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	Tambalacoque
		Tambalacoque (also called the dodo tree) Sideroxylon grandiflorum in the Sapotaceae[?] family, formerly Calvaria major, are long-lived trees endemic to Mauritius.
		Turkeys showed no interest in whole tambalacoque fruit, but were willing to swallow the pits, which sprouted after passing through turkey gizzards.
		Witmer, M. and Cheke, A. The dodo and the tambalacoque tree: an obligate mutualism reconsidered.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/do/Dodo_tree.html (297 words)

	Tambalacoque - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Tambalacoque (Sideroxylon grandiflorum; formerly Calvaria major), also called the Dodo Tree, is a long-lived tree in the family Sapotaceae, endemic to Mauritius.
		Owadally, A. and Temple, Stanley A. (1979): The dodo and the tambalacoque tree.
		Witmer, M. and Cheke, A. (1991): The dodo and the tambalacoque tree: an obligate mutualism reconsidered.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tambalacoque (479 words)

	Recently Extinct Animals - Species Info - Dodo
		Stanley Temple, a University of Wisconsin ornithologist, hypothesized that the extinction of the dodo was responsible for the near extinction of the tambalacoque or calvaria tree (Sideroxylon grandiflorum, formerly Calvaria major).
		Tambalacoque trees have no annual rings so their age is not easy to determine.
		The decline in the tambalacoque population has been caused by other factors such as large-scare deforestation, destruction of seeds by fungal diseases, and introduced plants and animals.
	www.petermaas.nl /extinct/speciesinfo/dodobird.htm (3150 words)

	The Turkey and the Tambalacoque Tree, Alaska Science Forum
		The problem was the decline of the tambalacoque tree, a once common and useful source of timber for the island residents.
		A tambalacoque seed is enclosed within a thick-walled tough pit, which is embedded within a pulpy fruit---something like a round avocado about two inches in diameter.
		There are more young tambalacoques on Mauritius now, grown from seeds scratched and scraped by the foresters' hands; the turkeys are no longer needed.
	www.gi.alaska.edu /ScienceForum/ASF11/1110.html (715 words)

	Plant Science Bulletin - 2004, Volume 50, Issue 4
		University of Wisconsin ornithologist Stanley Temple (1977) hypothesized that the extinction of the dodo bird (Raphus cucullatus) by 1681 was responsible for the near extinction of the tambalacoque or calvaria tree (Sideroxylon grandiflorum, formerly Calvaria major).
		Tambalacoques have no annual rings so their age is not easy to determine.
		Given that turkey gizzards crushed 41% of the tambalacoque pits, the logical conclusion was that the dodo gizzard three times stronger might have easily crushed 100% of the tamblacoque pits.
	www.botany.org /plantsciencebulletin/files/psb-2004-50-4.php (14171 words)

	Amazon.com: "tambalacoque tree": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Chapter D Development of Theory in Insect Ecology The tambalacoque tree and the dodo 57 Importance of Theory 63 The fruits the gomphotheres ate 60 Darwinian...
		The tambalacoque tree had overspecialized-its seeds were able to sprout only after a journey through a dodo and possibly a few other now-extinct...
		Mauritius' forests originally included the tambalacoque tree, which is also known as the dodo tree and is not far from extinction itself.
	www.amazon.com /phrase/tambalacoque-tree (501 words)

	Global Processes
		The dodo, a large flightless bird that inhabited the island of Mauritius in the Indian Ocean, became extinct due to overhunting in the late seventeenth century.
		This experiment led scientists to believe that the extinction of the dodo was coupled to the tambalacoque's inability to reproduce.
		The dodo and the tambalacoque tree: an obligate mutualism reconsidered.
	cnx.org /content/m12159/latest (2322 words)

	Immunohistochemistry - In Situ Hybridization Dodo
		The tambalacoque, also known as the "dodo tree", was hypothesized by Stanley Temple (1977) to have been eaten from by Dodos, and only by passing through the digestive tract of the dodo could the seeds germinate; he claimed that the tambalacocque was now nearly extinct due to the dodo's disappearance.
		He force-fed seventeen tambalacoque fruits to wild turkeys and three germinated.
		Temple also overlooked reports on tambalacoque seed germination by Hill (1941) and King (1946), who found the seeds germinated, albeit rarely, without abrading (Witmer and Cheke 1991).
	www.immunoportal.com /modules.php?name=Wikipedia&title=Dodo (2742 words)

