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Topic: Tajikistan Civil War

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	Human Rights Watch: Publications: Europe and Central Asia : Tajikistan
		Tajikistan’s civil war which ended in 1997 reportedly involved the use of child soldiers under 18 by both sides.
		Five years of civil war in Tajikistan were formally brought to a close on 27 June 1997, when a peace accord was signed between the government and the opposition, the United Tajik Opposition (UTO), though fighting erupted again in 1998.
		Five years of civil war in Tajikistan were formally brought to a close on June 27, 1997, when a peace accord was signed between the government and the United Tajik Opposition (UTO).
	www.hrw.org /reports/world/tajikistan-pubs.php (666 words)

	Tajikistan - Foreign Relations
		Uzbekistan gave military support to the factions that won Tajikistan's civil war and closed its border with Tajikistan in the fall of 1992 to prevent opposition refugees from the civil war from fleeing to Uzbekistan.
		Tajikistan also is wary of regional water use plans that might increase the share of Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan in water emanating from Tajikistan.
		Tajikistan's relations with Afghanistan, the country with which it shares its long southern border, have been affected not only by the cultural and ethnic links between inhabitants of the countries but also by the way the Soviet regime tried to use those links to ensure the survival of a communist government in Kabul after 1979.
	countrystudies.us /tajikistan/42.htm (2071 words)

	Union of Councils for Soviet Jews: Tajikistan
		Tajikistan has been plagued by civil war since its independence in 1991; there is a fierce power struggle between the central government and local strongmen.
		As Tajikistan is one of the poorest of the former Soviet countries, food and housing shortages have sparked civil strife.
		Tajikistan's Jews are very fearful for their very survival-at times many of them do not dare to leave their homes at night because of the surrounding chaos.
	www.fsumonitor.com /stories/asem1taj.shtml (849 words)

	The History Guy: The Afghan Civil War (1978-Present)
		By 1988, the dragging war and internal changes in Soviet politics prompted Moscow to agree to the 1988 Geneva Accords, which led to the withdrawal of the Soviet army in February of 1989.
		The war in Afghanistan was over for the Russians, but not for the Afghans, who continued their civil war.
		The fifth and current phase of the civil war opened on October 7, 2001 with the beginning of punishing aerial bombardments, missile attacks and special forces commando missions against the Taliban and bin Laden's forces by the United States and the United Kingdom (the Allies).
	www.historyguy.com /afghan_civil_war.html (2445 words)

	Civil War in Tajikistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Because of this, Tajikistan's political apparatus (which was initially comprised of mostly ethnic Tajiks) was purged under Joseph Stalin (this occurred twice; once in 1927-28 and again in 1930-31).
		Most fighting in the early part of the war occurred in the southern part of the country, but by 1996 the rebels were combating Russian troops in the capital city of Dushanbe.
		Tajikistan's physical infrastructure, government services, and economy were in disarray and much of the population was surviving on subsistence hand outs from international aid organizations.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tajikistan_Civil_War (1229 words)

	The EU's relations with Tajikistan - Overview
		In the aftermath of the civil war, the new national government was faced with the dual responsibility of maintaining political stability and reviving Tajikistan’s crippled economy.
		Tajikistan’s relationship with neighbouring Uzbekistan has always been troubled by debates on the legitimacy of the common border, which has been mined by Uzbekistan after the emergence of terrorist groups operating from Tajikistan, and the historical status of ethnic counterparts in each state.
		In spite of Tajikistan’s relative success in recording robust economic growth, reducing the level of external debt, stabilising inflation, and increasing public spending in recent years, however, it still faces a number of significant obstacles that must be overcome if this economic recovery is to be sustained and further built upon.
	ec.europa.eu /comm/external_relations/tajikistan/intro/index.htm (3883 words)

