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Topic: Tactical nuclear weapons

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	Nuclear Weapon Encyclopedia Articles @ LaunchBase.net (Launch Base) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The detonation of a nuclear weapon is accompanied by a blast of neutron radiation.
		Nuclear weapons were symbols of military and national power, and nuclear testing was often used both to test new designs as well as to send political messages.
		Nuclear weapons have been at the heart of many national and international political disputes and have played a major part in popular culture since their dramatic public debut in the 1940s and have usually symbolized the ultimate ability of mankind to utilize the strength of nature for destruction.
	www.launchbase.net /encyclopedia/Nuclear_weapon (2751 words)

	Nuclear weapon - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		The energy released by a nuclear weapon is generally measured by the explosive power of an equivalent amount of trinitrotoluene, known as the weapon's yield.
		Although a nuclear weapon is capable of causing the same destruction as conventional explosives through the effects of blast and thermal radiation, it does so by releasing much larger amounts of energy in a much shorter period of time.
		Nuclear proliferation has continued, though, with Pakistan testing their first weapons in 1998, and the state of North Korea claiming to have developed nuclear weapons in 2004.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/n/u/c/Nuclear_weapon.html (2637 words)

	NUCLEAR WEAPONS: TACTICAL
		TNW were often thought of as lower yield and opearating over shorter distances than multi-megaton, inter-continental strategic weapons, but such definitions are from the perspective of the Cold War nuclear calculus between the United States and the Soviet Union.
		TNWs are generally not the subject of arms control treaties and are not physically controlled by the sophisticated mechanisms employed for strategic weapons.
		The development of tactical nuclear weapons by the United States in the early 1950's was a consequence of the success of U.S. nuclear weapons designers in creating miniature nuclear explosive devices.
	www.olive-drab.com /od_nuclear_tactical.php (1327 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Nuclear warfare
		Nuclear war, or atomic war, is war in which nuclear weapons are used.
		The submarines and their missile systems were very expensive (one fully equipped nuclear powered nuclear missile submarine could easily cost more than the entire GNP of a third world nation), but the greatest cost came in the development of both sea- and land-based anti-submarine defenses and in improving and strengthening the chain of command.
		Nuclear terrorism by non-state organisations could well be more likely, as states possessing nuclear weapons are susceptible to retaliation in kind.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Nuclear_war (3442 words)

	The Future of Tactical Nuclear Weapons (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Russian weapons designers (and, presumably, their counterparts in other countries) have been for years developing new classes of nuclear weapons, with yields as low as a few tens of tons and one hundred to one thousand times "cleaner" than the current generation of weapons.
		Nuclear weapons as small and as clean as those the Russian military intends to deploy will blur the lines between nuclear and conventional weapons, since the newest versions of the former will, in theory, be only marginally more contaminating, indiscriminate or destructive than the latter (though they will be more efficient, by some measures).
		Where a nuclear bomb once substituted for hundreds of strategic bombers loaded down with thousands of tons of incendiary bombs (or hundreds of bombers substituted for a single nuclear weapon), a mini-nuke may now be used in place of a squadron of tactical aircraft with only a few tons of laser-guided bombs a piece.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/cc/conrad01.html (3421 words)

	CNS - Tactical Nuclear Weapons: The Nature of the Problem
		Tactical nuclear weapons (TNWs) are the category of American and Russian nuclear arsenals which is the least regulated by arms control agreements.
		It is interesting and important to note that revival of interest in tactical nuclear weapons in Russia and, to a lesser extent, in the United States is not correlated with the dynamic of changes in their quantity.
		TNW arsenals are dwindling in at least in four out of the five original nuclear weapons states.
	cns.miis.edu /pubs/reports/tnw_nat.htm (4658 words)

