of mathematical tables, slide rules, adding machines, were used for serious numeric work, and the word "calculator" denoted a person (most often male) who did such work for a living using such aids as well as pen and paper.
		Addition and subtraction were performed in a single operation, as on a conventional adding machine, but multiplication and division were accomplished by repeated mechanical additions and subtractions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Calculator (2136 words)

	Tabulating Machines
		While there he began designing machines that could reduce the labor and time that would be required to process the data that would be collected in the 1890 Census.
		Hollerith machines were used as early as 1886 to tabulate census and mortality data.
		This machine is in an exhibit at the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC Students using IBM Type 31 alphabetic duplicating key punches.
	www.officemuseum.com /data_processing_machines.htm (2109 words)

	Punched Card Machinery
		Introduced in 1906, the automatic tabulator was used to summarize and tabulate the data in a deck of cards at a speed of 150 cards per minute.
		The third machine, the sorter, was used to sequence a deck of cards according to some particular key field, and it operated at a speed of about 250 cards per minute.
		The term "tabulator" was dropped at this time, and the machines were marketed as electric accounting machines was to dominate the punched card scene for the next 30 years in much the same way that the IBM System/360 series was later to dominate the computer scene.
	homepages.transy.edu /~jmiller/web706/pf24.htm (1846 words)

	United States Patent Application: 0040050920
		A collapsible ballot box for collecting ballots from an electronic ballot tabulating machine includes a base assembly, and front and rear support assemblies pivotally attached to the front and rear ends of the base assembly.
		The ballot box is easily transformed from the storage state to an upright voting state wherein the ballot tabulating machine is positioned at a convenient height for the voter by unfolding the assemblies.
		One such improved system involves the use of an electronic ballot tabulator at the place of voting whose size is roughly close to that of a mechanical adding machine.
	appft1.uspto.gov /netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/srchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1="20040050920".PGNR.&OS=DN/20040050920&RS=DN/20040050920 (2878 words)

	Encyclopedia: Tabulating Machine Company (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It originated as the Computing Tabulating Recording (CTR) Corporation, which was incorporated on June 15, 1911 in Binghamton, New York.
		The president of the Tabulating Machine Corporation at that time was Herman Hollerith, who had founded the company in 1896.
		It has been calculated that, if the Rochester, Minnesota facility that produces the machine were independent, it would be the third largest computer company in the world.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Tabulating-Machine-Company (7391 words)

	Unisys History Newsletter v4n1 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		One of the largest data tabulation tasks of the nineteenth century was the U.S. Census.
		This concept arose from a technique used by railroad conductors to ensure that each passenger had his or her own ticket: holes were punched around the edges of the ticket to indicate the sex and physical appearance of the passenger.
		The Powers machines, which used the same card format as Hollerith's, were used to process most of the 1910 census, although about one-third of the work was still done on old Hollerith equipment.
	www.cc.gatech.edu /gvu/people/randy.carpenter/folklore/v4n1.html (1468 words)

	1.10.20 NMAC (Site not responding. Last check: )
		"Recording and tabulating" equipment means a type of voting machine which is a single unit designed to permit a voter to "enter" the privacy booth of a voting machine and both cast his ballot on the machine and record the ballot as cast by the voter.
		"Vote tabulating" equipment means a type of voting machine which is a single unit designed to count (record) the votes cast on a pre-printed ballot which is filled in by a voter casting his ballot on the pre-printed paper ballot.
		Any differences between votes tabulated and stored in these multiple storage locations shall be detected immediately and generate an error message defining required maintenance on the voting machine before it can continue to be used in the election.
	www.nmcpr.state.nm.us /nmac/parts/title01/01.010.0020.htm (1266 words)

	Hollerith Tabulating machine 1889
		The card was then placed in the sensing mechanism of the tabulator, which had one pin for each possible position on the card.
		Where there was a hole in the card, the pin would pass through, connect with a bed of mercury beneath the sensor, and effect an electrical contact.
		In 1895, Hollerith went to Moscow to sell his machines to the Russians for their first census.
	www.thocp.net /hardware/tabulating_machine.htm (345 words)

	School of Information Science - Hall of Fame
		Herman Hollerith improved the efficiency and accuracy of data processing by inventing a tabulating machine which was the first to used punched cards.
		This machine laid the foundation for the development of the electronic computer.
		A version of this machine was first designed using a paper tape; however, the tape's major drawback was that it had to stop to allow the pin to go through the hole to make contact.
	www.sis.pitt.edu /~mbsclass/hall_of_fame/hollerith.html (289 words)

	The Beginnings of Computing
		None of Babbage’s machines were ever made operational in his lifetime, but a working Difference Engine was constructed by a Swede, whose work was later copied and put to use by the British government to calculate life insurance tables (Fuori).
		Hollerith Tabulating Machines were manufactured in the UK by the British Tabulating Machine Company, which suggests that IBM had kept a company with the original name (Tabulating Machine Company) in the UK to protect its use along with that of the name, Hollerith.
		What emerges from the history of these machines is that over a long period of time many people have-often without being aware of the work of others-contributed to the development of the machines with which we are now so familiar.
	www.noccc.org /bytes/articles/v01/493.html (1930 words)

	Inventor Herman Hollerith
		It applied the idea of machines which could read and record numbers to the field of scientific calculation previously dominated by logarithms and other tables of functions and hand operated machines for adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing numbers.
		This led to the first use of tabulating machines in the 1890 census, which counted nearly 63 million people.
		The machine was a counting and sorting device that made use of punched cards.
	www.ideafinder.com /history/inventors/hollerith.htm (727 words)