	Human Rights and Development
		Tajikistan's Ministry of the Interior recently announced that the murder was the work of a criminal gang headed by Ravshan Ghafurov, but the guilt of these people has not been confirmed independently.
		Protection of the Russian minority in Tajikistan was an issue during the height of the civil war, but that has since faded in significance, given the exodus of Russians.
		Uzbekistan intervened in Tajikistan's civil war in late 1992 and early 1993 on behalf of the anti-reformists but then found to its dismay that the dominant element among the victors would be factions of Kulobis, rather than Leninobodis, with whom Tashkent had anticipated a good working relationship.
	www.hri.ca /hrdevelopment/chapter5/conflict/tajikistan.html (8254 words)

	State Administration in Tajikistan: Understanding Reality
		Fair deal of literature is devoted to the description of the social environment in post-Soviet Tajikistan with the focus on it as a primary cause of cataclysm - the civil war and ethnic conflict.
		This is where strongmen and their gangs use ethnic motives to escalate tensions which, judging by the course of the civil war, proved effective in enhancing their control over population in their battle with each other and the state.
		(31) It seems to me, that the civil war was not long-term social expectation, and as an experience should not be a determinant to a broader social expectation, and the point of view of warring groups prove just the opposite.
	www.angelfire.com /sd/tajikistanupdate/farrukh.html (5704 words)

	CENTRAL ASIA - CAUCASUS ANALYST
		In this sense, the recent Kyrgyz events are reminiscent of the regionalism that characterized Tajikistan civil war in 1992-97.
		Tajikistan already underwent a political experiment in 1989-1991, when secular and democratic movements could not control the political situation in the country, allowing religious groups to take the initiative.
		Moreover, Tajikistan is isolated geographically, from the North by Uzbekistan and from the South by Afghanistan.
	www.cacianalyst.org /view_article.php?articleid=3238 (1316 words)

	IHRC - TAJIKISTAN’S CIVIL WAR AND POST-1997 EVENTS
		Tajikistan is the poorest nation in Central Asia, with over 80% of the population living in poverty.
		The origins of Tajikistan’s civil war in the rejection of the 1992 coalition government by the Leninabad and Kulyab regions and the subsequent rise of Rakhmonov highlight the intersection between elite centres, ethnicity and regionalism.
		IHRC is deeply concerned that Rakhmonov’s jumping on the ‘War on Terrorism’ bandwagon, the recent regional programme of mosque purges and the expulsion of leading IRP figures from the national government, allude to a new round of intensified political repression, especially in the run up to the 2005 Presidential and 2006 Parliamentary elections.
	www.ihrc.org.uk /show.php?id=577 (1432 words)

	Peacebuilding in Tajikistan
		According to the UN Tajikistan Office of Peacebuilding (UNTOP), Tajikistan is the most successful of five UN peacebuilding efforts, so the reasons for that success deserve investigation.
		Rebuilding trust and the capacity to trust is a crucial phase for Tajik peace processes because one of the main causes that initially led to the war was an identity crisis, which was the result of a highly developed regionalism.
		Right now, people are locked in their regions with bitter feelings of the war and its consequences with no voice in decision making and limited opportunities to express their problems and concerns.
	www.beyondintractability.org /case_studies/tajikistan.jsp?nid=5304 (2465 words)

	Civil War In Iraq? - by William S. Lind
		In Iraq's civil war, the most prominent faction is what America calls Iraq's "government." It is, of course, not a government, because there is no state.
		Fourth Generation war theory suggests that the Iraqi "government's" strength at the physical level and weakness at the moral level means it has already peaked.
		The resulting civil war may still have Sunni vs. Shi'ite aspects; in fact, it is almost certain to include that fault line.
	www.antiwar.com /lind/?articleid=3120 (775 words)

	Tajikistan Civil War 1992-1994
		The conflict in Tajikistan often was portrayed in Western news reports as occurring primarily among clans or regional cliques.
		Officially neutral in the civil war, Russian and Uzbekistani forces, including armored vehicles of the 201st Division and armored vehicles, jets, and helicopters from Uzbekistan, provided significant assistance in antireformist assaults on the province of Qurghonteppa and on Dushanbe.
		Russian troops stationed in Tajikistan were a major source of weapons for various factions in the civil war.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/tango/tajik1992b.htm (1497 words)