	Disarmament Diplomacy: Tactical Nuclear Weapons:
		Tactical doctrine evolved to match, and in the 1950s and 1960s it was assumed that in any war between NATO and the Warsaw Pact nuclear weapons would be used from the outset.
		Tactical planning in NATO came to rely less on the early use of nuclear weapons and the more outlandish of them were quietly withdrawn.
		Maintaining command and control over such weapons in a wartime situation would be particularly difficult: the fear that they may be overrun by an enemy early in a conventional armed conflict could prompt local commanders to resort to their early use and start a nuclear war unintended by political leaders.
	www.acronym.org.uk /dd/dd77/77hb.htm (5268 words)

	Disarmament Diplomacy: - Tactical Nuclear Weapons
		All substrategic nuclear warheads except the air-based ones were withdrawn to storage or slated for elimination; the number of the air-based warheads was significantly reduced, but a portion of them remained operational.
		The numbers of TNW each side had in 1991 remained unknown; they were not even disclosed at confidential briefings the sides held in the aftermath of the parallel statements.
		It is not even clear how many warheads remain deployed with troops today (tactical nuclear warheads for aircraft are "deployed" in the sense that they are located in the vicinity or at airbases and are readily available for use, not in the sense that they are deployed directly on the aircraft).
	www.acronym.org.uk /21tactic.htm (2782 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Americas \| Congress moves to back tactical nukes
		The US used nuclear weapons against Japan to end World War II The US House of Representatives looks set to approve funds for the research and development of a new generation of small tactical nuclear weapons which could be used to attack deep bunkers holding weapons of mass destruction.
		US strategic planners believes that the new tactical nuclear weapons are essential to meet to threat of terrorism and weapons of mass destruction, and says they could be used against chemical or biological weapons facilities and nuclear bunkers buried deep underground.
		The new weapons under consideration include low-yield tactical nuclear weapons, which yield under five kilotons, less than one-third of the first atomic bomb used at Hiroshima, and a "robust nuclear earth penetrator", designed to bury deep into the ground before exploding.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/americas/3025737.stm (606 words)

	MILNET: Nuclear Weapons Descriptions
		Nuclear weapons can be distinguished from their delivery vehicles, but it senseless to try to analyze the warhead itself without first understanding the delivery system.
		Tactical nuclear weapons can be delivered in a variety of methods, and in fact are found in the first five classes of delivery systems shown above.
		The Genie was a nuclear tipped weapon which was intended to take out a whole squadron of attacking bombers, assuming of course the F-106 could get close enough, and that of course the squadron were flying close enough together, say as in a formation.
	www.milnet.com /nukedesc.htm (1021 words)

	NTI: Issue Brief: Tactical Nuclear Weapons (TNW)
		Tactical (nonstrategic) nuclear weapons (TNWs) typically refer to short-range weapons; within the U.S.-Soviet (Russian) context, this means land-based missiles with a range of less than 500 km (about 300 miles) and air- and sea-launched weapons with a range of less than 600 km (about 400 miles).
		TNWs constitute a large percentage of the arsenals of the nuclear weapon states: 30-40% of the American and Russian arsenals, nearly 100% of the Chinese and French arsenals, and all of the Israeli, Indian, and Pakistani arsenals; Great Britain no longer has short-range nuclear weapons.
		In Russia, TNWs acquired greater significance because of the deterioration of Russia’s conventional forces and its growing reliance on nuclear arms as a “poor man’s” counter to the “revolution in military affairs” and technological breakthroughs in costly, advanced conventional arms by the United States.
	www.nti.org /e_research/e3_10a.html (2180 words)

	Fallout from Bush's Tactical Nukes on the American West
		The school's emblem was inspired by the nearby Hanford Nuclear Reservation, which produced the plutonium for countless nuclear weapons, including the bomb called "Fat Man," which obliterated Nagasaki on Aug. 9, 1945.
		Nuclear testing stopped roughly a decade ago, as did development of tactical nukes.
		Bush's nuclear policy, like Richland High's mascot, is a bizarre throwback to a bygone era, familiar in the American West, when the government thoughtlessly promoted military technology as a cure-all for ethical and diplomatic challenges.
	www.commondreams.org /views03/0709-06.htm (755 words)

	nuclear weapons
		Nuclear weapons produce large explosions and hazardous radioactive byproducts by means of either nuclear fission or nuclear fusion.
		Tactical nuclear weapons can have the explosive power of a fraction of a kiloton (one kiloton equals 1,000 tons of TNT), while strategic nuclear weapons can produce thousands of kilotons of explosive force.
		Weapons that Changed Warfare - Invented by the Greeks in 400 B.C., catapults were used in ancient and medieval times to hurl...
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/history/A0836143.html (334 words)

