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	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> taggant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In particular, taggants are known to be widely used in plastic, sheet and flexible explosives.
		There are two types of taggant which can be added, one to help detect the presence of a bomb in, for example, airport screening of luggage; and the other to assist the police in finding the culprits after the detonation of such a bomb.
		Whilst detection taggants are universally used, this is not the case with identification taggants; in particular there are arguments that there may be minimal benefit in practice to law enforcement agencies compared to the cost to industry of the taggant.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/taggant (614 words)

	Please title this page. (Page 2)
		Taggants were first produced in the United States in the early 1970s by 3M chemist Richard G. Livesay, who was angered by a Vietnam-era bombing at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, that killed one person and injured three others.
		Taggant company officials point out that several of these tags have already proven their worth by helping track industrial counterfeiting in products ranging from shampoo and perfume to olive oil and gasoline.
		At the meeting, taggant company officials estimated that isotopic labeling of a ton of material would cost about $5 to $15, though a variety of strategies are being considered to lower the cost further.
	cryptome.sabotage.org /taggants.htm (1392 words)

	06/13/95 Ronay Statement re Comprehensive Antiterrosim Act (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		OTA, in its report entitled "Taggants in Explosives" noted the limitations of the project, primarily "the preliminary nature of the taggant research." The report noted "Additional information is required on all aspects of the analysis--technical efficacy, safety, cost and utility." Over the last fifteen years new information and new technologies have been developed.
		Furthermore, if taggants were required in explosives many crime scenes would contain multiple taggants (those from new building materials and construction sites) thus the taggant from the criminal bomb would not be distinguishable from those taggants resulting from legitimate use of explosives such as in the making of concrete, mortar and brick.
		The placement of taggants in explosives, the record keeping, the cleaning of pipes and gears between each batch of explosives, the cost of disposing of excess hazardous waste at the end of each batch would be very expensive and would raise the cost of mining operations and other commercial operations.
	www.fas.org /irp/congress/1995_hr/h950612-3r.htm (5331 words)

	Xerox - USA - XSIS: Taggant Technology
		Chemical markers, taggants and photo/thermal-chemical effects are terms used to label the technology associated with the chemical tagging of marks, inks or toners such that "originals" can be distinguished from "copies".
		For overt applications the taggant effect may be readily observable such as the application of materials that change colors with slight temperature changes or when viewed at varying angles or when illuminated by "fl light".
		Taggants can involve a number of photo-chemical effects such as; absorbing energy at one wavelength and emitting energy at another, absorbing energy at particular wave-lengths, temporal effects when illuminated with pulsed energy, etc. In addition, taggants can be used in combination with
	www.xerox.com /Static_HTML/xsis/taggant.htm (223 words)

	Hodgdon Powder Co. - News - Taggants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In propellants, the incorporation of 0.1% of taggant was enough to skew the ballistics results in rifle, handgun, and shotshell ammunition.
		Goex sued Aerospace Corporation (prime contractor for the study), stating that the taggant was the only foreign material in the mix, thus was the direct cause of the explosion.
		FBI studies with taggants have shown that the test equipment becomes contaminated with taggants and a new one would probably be needed for each investigation.
	www.hodgdon.com /news/taggants.htm (993 words)

	Systems and methods for detecting and verifying taggant information of a tagged item or substance patent invention (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A sample item assumed to have a taggant concentration representative of the remaining items is used as a control by which to verify the authenticity of the remaining items.
		In such a method, microparticles are used to mark an item, and the microparticle composition of a taggant is based on a predetermined binary code sequence (which uses "0" and "1" to indicate whether a particular microparticle should be present in the coded taggant).
		The recorded taggant information may be associated with an item identifier, which may be used as a database key to query the database of recorded taggant information.
	www.freshpatents.com /Systems-and-methods-for-detecting-and-verifying-taggant-information-of-a-tagged-item-or-substance-dt20051215ptan20050276906.php (1507 words)

	IME [institute of makers of explosives]
		Following such atrocities, there have been calls to require taggants in commercial explosives, even though the improvised explosive devices, which are the choice of criminals and terrorists, were not made with commercial high explosives.
		A taggant from a criminal bomb would not be distinguishable from those taggants at the scene resulting from the legitimate use of explosives to produce building materials such as concrete, mortar and stone and the construction of roads and highways.
		The cost of placing taggants in explosives cannot be comprehensively calculated by the industry because of many unknowns, such as the size of the taggant batch and the concentration of taggants.
	www.ime.org /dynamic.php?page_id=66 (1927 words)

	gf30ctagit
		The earliest "taggant" technology, originally developed at 3M, is the one most often discussed when the issue is tagging explosives and gunpowder, since it was the method under consideration in a 1980 report by the Congressional Office of Technology Assessment.
		Treatment of the taggant particles with enzymes that destroy the unique three-dimensional structure of the haptens without damaging the explosive may be possible, depending upon their chemical properties.
		Of all the current taggant technologies, isotopic labelling seems to be able to overcome every possible objection, since no foreign materials are being introduced into the powder or explosive, and the infinitesimal differences at the atomic scale make no difference to the performance of the chemicals they are included in.
	www.tpgfaq.org /sec3/gftags.htm (1685 words)