	Polity IV Country Report 2003: Tajikistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The peace accord ended the bloody five-year civil war that pitted secular, pro-Communist government forces against an alliance of democrats and Islamists.
		However, a troubling sign for the future of democratic institutions in Tajikistan developed in 2002-2003 as a movement to reform the constitution in favor of a strong presidency emerged.
		In addition to regional factionalism, Tajikistan is also divided by intense political and religious rivalries, as indicated by continuing challenges by Islamic groups both inside and outside of existing government structures.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/polity/Taj1.htm (934 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Rather than look at the outlines of the civil war in Tajikistan, this article will analyze the background to the conflict and will try to explain the rise of localism and ethnonationalism and the nature of their impact on the prospects for resolution of the conflict.
		Today Tajikistan is a country with an ailing political regime, a weak national identity, and a fragile economy.
		Tajikistan will survive by developing its identity as a nation based on the principle of free individual ethnocultural self-determination-this is how I picture the social-political development of Tajikistan.
	www.toda.org /Default.aspx?PageID=78 (1473 words)

	Press Release
		The civil war is exacting a high cost among Tajikistan's ethnic minorities, and the last two years have seen a mass exodus of Russians, Germans, Jews, Uzbeks and even many Tajiks from the country.
		As a result of the civil war, tens of thousands of Russians and Uzbeks are leaving the country for refuge in Russia and Uzbekistan, and Tajik and Pamiri refugees are seeking haven in Afghanistan.
		The Kyrgyz population of Tajikistan, according to a 1989 census figure, is close to 64,000 (of whom almost 11,000 live in Gorno-Badakhshan, and most of the remainder nearby).
	www.eurasianet.org /resource/tajikistan/links/tajkethn.html (3667 words)

	Europe and Central Asia 2001
		Tajikistan's sole publishing house is controlled by the state, which freely blocks publication of critical stories.
		Sugd, which avoided much of the civil war's economic and political turmoil, is also more stable than the rest of the country.
		Tajikistan has an 800-mile (1,300-kilometer) border with Afghanistan and was the main point of entry for foreign journalists covering the U.S. military operations against Afghanistan after the September 11 terrorist attacks on the United States.
	www.cpj.org /attacks01/europe01/tajik.html (895 words)

	Snapshot, Asia: Tajikistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Republic of Tajikistan, formerly known as the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, is a country in Central Asia.
		As part of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan was initially grouped with what is now Uzbekistan in the Autonomous SSR of Tajikistan, but was later made a separate constituent republic.
		The nation almost immediately fell into a civil war that involved various factions fighting one another, these factions were often distinguished by tribal loyalties.
	www.sheppardsoftware.com /Asiaweb/snapshot/Snapshot-Asia28.htm (398 words)

	tajikistan.neweurasia.net
		But then came the breakup of the Soviet Union and Tajikistan’s civil war, which claimed as many as 100,000 lives in the 1990s, an overwhelming majority of the victims men.
		Perhaps such an approach could be effective, there is not exactly a flood of aid dollars into Tajikistan a the moment, and it presupposes that the elimination of polygamy is a laudable objective (follow this link for an interesting discussion of the ethics of polygamy).
		After the February 2005 parliamentary election, deputy chairman of the Social-Democratic Party of Tajikistan Shokirjon Khakimov suggested that the observers from CIS were deployed in the country with the goal of building an image of legitimate election rather than actually monitoring the vote.
	tajikistan.neweurasia.net (5829 words)

	Top20Tajikistan.com - Your Top20 Guide to Tajikistan!
		As part of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan was initially grouped with what is now Uzbekistan in the Autonomous SSR of Tajikistan, but in 1929 was made a separate constituent republic.
		Tajikistan is landlocked, and is the smallest nation in Central Asia by area.
		Tajikistan is the poorest country of the ex-USSR and one of the poorest countries in the world.
	top20tajikistan.com (1459 words)

	Human Rights Watch: Europe and Central Asia : Tajikistan
		Tajikistan shares a 1,200 kilometer border with Afghanistan and is one of the countries identified by military planners as a possible base of U.S. military and humanitarian operations in the region.
		Recent elections to the lower chamber of a new parliament in Tajikistan were marred by flagrant fraud and manipulation of the vote.
		The vote will mark the first multiparty elections since the June 1997 peace agreement that ended Tajikistan's civil war, and are seen as the culmination of the peace process.
	www.hrw.org /europe/tajikistan.php (1178 words)