	New bomb, no mission \| thebulletin.org
		Increasingly, U.S. nuclear strategists speak of holding targets at risk in "rogue states." But since 1978, U.S. policy has expressly forbidden U.S. forces from using nuclear weapons against non-nuclear states that are signatories to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, unless they are allied with a nuclear state engaged in an act of aggression.
		The "front" components of the new weapon are being (or were) made at the Y-12 plant on the Oak Ridge Reservation, with the new "tail" components made at the Kansas City plant.
		Without nuclear testing the nuclear weapon states will not be able to pursue confidently such technologies as the nuclear-explosion-pumped X-ray laser, the so-called nuclear shotgun, enhanced electromagnetic pulse weapons, microwave weapons, and enhanced radiation weapons.
	www.thebulletin.org /article.php?art_ofn=mj97mello (3739 words)

	Steve Quayle News Alerts
		Although TNWs often possess smaller blast yields than strategic nuclear weapons, some higher-yield TNWs (in the 10 to 25 KT range, or greater) actually are more powerful than some classes of strategic nuclear weapons, with requisite destructive potential.
		According to the Department of Defense, use of a nuclear weapon by terrorists would most likely be against either a military installation or a political target (e.g., the seat of government, large population center, or commercial port city).
		Concerns about theft of nuclear material or the contracting out of nuclear expertise are exacerbated by unemployed or underpaid nuclear technicians who, as the fallout of a crumbling Russian economy, may be tempted to illegally sell nuclear matter to terrorist groups and renegade states.
	www.stevequayle.com /News.alert/04_Nukes/040712.tactical.nukes.html (838 words)

	CRG -- Getting used to the idea of double standards: The underlying maxim is "we will punish the crimes of our enemies ...
		Senators Warner and Allard imagine these nuclear weapons could be used in small-scale conventional conflicts against rogue dictators, while leaving most of the civilian population untouched.
		First it is saying that these "low yield" nuclear weapons do not affect civilians, therefore justifying their use in the same way as conventional weapons.
		America's tactical nuclear weapons are said to be "safe" in comparison to those of Osama.
	www.globalresearch.ca /articles/CHO112C.html (1377 words)

	The Nautilus Institute: Tactical Nuclear Weapons in 1966 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Thus, these standard Soviet TNW could only have been used in a direct riposte to US nuclear first use in Vietnam by the Soviets delivering them by aircraft, via missiles fired from offshore, or by sledding the weapons into a harbor base from offshore vessels.
		In a sense, the JASONs were shadow-boxing their own visualizations as to tactical nuclear weapons that might have been used by the Viet Cong, although at the time, there was no way to know what the Soviets or Chinese might have supplied.
		However, this weapon was not yet in service (indeed, it is still not in service although a variant of the B61 bomb has been created that placed a hardened steel casing around the warhead to enable it to penetrate about 20 feet into dry earth when dropped from 40,000 feet).
	www.nautilus.org /VietnamFOIA/background/TNW1966.html (1365 words)

	Tactical Nuclear Weapons
		As part of the Fourth Freedom Forum's ongoing work on incentives and nuclear nonproliferation, we are exploring solutions to the challenges to international peace and security posed by tactical nuclear weapons (TNWs).
		Yet TNWs are often smaller and more susceptible to theft by, or illicit transfer to, terrorists or states-actors and are more likely to be used than strategic nuclear weapons (which have been addressed in numerous legally-binding arms control agreements).
		Plans to modernize the U.S. tactical nuclear weapons and questions about the security of Russia 's TNW arsenal, therefore, pose unnecessary risks to global security.
	www.fourthfreedom.org /Applications/cms.php?page_id=145 (277 words)

