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Topic: Tacoma Narrows Bridge

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	Tacoma Narrows Bridge
		All bridges vibrate in response to forces that act on them, but they do not usually oscillate that much because engineers overwhelm the effects of the vibration with sheer weight when they are unsure of how much the bridge can actually take [2].
		Tacoma authorities were actually planning to lower their insurance coverage because they were confident in the safety of the bridge [2].
		It was weak because of the shallowness of its stiffening girders and the narrowness of the roadway in relation to the length.
	www.pitt.edu /~jld38/tacoma.html (3108 words)

	Tacoma Narrows Bridge (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Tacoma Narrows Bridge is a mile-long suspension bridge (the third largest in the world it was built) that carries Washington State 16 across the Tacoma Narrows of Puget Sound from Tacoma to Gig Harbor in the state of Washington United States.
		In the case of Tacoma Narrows bridge this mode was negatively (or had positive feedback) meaning it increased in amplitude with cycle.
		The bridge's spectacular self-destruction is often used an object lesson in the necessity to both aerodynamics and resonance effects in structural and civil engineering.
	www.freeglossary.com /Tacoma_Narrows_Bridge (1114 words)

	NOVA Online \| Super Bridge \| Suspension Bridges
		Most of the weight of the bridge is carried by the cables to the anchorages, which are imbedded in either solid rock or massive concrete blocks.
		As for the Tacoma Narrows bridge, reconstruction began in 1949.
		The new bridge is wider, has deep stiffening trusses under the roadway and even sports a slender gap down the middle—all to dampen the effect of the wind.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/bridge/meetsusp.html (746 words)

	Collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge - Video - MSN Encarta
		The original Tacoma Narrows Bridge stretched 1,810 m (5,940 ft) across a narrow channel of Puget Sound near Tacoma, Washington.
		Four months later the bridge collapsed during a windstorm with gusts that reached 68 km/h (42 mph).
		In 1992 the bridge’s sunken remains were placed on the United States National Register of Historic Places.
	encarta.msn.com /media_461550807/Collapse_of_the_Tacoma_Narrows_Bridge.html (145 words)

	Tacoma Bridge (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The traffic across the bridge was supposed to produce a boom in the population as well as the economy, but the growth exceeded the wildest dreams of the designers.
		The main font of the bridge near Tacoma, Washington was 28000 ft long, 39 ft wide and the steel stiffening girders (shown during construction) were 8 ft. tall.
		The Tacoma Narrows Bridge, designed by Leon Moisseiff, with a centre font of 1800 feet (853m) and side fonts of 1100 feet (335m) was on completion in mid - 1940 the third largest suspension bridge in the world.
	www.engineering.com /content/ContentDisplay?contentId=41009025 (2251 words)

	Parsons Project Profile--Tacoma Narrows Bridge Project
		Parsons’ suspension bridge expertise and design-build capability were key factors in its selection as the joint venture lead on the Tacoma Narrows Bridge design-build project, scheduled for fast-track completion in 55 months.
		The new Tacoma Narrows Bridge, set to open in 2007, is only the second suspension bridge to be built in the United States in the past 40 years—the first was California’s new Carquinez Bridge for which Parsons provided design services and engineering support during construction.
		The new Tacoma Narrows Bridge is in the top five in the United States in terms of its span, behind the likes of the Golden Gate Bridge and the Mackinac Straits Bridge.
	www.parsons.com /about/press_rm/potm/07-2003/index.html (1235 words)

	The Tacoma Narrows Bridge Disaster .................
		On November 7, these oscillations became sufficiently large to snap a support cable in the centre of the bridge, and the unbalanced load that was created caused the bridge to begin twisting in the wind, which eventually led to the bridge's collapse.
		Bridge designers in the mid twentieth century had been using steel trusses for stiffening in bridges, and the immense weight of all that steel made most bridges so stable that the designers were unaware of the effects of wind.
		The collapse of the Tacoma Narrows bridge was due to a combination of factors.
	www.worsleyschool.net /science/files/tacoma/bridge.html (442 words)

	Tacoma Narrows Bridge
		The Tacoma Narrows is the single point in the 20,000 square miles of Puget Sound where the Washington mainland and the Olympic Peninsula are close.
		The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was known for its tendency to sway in windstorms.
		The significance of the first Tacoma Narrows Bridge, to a large extent, is derived from its startling collapse on November 7, 1940.
	www.nwrain.com /~newtsuit/recoveries/narrows/narrows.htm (474 words)

