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Topic: Tajik Civil War

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	Tajikistan Civil War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Tajikistan Civil War was a civil war fought from 1992 to 1997 in Tajikistan.
		The war, which began in May of 1992 was fought between the old-guard, ruling, Moscow-backed government of Emomali Rahmonov, and disenfranchised regions, democratic liberal reformists, and Islamists loosely organized in the United Tajik Opposition (UTO), sometimes supported by the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (now united under the name Islamic Movement of Central Asia).
		Most fighting in the early part of the war occurred in the southern part of the country, but by 1996 the rebels were combating Russian troops in the capital city of Dushanbe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tajikistan_Civil_War (209 words)

	Uzbek Role in Tajik Civil War is Ominous Portent for Central Asia
		The new Tajik armed forces are being set up under the direction of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Joint Armed Forces, even though individual components of the CIS Joint Armed Forces virtually have ceased to have a separate existence.
		The side which won the civil war, the so-called ax-Communists who are in fact still Communist in all but name, includes large numbers of ethnic Uzbeks living in Tajikistan.
		But the fact remains that in the Tajik civil war the pro-democracy side appears to have lost, at least in part because of the direct intervention of Russian and Uzbek troops.
	www.washington-report.org /backissues/0393/9303020.htm (1001 words)

	Politics of compromise - The Tajikistan peace process (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Unlike the contenders in the wars that have tormented the Balkans and the Caucasus in the 1990s, however, they did not engage in a secessionist war to establish their own independent territories – although some in the Badakhshan region may have been motivated by the ambition for greater autonomy.
		Tajikistan is a landlocked mountainous country situated to the north of Afghanistan, to the north-west of China, to the south of the Kyrgyz Republic and to the east of Uzbekistan.
		One significant outcome of the war and the peace process was to transform the political landscape of the country – particularly with regard to the balance of power between regionally-based elites.
	www.c-r.org /accord/tajik/accord10/civil.shtml (3799 words)

	Sophie Roche - Max Planck Institute for Social Antropology - Project Details
		During the civil war, some groups of young men fought in the name of Islam in order to gain power and access to political and social resources.
		Thus the civil war cannot exclusively be explained by means of political factors; it needs to be analyzed from other perspectives as well.
		Civil war theories, whether following political, structural, economic, identity approaches just to name a few, have so far emphasised the relevance leadership rather than family or generation groups.
	www.eth.mpg.de /people/roche/project.html (679 words)

	The History Guy: The Afghan Civil War (1978-Present)
		By 1988, the dragging war and internal changes in Soviet politics prompted Moscow to agree to the 1988 Geneva Accords, which led to the withdrawal of the Soviet army in February of 1989.
		The war in Afghanistan was over for the Russians, but not for the Afghans, who continued their civil war.
		The fifth and current phase of the civil war opened on October 7, 2001 with the beginning of punishing aerial bombardments, missile attacks and special forces commando missions against the Taliban and bin Laden's forces by the United States and the United Kingdom (the Allies).
	www.historyguy.com /afghan_civil_war.html (2445 words)

	On the Tajik-Afghan Border The Russians Are Coming--Back
		The civil war that broke out in Tajikistan last year was really between different regions of the country.
		During the civil war, the one Russian unit still stationed in Tajikistan, the 201st Motorized Rifle Division, was well below its normal peacetime strength.
		The presence of Russians in the midst of an ongoing civil war, and of Russian border guards on the volatile, porous Afghanistan-Tajik border has led to casualties.
	www.washington-report.org /backissues/0993/9309055.htm (1269 words)

	[10-08-96] Andrew Meier, Letter From Dushanbe -- Tajik Civil War Rivals Body Count of Chechnya
		Today it claims the distinction of having the bloodiest civil war (50,000 casualties and 500,000 refugees) and the most brutally repressive regime of the former Soviet republics.
		But the war's worst are occurring in the rural south, where the Soviet-backed Popular Front torched village after village of Gharmis and Pamiris living in mud-brick villages scattered among the cotton fields.
		With 41 journalists murdered since the civil war began, Tajikistan ranks as the most dangerous place in the world for reporters, according to the New York-based Committee to Protect Journalists.
	www.pacificnews.org /jinn/stories/2.21/961008-tajik.html (884 words)