	Why no seedlings in three centuries? - Renfield's Garden (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		By 1681, the dodos were extinct, clubbed to death or victims of nest poaching by feral pigs and dogs left on the island.
		All the tambalacoque were reported to be over three hundred years old.
		He proposed that perhaps the lack of young tambalacoque trees corresponded with the extinction of the dodo (Raphus cucullatus = Didus ineptus).
	www.killerplants.com /renfields-garden/20030101.asp (1632 words)

	Flora (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Indigenous trees such as the ebony are protected species and are found in the upland of the Macchabee Forest along with the natte tree and tambalacoque or dodo tree.
		The seed of the tambalacoque was so hard that it was difficult to germinate.
		Legend has it that the dodo is supposed to have softened the seed by passing it though its digestive system thereby enabling to germinate more easily.
	www.mauritius.org.uk /flora.htm (1002 words)

	Are there any plans to use modern techniques to recreate the dodo?
		The plant you refer to sounds like the tambalacoque tree (pardon if that is misspelt) of Mauritius.
		These were thought to require the seeds to pass through the gut of a dodo in order to germinate so as not to became extinct.
		It turns out there were 13 tambalacoque trees that were 300 years old when the turkeys were introduced, so they were almost extinct.
	www.funtrivia.com /askft/Question48638.html (284 words)

	Education: bioscience literacy in the classroom; Avoid Misconceptions When Teaching about Plants by David R. Hershey
		Many textbooks state that seeds of the tambalacoque, or calvaria, tree have to pass through the digestive system of the dodo bird before they will germinate.
		Supposedly, no endangered tambalacoques had germinated since the dodo became extinct in the 1680s.
		The only experimental data in support of this hypothesis was germination of 3 of 17 seeds in tambalacoque fruits force-fed to turkeys.
	www.actionbioscience.org /education/hershey.html (2988 words)

	Tambalacoque - Wikipédia
		Endémique de l'île Maurice, le tambalacoque (Sideroxylon grandiflorum) est un arbre d'une grande longévité de la famille des Sapotacées dont les graines ne peuvent germer qu'après ingestion par un oiseau.
		Experts du milieu naturel mascarin, Strahm et Cheke ont surtout établi que si les tambalacoques sont effectivement plutôt rares, de nombreux spécimens ont poussé depuis la disparition du dodo, pas seulement treize.
		En tout cas, des techniques manuelles permettent depuis lors d'obtenir la germination des graines du tambalacoque.
	fr.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tambalacoque (310 words)

	Curepipe
		A road leads to the rim of the volcano and there are spectacular views from the summit.
		Another natural attraction, just four miles (six km) south west of Curepipe, is the Black River Gorges National Park, home to the rare tambalacoque tree and a variety of exotic flora and fauna.
		By its very nature much of the information in this web site is subject to change at short notice and travelers are urged to verify information on which they're relying with the relevant authorities.
	www.tropicalheatholidays.org /curepipe.htm (470 words)

	Broad-billed Parrots
		The color was a bluish gray overall, and there was a small frontal crest.
		The discovery of the structure of the bill (which was previously thought to be adapted to cracking nuts) has led to the hypothesis that this bird, not the dodo, was one of the main animals responsible for propagation of the Tambalacoque or "dodo tree".
		A smaller, but very similar species was described from very few bones as the Mauritius Grey Parrot (Lophopsittacus bensoni) and some early travelers' records of "small grey parrots", but it is far from clear whether this was not simply the female of L.
	www.avianweb.com /broadbilledparrots.html (387 words)

	CAT.INIST.FR
		The dodo and the tambalacoque tree : an obligate mutualism reconsidered
		Reports of 1) germination of unabraded seeds in which the seed coat ruptures along a natural zone of weakness, and 2) living tree less than 300 years old, undermine the hypothesis that tambalacoque seeds required abrasion in a dodo's gizzard before they could germinate.
		It is likely that the tambalacoque evolved a thick, tough seed coat in response to consumption by its dispersers, but there is no evidence that the seeds require abrasion before they can germinate (...)
	cat.inist.fr /?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=5082004 (309 words)

	People's Daily Online -- Fossil find sparks new interest in dodo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The plump bird which weighed about 20 kilograms was discovered by Portuguese sailors in the late 16th century.
		Unaccustomed to predators, it lacked fear of the human settlers who not only hunted the bird, but also destroyed its habitat through deforestation of ebony and tambalacoque trees.
		They also introduced alien species such as goats and pigs which forced the dodo to compete for food and passing ships brought diseased rats to the island paradise - all of which contributed to its extinction.
	english.peopledaily.com.cn /200601/11/print20060111_234511.html (526 words)