	WSDOT - Tacoma Narrows Bridge: Extreme History
		The bridge became famous as "the most dramatic failure in bridge engineering history." Now, it's also "one of the world's largest man-made reefs." The sunken remains of Galloping Gertie were placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992 to protect her from salvagers.
		The current bridge is the 5th longest suspension bridge in the United States.
		In 1998 the public was asked, "Should the Tacoma Narrows Bridge be modified and a parallel bridge constructed, financed by tolls on bridge traffic and operated as a public-private partnership?" A majority of the voters answered "Yes." Since then, WSDOT and Tacoma Narrows Contractors (TNC) have been developing plans for the new bridge.
	www.wsdot.wa.gov /TNBhistory (616 words)

	University of Washington Special Collections -- Tacoma Narrows Bridge (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The storm cable assembly and catwalks are shown during the construction of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, January 10, 1940.
		Soon after its official opening the bridge gained a reputation for this movement and became informally christened 'Galloping Gertie.' Professor F.B. Farquharson, an engineering professor at the University of Washington, and other University engineers were hired to suggest methods to reduce the movement on the bridge.
		Construction on the new bridge began in the summer of 1948 and was finished in October 1950.
	www.lib.washington.edu /specialcoll/exhibits/tnb (607 words)

	Pysics project: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Tacoma Narrows bridge was built from the city of Tacoma, Washington to the Olympic Peninsula.
		Tacoma is considered the gateway of Mount Rainier and the rest of the Olympic National Park.
		The plate girder of the bridge caught the wind and the roadbed became a psuedo-airplane.
	faculty.plattsburgh.edu /margaret.campion/seconded/second/Kent/Kent.html (1157 words)

	Tacoma Narrows Bridge Summary
		The Tacoma Narrows Bridge is a mile-long (1600 meter) suspension bridge with a main span of 2800 foot (850 m) (the third-largest in the world when it was first built) that carries Washington State Route 16 across the Tacoma Narrows of Puget Sound from Tacoma to Gig Harbor, Washington.
		In the case of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, this mode was negatively damped (or had positive feedback), meaning it increased in amplitude with each cycle because the wind pumped in more energy than the flexing of the structure dissipated.
		The bridge’s spectacular self-destruction is often used as an object lesson in the necessity to consider both aerodynamics and resonance effects in structural and civil engineering.
	www.bookrags.com /Tacoma_Narrows_Bridge (2391 words)

	Tacoma Narrows Bridge - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The road to Tacoma’s doomed bridge continued in 1937, when the Washington State legislature created the Washington State Toll Bridge Authority and appropriated $5,000 to study the request by Tacoma and Pierce County for a bridge over the Narrows.
		However the effect that caused the destruction of the bridge should not be confused with forced resonance (as from the periodic motion induced by a group of soldiers marching in step across a bridge).
		New bridge sections to be used in construction of the new span.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tacoma_Narrows_Bridge (2206 words)

	Narrows Bridge \| TheNewsTribune.com \| Tacoma, WA
		A bridge with stuff to strut - Building the tower struts for the new Tacoma Narrows bridge would be a challenge, even if workers had the luxury of putting them together on the ground.
		A dream team - In the rarefied world of bridge building, the experts assembled for the Tacoma Narrows project are superstars, at the top of their game.
		Audio Interview: A former photographer for the Tacoma News Tribune, Howard Clifford was the last man off the first Narrows Bridge before it collapsed in 1940.
	www.thenewstribune.com /news/projects/narrows_bridge (391 words)

	Tacoma Narrows Bridge
		So in the 1990's a public-private partnership, the first in the state, was set up to build a second bridge, refurbish the first, expand SR 16 with carpool lanes, and charge a toll.
		The first Tacoma Narrows Bridge was built in the late 1930's to bridge a narrow strip of Puget Sound between Tacoma and the Olympic Peninsula.
		The Tacoma Narrows is a big shelf between the upper and lower parts of Puget Sound.
	www.sireneinternet.net /pstran/tnb (672 words)

	Tacoma Narrows Bridge
		Tacoma Narrows is the single point in the 20 000 square mile Puget Sound where the Washington mainland and the Olympic Peninsula are close (Map).
		Vertical and torsional rigidity of the bridge were much higher than contemporary bridges (Vertical Rigidity; Torsional Rigidity), and the bridge relied on the dead load for its rigidity with little inherent structural damping.
		This last theory appears to be correct, and hence failure of the bridge arose from the introduction of a new failure mode through the streamlining and slender shape of the bridge.
	www.tech.plym.ac.uk /sme/Interactive_Resources/tutorials/FailureCases/sf1.html (767 words)