	New Scientist Breaking News - US plans for mini-nuke arsenal revealed (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		A leaked Pentagon document has confirmed that the US is considering the introduction of a new breed of smaller nuclear weapons designed for use in conventional warfare.
		The document, obtained by the Los Alamos Study Group, a nuclear weapons watchdog based in the US, describes plans for a gathering of senior military officials and nuclear scientists at the US Strategic Command in Omaha, Nebraska, during the week of 4 August.
		These weapons, with a destructive power of less than five kilotons, could be designed to penetrate an underground bunker before detonating.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn3414 (538 words)

	SecurityInnovator - Weapons of Mass Destruction - Nuclear Terrorism: Re-Thinking the Unthinkable After 9/11
		A single thermonuclear weapon of the sort developed during the height of the Cold War could incinerate an entire city – the largest built of which was capable of unleashing a 100 megaton yield, the explosive equivalent of 100 million tons of TNT – would be vastly more destructive.
		So even if a relatively small atomic weapon were utilized by al-Qaeda, the fatalities could be as high as one million – nearly 333 times as lethal as on 9/11, and over 166,667 times as lethal as the 1993 WTC attack.
		Other potential WMD weapons exist - in addition to nuclear weapons – including improvised radiological weapons (dirty bombs), whose explosive yields are nominal but whose psychological effects and economic costs would be notable, as well as biological and chemical weapons, which have the potential to kill many thousands of civilians or more.
	securityinnovator.com /index.php?articleID=5428§ionID=29 (2182 words)

	The New Yorker: Fact
		American Naval tactical aircraft, operating from carriers in the Arabian Sea, have been flying simulated nuclear-weapons delivery missions—rapid ascending maneuvers known as “over the shoulder” bombing—since last summer, the former official said, within range of Iranian coastal radars.
		The adviser added, however, that the idea of using tactical nuclear weapons in such situations has gained support from the Defense Science Board, an advisory panel whose members are selected by Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld.
		The agency’s officials believe that Iran wants to be able to make a nuclear weapon, but “nobody has presented an inch of evidence of a parallel nuclear-weapons program in Iran,” the high-ranking diplomat told me. The I.A.E.A.’s best estimate is that the Iranians are five years away from building a nuclear bomb.
	www.newyorker.com /fact/content/articles/060417fa_fact (5426 words)

	WorldNetDaily: Tactical nukes deployed in Afghanistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		President Bush and Russian President Vladimir Putin agreed on the deployment of tactical nuclear weapons in Afghanistan in a single 70-minute conversation two weeks ago, according to military and intelligence sources reports DEBKA-Net-Weekly.
		Military sources place the U.S. nuclear weapons in four former Soviet Central Asian bases – the military air facility at Tuzel, 10 miles northwest of the Uzbek capital of Tashkent; at Kagady in the Termez region; in Khandabad, near the city of Karshi; and at the military air base in Dushanbe, the capital of Tajikistan.
		In addition to the nuclear weapons units, Russian bombers carrying small neutron bombs were moved to Russian military air bases around the border of the breakaway province, in Stavropol northwest of Chechnya, the Godowta base in Georgia to the south, and Mozdok in northern Osetia, northwest of Chechnya.
	www.worldnetdaily.com /news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=24829 (408 words)

	SIPRI YEARBOOK 2002, CHAPTER 10
		There was also a disagreement over whether the nuclear warheads scheduled to be removed from delivery vehicles should be verifiably dismantled, as insisted upon by Russia, or should be placed in storage, as advocated by the USA.
		The acceptance of the US position in the May 2002 Treaty on Strategic Offensive Reductions has been criticized by arms control advocates as leading to less confidence and greater unpredictability in nuclear force postures, since thousands of nuclear warheads can be held in reserve and other ‘unaccountable’ categories and are available for redeployment.
		The agreement does not cover non-strategic (or tactical) nuclear warheads, which remain outside any legally binding constraints.
	editors.sipri.se /pubs/yb02/ch10.html (485 words)

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