	National Mining Association - Taggant Technology for Post-blast Explosives Identification
		The National Research Council (NRC), commissioned to study taggants in explosives following the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing, stated in its 1998 report on Containing the Threat from Illegal Bombings, that none of the proposed isotopic taggants has proven blast survivability or has been shown to be amenable to standard collection and analysis procedures.
		Cross-contamination of taggants at crime scenes with those existing from the legitimate use of explosives could negatively impact criminal investigations and prosecutions.
		Identification taggants would not serve as a significant deterrent to the criminally motivated.
	www.nma.org /policy/legislative/taggant_tech.asp (339 words)

	CONTRADICTIONS IN TAGGANTS REPORT
		Maybe the two taggant reports themselves were not as contradictory as it seemed, but the spin put on them indicated some differences.
		Gunowners, particularly reloaders and fl powder shooters, have been concerned about the taggant issue because of suggestions that taggants be added to smokeless and fl powder, which have been used as fillers in pipe bombs and other home-made explosives.
		The issue of adding taggants to smokeless and fl powder is the subject of a separate study, which was not part of either of the reports released on March 4.
	www.ccrkba.org /pub/rkba/news/taggants.html (473 words)

	Taggants on Holograms - NovaVision
		Taggants are microscopic particles, which are mixed with inks to create a unique formula which is traceable and machine-readable.
		Taggants are machine-readable using a portable, hand-held verifier, which is simple and easy-to-use.
		Taggant formulations made for one specific customer can be used on any type of label or document — holographic or non-holographic.
	www.novavisioninc.com /pages/prd_taggants.html (511 words)

	IME - Current Policy Issues: Taggants in Explosives [printable]
		Detection taggants are used to enhance the detection of explosives before detonation.
		Identification taggants are intended to be used to trace explosive materials to their source after detonation.
		The much-touted Swiss taggant program is not an effective model for a U.S. program and has not been successful in apprehending or deterring bombers in Switzerland.
	www.simson.net /ref/2001/ime_taggants.htm (538 words)

	[No title]
		Taggant Area: The taggant area must consist of a single area (minimum dimension 0.5 inch by 0.5 inch; maximum dimension 0.7 inch by 0.7 inch) located in the upper right section of the label area approximately 11/16 inch from the bottom of the label.
		Taggant verification: The printer should use a luminescent spectrometer calibrated to the rhodamine red standard to verify the taggant.
		The taggant must be equal to Angstrom #6 Sub-micron Scanning Compound 17 percent concentration and meet the spectral response intensity standards of the USPS.
	ribbs.usps.gov /files/fedreg/usps99/99-26062.TXT (5013 words)

	microscopic taggant (English to French translation glossary) Tech/Engineering (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Selon la définition en anglais que donne Termium, je crois que j'omettrais le "microscopique" : traceur [microscopique]: English:Security taggant s OBS - A taggant is an identifiable secret ingredient which could not be present in a print by accident - as a trace element in the paper, for instance.
		Taggants can be introduced into any type of security printing ink.
		Identification is done by instruments working in the optical spectrum range specific to the particular taggant, mostly infra-red.
	www.proz.com /kudoz/2521 (239 words)

	security tags Invisible taggants and magnetic threads
		Taggants that are visible under an inexpensive fl light, allowing easy, low cost field verification throughout the supply chain.
		Taggants can be added to the ink used in any logo, artwork, or patterns preprinted on the label adding additional layers of security.
		Adding taggants to over varnish, ink, or a ribbon has the added advantage that the way the taggant is applied to the media can be changed every year, every batch, or every label.
	www.racoindustries.com /invisibletaggants.htm (578 words)

	MicroTag - FAQ
		Taggant is a micron size mineral powder of very unique physical and chemical properties.
		Upon receiving the response signal from the Taggant, the Reader analyzes if the response is the unique and specific to the corresponding Taggant and makes a decision on positive (or negative) identification.
		Taggant directly or through a paper, plastic or even thin foil in close vicinity or from a short distance (up to several cm).
	www.microtag-temed.com /faq.html (454 words)

	(Track and Trace) Blending In (PMPN archive, Sep 05)
		The taggant powders in the ink can be read on high-speed lines by machines supplied by Creo that capture images of the taggant patterns.
		Taggants are typically added to inks, coatings, or laminates and are well suited for processes for printing labels and cartons.
		Taggants, markers, and tracers give packagers a lot of options and flexibility, given their ability to blend in with almost any substrate.
	www.devicelink.com /pmpn/archive/05/09/010.html (1776 words)