	Tacoma Narrows New Bridge Project
		In Tacoma, Washington a second Tacoma Narrows is scheduled to be constructed along side the existing structure.
		Tacoma Narrows Constructors, a joint venture of Bechtel and Kiewit Pacific, is responsible for carrying out the bridge design and construction project.
		TACOMA – The Washington State Department of Transportation today issued a “notice to proceed” to Tacoma Narrows Constructors, the project’s design-build contractor, and TransCore, the project’s toll supplier and installer.
	bridgepros.com /projects/TacomaNarrows/TacomaNarrows.htm (2694 words)

	Tacoma Narrows Bridge (2007), Tacoma, Washington - Archiplanet
		The Tacoma Narrows Bridge is a pair of mile-long (1600 meter) suspension bridges with main spans of 2800 feet (850 m), they carry Washington State Route 16 across the Tacoma Narrows of Puget Sound between Tacoma and the Kitsap Peninsula, USA.
		In the case of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, this mode was negatively damped (or had positive feedback), meaning it increased in amplitude with each cycle because the wind pumped in more energy than the flexing of the structure dissipated.
		The bridge's spectacular self-destruction is often used as an object lesson in the necessity to consider both aerodynamics and resonance effects in civil and structural engineering.
	www.archiplanet.org /wiki/Tacoma_Narrows_Bridge_(2007),_Tacoma,_Washington (2122 words)

	Tacoma Narrows Bridge
		The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third-longest suspension bridge in the United States at the time, with a length of 5939 feet including approaches.
		This weakness was due to the shallowness of the stiffening girders and the narrowness of the roadway, relative to its span length.
		James Koughan, "The Collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, Evaluation of Competing Theories of its Demise, and the Effects of the Disaster of Succeeding Bridge Designs," The University of Texas at Austin, 1996.
	www.vibrationdata.com /Tacoma.htm (1364 words)

	The Tacoma Narrows Bridge
		Bridge officials were properly alarmed by this and with the assistance of the state police, the bridge was closed to traffic at 10AM.
		Bridge officials were hopeful that once this happened, the remainder of the span would settle down.
		One of the theories given for the bridge's failure was resonance; that the wind flowing through the deck of the bridge excited the structure to its natural resonance, causing the failure.
	homepages.tscnet.com /rickc/tnb (1888 words)

	[No title]
		However, the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was by far the longest and most expensive suspension bridge to collapse as a result of interaction with the wind.
		The ratio of the width of the bridge to the length of the main span was so much smaller and the vertical stiffness was so much less than those of previously constructed bridges that forces heretofore not considered became dominant.
		For the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge, the tendencies of the original bridge to resist vertical and torsional motions were different.
	www.brookscole.com /physics_d/templates/student_resources/003026961X_serway/optional/tacomabridge.html (1947 words)

	Tacoma Narrows Bridge Models Tested in NRC Wind Tunnel - National Research Council Canada
		Tacoma, Washington's original Tacoma Narrows Bridge was nicknamed 'Galloping Gertie' for its tendency to sway in windstorms.
		In 1940, the bridge collapsed due to aerodynamic instability during 65 km/h winds.
		A new bridge, to be built parallel to the existing structure, has been proposed.
	www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca /highlights/2003/0306tacoma_e.html (387 words)

	Failure Magazine-Archives-Science & Technology-Tacoma Narrows Bridge
		The Golden Gate bridge [1937], New York's Bronx-Whitestone [1939], and Maine's Deer Isle bridge [1939] also demonstrated an alarming tendency to undulate in the wind and all had to be retrofitted with extra cables and/or stiffening devices.
		While it's unclear whether the Narrows' principal engineer, Leon Moisseiff, was aware of the problems plaguing these other new bridges (he almost certainly was), he argued for cost-cutting adjustments to the original design and against initiatives that would detract from the bridge's appearance.
		A suspension bridge with 500-foot tall towers, 10 million pounds of wire, 25 million pounds of steel plate, and 300,000 yards of concrete that has to be dangled from those towers is a little bit different than a ramp and an overpass," he notes.
	www.failuremag.com /arch_science_tacomanarrows.html (1546 words)

	History of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge
		The original, 5,939-foot-long Tacoma Narrows Bridge, popularly known as "Galloping Gertie," opened to traffic on July 1, 1940 after two years of construction, linking Tacoma and Gig Harbor.
		Motorists crossing the 2,800-foot center span sometimes felt as though they were traveling on a giant roller coaster, watching the cars ahead disappear completely for a few moments as if they had been dropped into the trough of a large wave.
		The original bridge was a suspended plate girder type that caught the wind, rather than allowing it to pass through.
	www.ketchum.org /tacomacollapse.html (387 words)

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