	The War in Tajikistan Three Years On: Special Reports: Publications: U.S. Institute of Peace
		The main Tajik actors in the stalemated conflict are the Kulyabi- dominated Tajik government and the various opposition forces challenging the power structure established during the Soviet era.
		The Tajik government bases its authority on having won the war and on the recently held, though tightly controlled, presidential and parliamentary elections, as well as a referendum on a new constitution.
		There is no reason to expect a full resumption of the 1992 civil war, as the opposition does not have the capacity to launch a full-scale attack at the moment and the position of the Russian military in Tajikistan is such that it would be militarily disastrous for the opposition even to try.
	www.usip.org /pubs/specialreports/early/tajik2.html (7746 words)

	Agreement may ease war in Tajikistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		But the Tajik civil war, involving rival ideologies and regional clans, has persisted because neither side has had the strength to prevail or the will to compromise.
		The war turned 10 percent of Tajikistan's people into refugees and caused billions of dollars in damage to what was already the poorest ex-Soviet state.
		The Tajik president was also under pressure from the guerrillas, who for much of this year held Tavil-Dara, the gateway to mountainous eastern Tajikistan.
	www.chron.com /content/chronicle/world/96/12/24/tajikistan.html (414 words)

	Report From Tajikistan
		We are stuck here together, in the middle of Tajikistan in the middle of the fifth year of a brutal civil war that has now been down-graded by the U.N.'s military experts to a LIC - a "low intensity conflict" - from its early peak in the summer of 1992.
		In the months that followed, the tensions that arose during the election spawned a civil war that ranks among the most violent in any of the former Soviet republics - with as many as 50,000 Tajiks dead and an estimated half million more forced to flee their homeland.
		The war was distinguished by atrocities on both sides, but its lasting legacy lies in the south, where the mud-brick kishloqi, the villages scattered among vast cotton fields, became killing fields.
	www.aliciapatterson.org /APF1801/Meier/Meier.html (5171 words)

	Tajikistan Civil War
		Due to the geography of the region and the whims of Soviet planners, Tajikistan is largely at the mercy of Uzbekistan for all overland and rail transport.
		Tajikistan was ruled in 1993 by a coalition of regional and clan groupings [dominated by Tajiks from the southern Kulyab/Kulob region] which won a clear-cut military victory in a civil war racking the country, particularly its southern regions, during 1992.
		The opposition coalition of nationalists and Islamic groups defeated in the 1992 civil war boycotted the election and continued to wage a bloody insurgency along the Tajikistan- Afghanistan border and in the southeastern district of Tavildara.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/war/tajikistan.htm (3348 words)

	Central Asian Political Transitions
		This paper criticizes common explanations of the Tajik civil war and argues that the conditions that accompanied the peace agreement negotiations justify greater consideration of social constructivism in discussions of conflict resolution theory.
		Because the civil war in Tajikistan has been resolved, it should also be analyzed in the context of the existing literature on conflict resolution.
		If civil war is solely a function of greed and opportunity, then counterbalancing threat or force, which would raise the costs of violence, could deter the greedy.
	www.ca-politicaltransitions.com /Presentations/CESS2002.html (9728 words)

	Jihad Watch: Jihad in Tajikistan
		This piece at the jihadist Kavkaz Center site is interesting for its denial that the Tajik Civil War of 1992-1997 was an "interethnic conflict," as most analysts assume.
		During the Civil War they were the main sponsors of the army of Kafirs.
		Gissarians are natives of Gissar Valley near the Uzbek border, ethnic Uzbeks and intermediaries between Tajik Kafirs and Uzbek neo-communist regime of Karimov.
	www.jihadwatch.org /archives/001730.php (1046 words)

	tajikistan.neweurasia.net
		Per a treaty ending the civil war, the IRPT is represented in all levels of government.
		Tajik refugees living in Kyrgyzstan will no longer be granted refugee status for a pretty simple reason: they are no longer refugees.
		Tajik Boy wrote that thus far, Russian authorities have not taken notice of the plight of foreigners in their country.
	tajikistan.neweurasia.net (3466 words)