	Hollerith's Tabulating Machine (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The desk-like device with dials to the left is the electro-mechanical tabulator.
		On the tabulator's desk to the right is a press-like device which would bring an array of pins into contact with a punch card.
		A pin which went through a hole in the punch card would come into contact with a small cup of mercury underneith to complete a circuit that registered on one of the dials.
	www4.wittenberg.edu /academics/mathcomp/bjsdir/tabmac01.shtml (114 words)

	FAQ - Manual Recount Procedures
		The machine may record that as an “overvote” but on hand inspection examination voter intent may be determined.
		Additional canvassing decisions are made in the machine recount when some ballots not previously hand inspected are examined for the first time.
		In these instances, the same process and standards used in the original count and machine recount will be used to determine issues such as voter intent, and the ballot will be processed according to that determination.
	www.co.yakima.wa.us /vote/English/FAQ_Recount.htm?i=SPlmpeBt1xLxpksVqw/t9w== (998 words)

	Read about Tabulating machine at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Tabulating machine and learn about Tabulating ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The tabulating machine was first invented by Herman Hollerith.
		Hollerith's machine was developed to deal with an immense logistical problem.
		Hollerith set up a company to market his invention, which eventually became a part of International Business Machines, which developed faster and faster tabulators until the invention of the electronic
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Tabulating_machine (443 words)

	Early Office Museum Data Processing Machines (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The first commercial data processing machines were punched card tabulating machine systems.
		The tabulating machines used for the 1890 Census had 40 dials.
		In 1904, Pennsylvania Steel Co. began using Hollerith machines to obtain cost accounting data from data on labor and machine inputs used in manufacturing.
	www.cs.utexas.edu /users/chadw/references/census3.html (1707 words)

	Herman Hollerith's Tabulating Machines
		to this problem was developed during the 1880s by an American inventor called Herman Hollerith, whose idea it was to use Jacquard's punched cards to represent the census data, and to then read and collate this data using an automatic machine.
		system included an automatic electrical tabulating machine with a large number of clock-like counters that accumulated the results.
		Although this may not tickle your fancy, having this capability was sufficient to drive the statisticians of the time into a frenzy of excitement and data collation.
	www.maxmon.com /1890ad.htm (410 words)

	1956 Consent Decree
		(d) "Tabulating machine" shall mean a machine or device and attachments therefor used primarily in a tabulating system.
		(h) "Special purpose tabulating machine" or "special purpose electronic data processing electronic data processing machine" shall mean a tabulating machine or an electronic data processing machine designed and produced by IBM for use by a limited number of customers but not made generally available to all IBM customers.
		(i) "New" machines shall mean tabulating or electronic data processing machines produced (1) by original assembly of new and/or used parts or components or, (2) as to any type of machine generally offered for lease which is not currently being so assembled but is being produced by rebuilding existing machines, by such rebuilding.
	www.cptech.org /at/ibm/ibm1956cd.html (2982 words)

	Douglas W. Jones's punched card index
		One of Watson's moves was to rename the company International Business Machines, and within a few decades, his company had expanded to the point that the Federal government sued it for anti-trust violations.
		This card was used to control a semi-automatic wire-wrap machine, the machine used to wire the backplanes of many of the mainframes and minicomputers of the 1960's.
		By the early 1990's mark-sense ballots and direct-recording electronic voting machines had both been developed to the point where they were viable replacements for punched card ballots, and in fact, by the year 2000, the major vendors of card based voting systems had all shifted their marketing emphasis to these newer technologies.
	www.cs.uiowa.edu /~jones/cards/history.html (2512 words)

	Official Code 21-2-353 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Any ten or more electors of this state may, at any time, request the Secretary of State to reexamine any vote recorder or tabulating machine previously examined and approved by him or her.
		If this report states that the vote recorder or tabulating machine can be so used, the recorder or tabulating machine shall be deemed approved; and vote recorders and tabulating machines of its kind may be adopted for use at primaries and elections as provided in this chapter.
		(f) When a vote recorder or tabulating machine has been so approved, no improvement or change that does not impair its accuracy, efficiency, or capacity shall render necessary a reexamination or reapproval of the vote recorder or tabulating machine, or of its kind.
	www.state.ga.us /cgi-bin/pub/ocode/ocgsearch?docname=OCode/G/21/2/353 (442 words)

	Hollerith (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It was possible to gather more data, and data such as the number of children born in a family, the number of children still alive in a family, and the number of people who spoke English were part of the 1890 census.
		There is a rather strange twist to this story for the engineer who was in charge of the development of the rival machines at the Census Bureau, James Powers, was strangely allowed to patent these more advanced machines in his own name.
		The Computer Tabulating Recording Company had recovered its leading role by 1920, due not to Hollerith but to Thomas J Watson who joined the company in 1918.
	www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk /~history/Mathematicians/Hollerith.html (1605 words)

	IBM - An in-depth look
		The machine becomes important both in scientific and commercial computation, and about 1500 of them are eventually made.
		IBM therefore started work on their own P.C. This computer had to be a state-of-the-art machine in order to compete, but had to be produced very quickly due to the amazing growth of competitors.
		The machines success was largely due to the openness of it's specification, anyone could produce new and improved parts or models of the computer - the original IBM PC usually had an INTEL processor, Tandon disk drives and an operating system from Microsoft.
	www.bsu.edu /web/johueston/TCOM101/CompanyProfile/history.html (1568 words)

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