	Package Design Magazine--Packaging, Branding and Design News for the flexible, plastic, and corrugated packaging ...
		Creo taggants can be mixed with printing inks and varnishes, copier toners, woven fibers, paper pulp, molded or extruded plastics, even molten metals and explosives.
		The system orks from an item's "taggant image signature," which can be stored and retrieved from a database of billions of unique taggant "fingerprints." The taggant particle itself (from 0.5 micron to 8 microns in size) is used in such low concentrations (less than 2 parts per million) that even forensic analysis cannot detect it.
		The taggant image signature is represented by an encrypted code (less than 20k) stored in a database, either central or portable.
	www.packagedesignmag.com /issues/2004.09/spot_pi_paper.shtml (551 words)

	prgrs122.htm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A "taggant" or "tracer element" can be a solid, liquid, or vapor emitting substance put into an explosive material for the purposes of detection or identification before an explosion occurs or for identification after an explosion occurs.
		While Goex asserted that taggants in boosters which were being reworked caused the explosion, it has never been established that taggants were involved in, or the cause of, the explosion.
		The utility of identification taggants in helping to produce leads during post-blast investigations of bombings has been clearly demonstrated in the 1979 Baltimore bombing, and potentially through the experience of the Swiss police investigating bombings where taggants were recovered.
	www.virtualtimes.com /download/text/e-texts/tbbom/taggant.html (14446 words)

	[No title]
		Manton introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary _______________________________________________________________________ A BILL To require explosive materials to contain taggants to enable law enforcement authorities to trace the source of the explosive material, whether before or after detonation.
		Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, SECTION 1.
		``(p) `Detective taggant' means any substance which-- ``(1) is added to an explosive material during the manufacture of the material; and ``(2) permits the detection of the material before its detonation.''.
	cryptome.sabotage.org /hr538.txt (874 words)

	ALL IRANIAN QUALITY EXPLOSIVES IN WWW.EXPLOSIVES.IR
		Any chemical compound or element that, as part of a physical mixture, would be necessary for that mixture to be considered an explosive mixture; or any chemical compound or element that could be classified as an oxidizer or as a readily available fuel.
		A marker or taggant placed into an explosive material that has utility after an explosion to identify the manufacturer, the date, and shift when it was manufactured.
		Once this type taggant is located and identified, the information it provides would allow law enforcement to trace all of the same type explosives manufactured on that specific date and shift to all of the legal purchasers.
	www.bulksuppliers.com /commercialcivlexp.htm (1415 words)

	INVISIBLE TAGGANTS ENSURE AUTHENTICITY
		If the taggant is placed in explosives, for example, forensics experts investigating terrorist activities could trace those explosives back to a particular store, manufacturing plant or geographic location.
		The powder taggants can be mixed with a range of materials: paper pulp, woven fibers, printer inks and varnish, copier and digital printer toner, plastics, paints, glass, fertilizers and explosives.
		The ratio of taggant particles is less than 2 parts per million; therefore the taggants cannot be discovered, even by forensic trace methods.
	govtsecurity.com /mag/invisible_taggants_ensure/index.html (417 words)

	Nanoparticle Taggants for Explosive Precursors
		High fidelity taggant systems that are inexpensive, compatible with commercial manufacturing practices, and can survive intact explosive events are needed.
		The nanostructures will be coded by sizes, shape, and chemical composition, providing a highly individualized taggant useful for distinguishing explosives and batches forensically, and potentially allowing detection at a distance.
		This technology utilizes nanoparticle synthesis techniques to produce highly specific "taggant concentrate formulations" that can be added to explosive precursor chemicals prior to distribution.
	www.jhuapl.edu /ott/technologies/technology/articles/P02263.asp (369 words)

	NCJRS Abstract - National Criminal Justice Reference Service
		The demonstration involved the tagging of a source, for example, an amount of currency that might be used in an illegal transaction, and detecting and identifying the source at a different location.
		Four different perfluorocarbons were used in preliminary experiments in scenarios including postal tracing, document identification, covert currency marking and associated perpetrator tagging, locker storage detection, and portal or chokepoint detection of luggage and containers sealed for shipping.
		Further testing of PFT taggants is recommended, and implications of the demonstration findings and law enforcement applications are discussed.
	www.ncjrs.gov /app/publications/abstract.aspx?ID=184933 (332 words)

	Anti-counterfeiting packaging
		The taggant itself is used in such low concentrations (a few parts per million) that even forensic analysis cannot detect it.
		The random patterns created by the Creo taggant cannot be reproduced, which makes it intrinsically secure evenif the public knows the taggant material.
		The Creo Traceless™ solution is based on a unique, undetectable inorganic taggant concept, combined with rugged, portable reader technology, and an authentication workflow database capable of storing, searching, cataloguing and comparing billions of unique ID codes in milliseconds, when unique ID coding of individual items is required.
	www.worldpharmaceuticals.net /articles/wpf008_053_creoinc.htm (578 words)

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