	Demining delayed due to lack of money (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Underlining the urgency of restarting demining in the country, on Sunday three children were seriously injured by an anti-personnel mine in the village of Chorcharogh in the country's central Rasht district.
		At least 30 people have fallen victim to mines in Rasht since the Tajik civil war ended in 1997, of whom 21 have died.
		Tajiks face threats from landmines laid during the country's civil war from 1992-97 that killed at least 50,000 people, and from mines laid on the border with Uzbekistan.
	www.irinnews.org /print.asp?ReportID=46803 (599 words)

	CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS Journal of Social and Political Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In the mid 1990s the Tajik civil war had developed into one of the most serious challenges to Russian policy in the CIS region, and a dilemma to Russian policymaking.
		However, the Tajik government was in a hurry to strengthen its legal basis before March 1995, when the mandate of the parliament would end.
		The war in Chechnya had since December 1994 taken the media's attention from the war in Tajikistan, but Chechnya was a reminder what scenario might develop also in Tajikistan.
	www.ca-c.org /dataeng/st_03_jonson.shtml (4499 words)

	tajikistan.neweurasia.net » Political Islam in Tajikistan
		Political Islam in Tajikistan cannot be understood outside of the destructive Tajik Civil War, fought from 1992 to 1997.
		The civil war seems to have a silver lining to it, as Tajikistan is one of the only Central Asian countries to allow Islamic parties in its opposition.
		Since the civil war, the government has assumed control of religion in the country much like other rulers in the region.
	tajikistan.neweurasia.net /?p=73 (891 words)

	[No title]
		The continuing integration of the Tajik government with the old political centre after the collapse of the USSR was remarkable.
		The eruption of the Tajik civil war in mid-1992 further emphasised to Moscow that Russia should be actively engaged in the security of Central Asia, in the economic and political spheres as well as in the military sense.
		The eruption of civil war in Tajikistan in 1992, and the potential threat posed by the war to the safety of the Russian population there, together with the possibility of the establishment of an Islamic state in Tajikistan, led to Russian concerns over the maintenance of Russia's historical interests in the region.
	www.cerc.unimelb.edu.au /bulletin/buloct97.htm (4449 words)

	THE TAJIK CONUNDRUN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In the West, the civil war in Tajikistan is generally portrayed as a struggle between secularists and Islamic fundamentalists, or between the democrats and the Communists.
		For details about the Tajik civil war, see Olivier Roy, “The Civil War in Tajikistan: Causes and Implications,” A Report of the Study Group on the Prospects for Conflict and Opportunities for Peacemaking in the Southern Tier of Former Soviet Republics, United States Institute of Peace, Washington, DC, December 1993, pp.
		A.I. Kuzmin, “The Causes and Lessons of the Civil War,” in Alexei Vassiliev, ed., Central Asia: Political and Economic Challenges in the Post-Soviet Era, p.
	www.isanet.org /noarchive/entessar.html (5674 words)

	EurasiaNet Eurasia Insight - Pamirs Offer IMU Secure Base
		The valley was one of the strongholds of the Islamic Renaissance Party (IRP) during the 1992-97 Tajik civil war, and was the scene of several futile government offensives against the opposition forces.
		Namangani fought for the IRP during the Tajik civil war, and prior to that, he served in the Soviet army, fighting for three years as a paratrooper in Afghanistan, where friends say he was emotionally influenced by the stubborn resistance put up by the Afghan Mujaheddin.
		After the ceasefire in the Tajik civil war in 1997, he lived for a year in Hoit, north of Garm, accepting the orders of the IRP to cease all military activities.
	www.eurasianet.org /departments/insight/articles/eav041001.shtml (1767 words)