	Tajikistan: History, Geography, Government, and Culture — Infoplease.com
		Ninety-three percent of Tajikistan's territory is mountainous, and the mountain glaciers are the source of its rivers.
		Tajikistan: Economy - Economy Tajikistan's economy is dependent on agriculture and livestock raising.
		Tajikistan: History - History The people of Tajikistan are probably descended from the inhabitants of ancient Sogdiana.
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0108024.html (618 words)

	Tajik Mothers Seek Sons Lost in War
		Although it is six years since Tajikistan's civil war ended in a ceasefire, hundreds of families whose sons went missing are still in limbo, not knowing whether they are alive or dead.
		The army was fairly disorganised and poorly fed and equipped, and the government was forced to recruit heavily from those areas of the country that were firmly under its control - its southern stronghold Khatlon, Leninabad in the north, and areas around the capital Dushanbe.
		The spirit world told her that he was inside Tajikistan, 20 kilometres from the Afghan border.
	www.peacewomen.org /news/Tajikistan/newsarchive03/TajikMothers.html (1178 words)

	Women, Peace and Security News: Tajikistan
		January 8, 2004 – (OSCE) A women's prison in Tajikistan was the unusual setting for a human rights quiz organized recently by the OSCE's Center in Dushanbe and its Kulyab field office, in co-operation with the prison administration and municipal authorities of Nurek, a city south of the capital.
		The roundtable, organized on 5 August by the OSCE Mission to Tajikistan, in co-operation with the UN Office of Peace-Building to Tajikistan (UNTOP), focused on the compliance of Tajik legislation with the UN Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW).
		November 27, 2001 – (CNEWS) During Tajikistan's civil war, Ranu Kabarova was kidnapped by strict Islamic militants who demanded she cover her head and quit her job as a farm manager.
	www.peacewomen.org /news/Tajikistan/news.html (1524 words)

	Talk:Civil War in Tajikistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Civil War in Tajikistan is part of WikiProject Central Asia, a project to improve all Central Asia-related articles.
		I think Tajik Civil War sounds better too, but some very educated Tajiks I've met disagree with that term, because it sounds like Tajiks vs. Tajiks fighting, when they contend that it was actually the work of non-Tajik outsiders.
		Led by the Popular Front of Tajikistan, the main pro-government army in the civil war, they conducted a campaign of summary executions and "disappearances" of people of Pamiri and Garmi (regions of Tajikistan that had supported the DPT-IRP coalition) origins, killing more than 300 and "disappearing" hundreds of others.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Tajikistan_Civil_War (1874 words)

	United Nations - OCHA IRIN \| Web Special \| Our Bodies - Their Battle Ground: Gender-based Violence in Conflict Zones (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Along with poverty, some observers link growing violence against women in Tajikistan with the aftermath of the civil war of the 1990s, that led to the death of at least 50,000 people while 1.2 million became refugees or were internally displaced.
		"Apart from a general deterioration in the position of women, which one should expect during a civil war, women were specifically targeted by the Islamists in the Tajik conflict factions on 'moral grounds'.
		Another consequence of the civil war, albeit indirect, is the increasing participation of Tajik women in drug trafficking: they are used as "mules" since they are least likely to attract scrutiny by law-enforcement bodies.
	www.irinnews.org /webspecials/GBV/repTjk.asp (1445 words)

	TAJIKISTAN: No Prizes for Guessing Election Results
		Despite this criticism, many Tajiks support Rahmonov and credit him for bringing stability to their country, which gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991 only to be thrust into a devastating civil war that ended in 1997.
		Tajikistan's civil war ended after Rahmonov signed a peace accord that required him to give a 30 percent share in government to the rebel United Tajik Opposition, an alliance that included the Islamic Revival Party.
		Tajikistan is the poorest of the countries that used to make up the former Soviet Union, according to the United Nations.
	ipsnews.net /news.asp?idnews=35373 (891 words)

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