	HELSINKI
		Two years after the end of the Tajik civil war, which resulted in the deaths of an estimated 20,000 to 50,000 people and the displacement of more than 500,000 residents, the situation in Tajikistan remained tense and unstable.
		Uzbekistan exerted pressure on the Tajik government to postpone elections, but its policy was guided by a desire to influence politics, not human rights.
		Human Rights Watch/Helsinki also sought to inform both the Tajik government and the international community of the conditions necessary to ensure that presidential elections could be considered free and democratic.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1995/WR95/HELSINKI-15.htm (2003 words)

	Helsinki
		The regional animosities that exacerbated, and ultimately overshadowed, the ideological conflicts of the civil war continued to generate violence in 1995.
		Peace in Tajikistan was further endangered by the Tajik government's inability to exercise centralized control over large areas of the country, resulting in pro-government paramilitary and military forces' acting with near impunity even in the Kuliab area (south of Dushanbe), the residents of which dominate the government.
		As in 1994, civil and political rights violations occurred throughout Tajikistan, even though there was a decline in the number of summary executions, disappearances and murders.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1996/WR96/Helsinki-18.htm (1326 words)

	EurasiaNet Eurasia Insight - Tajikistan: President Dismisses Government Loyalists, Opposition Figures
		Several senior members of the former opposition who owed their positions to the peace deal that ended the Tajik civil war also were dismissed from government posts recently.
		We were not fighting for this [during the civil war].
		Iskandarov says he intends to appeal to the countries which were guarantors of the Tajik peace, as well as international organizations and the Tajik people: "In the address, we will ask the guarantor countries, the UN, and the political parties of the country which are in opposition to the government to be more active.
	www.eurasianet.org /departments/insight/articles/pp013104.shtml (857 words)

	Asia Times Online :: Central Asian News and current affairs, Russia, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan
		The Tajik civil war involved factions, but they were ideological overlaps of secular democracy, nationalist reformism and Islamization.
		The American perspective on the Tajik civil war (1992-96) was that it was a power struggle involving clans or regional cliques, and was engineered by Russia with a view to justifying its military presence in Central Asia.
		At any rate, alarmed by the ascendancy of the Taliban (leading to the capture of Kabul in 1996) and signs that the Tajik Islamists were increasingly coming under the influence of rival benefactors, Russia and Iran swiftly closed ranks to bring about a Tajik settlement, giving Tajik Islamists a role in the government in Dushanbe.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Central_Asia/GE12Ag02.html (1387 words)

	Asia Times: Looming crisis in the heart of Asia
		A renewed war would quickly spread throughout the factions, and none would have the ability to emerge victorious in the near- or mid-term.
		Demographically, the states are haphazardly mixed; in Tajikstan, Tajiks consitute a mere 65 percent of the population.
		The primarily Uzbek-populated Ferghana north is separated from the predominately Tajik south by a thin isthmus of land bordered by Uzbekistan on both sides and bisected by mountains.
	www.atimes.com /c-asia/BC09Ag01.html (1290 words)

	IOM Dushanbe \| News releases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The operation was undertaken by a Tu-154 plane from Ashgabad to Dushanbe and pursued onward by a bus convoy to the towns of Kolkhozabad, Kabodion and Shartuz.
		The event was undertaken in the framework of IOM's Programme for voluntary return of Tajik migrants currently residing in Turkmenistan under which to date 4 847 Tajik migrants have been successfully returned to Tajikistan.
		The successful return process is one more element that underlines the closing of the chapter of the Tajik civil war in 1992.
	www.iom.int /Tajikistan/newsreleases2.htm (185 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		However, the troops remained on Tajik territory in the aftermath of the fighting, despite a legal question mark over their continued presence there.
		Nearly four years after the civil war ended in Tajikistan, Rakhmonov is still nervous of the UTO leaders who are unhappy with the division of power.
		The Tajik security services believe Khudoiberdyev is currently hiding in neighbouring Uzbekistan where he is thought to be planning another coup.
	www.iwpr.net /archive/rca/rca_200102_42_2_eng.txt (666 words)

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