	Black River Gorges National Park
		To date, 215 species have been recorded from the managed area of which 148 are flowering plants, 42 fern and fern allies and 25 are lower plants.
		Numerous species occurring in the forest are endangered, including Sideroxylon grandiflorum (Tambalacoque), Zanthoxylon heterophylum, Elaeocarpus integrifolius and Weinmannia tinctoria.
		Three endemic day geckos, Phelsuma cepediana, Phelsuma rosagularis and Phelsuma ornata, and the forest litter dwelling Macchabé skink, Gongylomorphus fontenayi (Scincidae) are locally common in the park.
	www.phelsumania.com /public/biogeography/mascarenes/blackriver.html (390 words)

	Evite los Conceptos Erróneos cuando Enseñe sobre las Plantas Por David R. Hershey
		La única información experimental en apoyo a esta hipótesis fue la germinación de 3 de 17 semillas obtenidas de frutos de tambalacoque que fueron alimentadas a la fuerza a pavos.
		Existen en la naturaleza árboles jóvenes de tambalacoque.
		La deforestación masiva y las especies introducidas de plantas y de animales han puesto en peligro de extinción a los tambalacoques.
	www.actionbioscience.org /esp/education/hershey.html (3598 words)

	Ciencia15 - Comentarios a noticias científicas y técnicas
		El tambalacoque (Sideroxylon grandiflorum, ante conocido como Calvaria major) es un árbol de la Isla Mauricio, a veces conocido como "árbol del Dodo".
		El tambalacoque no es tan raro como se creía: había más de cien.
		Witmer & A. Cheke, The Dodo and the Tambalacoque: an obligate mutualism reconsidered, Oikos 61(1):133-137, 1991.
	ciencia15.blogalia.com /historias/7638 (1112 words)

	l'express (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		PLUS que centenaire, le “tambalacoque”, est unique dans le village de Petit-Raffray, voire de la région, expliquent des habitants du village.
		Selon John Maurimootoo, le “tambalacoque” est associé au dodo.
		Ainsi, avec l’extinction du dodo, le “tambalacoque” a également disparu.
	www.lexpress.mu /display_article_sup.php?news_id=10567 (169 words)

	Canberra Ornithologists Group (COG) - Gang-gang online - June 2004
		Even better is – or was – the story of the Dodo and the Tambalacoque tree.
		He proposed (with supporting evidence) that the tree had relied on the dodo to abrade the tough pit in its gizzard to enable germination.
		Dodos probably did eat Tambalacoque seeds, but the tree didn’t rely on them and its rarity is not due to the tragic demise of the dodo.
	canberrabirds.org.au /gg04jun.htm (2664 words)

	Guide to Mauritius Business and Tourist Directory
		The best time to visit Black River Gorges National Park is during the flowering season between September and January.
		Look for the rare tambalacoque or dodo tree, fl ebony trees and the exotic birds that perch in them.
		You may also run into a band of monkeys, deer or wild pigs.
	www.mauritiuspages.com /sites.htm (316 words)

	Tambalacoque: See what people are saying right now on Technorati (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Tambalacoque: See what people are saying right now on Technorati
		Tambalacoque per day for the last 30 days
		To contribute to this page, include this code in your blog post:
	www.technorati.com /tags/Tambalacoque (30 words)

	Recently Extinct Animals - Dodo - Raphus calculatus
		Skeleton founds show that they swallowed pebbles to help to digest the hard seeds.
		People used to think that the Calvaria Trees (Sideroxylon grandiflorum, also know as the dodo tree or tambalacoque), see right-hand picture, which grow on the island of Mauritius, was completely dependent of the dodo.
		The birds did feed on the fruits of the tree and their strong stomach with pebbles in it did crack the hard fruits so the seeds came free.
	home.conceptsfa.nl /~pmaas/rea/dodobird.htm (1447 words)

	Mauritius Magic - Travel Packages and Safaris with Mauritius and Seychelles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Eucalyptus was also widely planted and you’ll also see many huge Indian banyan trees and the striking, crimson-flowering flamboyant.
		One native tree you’ll almost need a guide to show you is the tambalacoque or “Dodo tree” as it was thought that the extinct bird did the propagation…it may well have as the tree itself is close to extinction.
		Anthurium, the red-petaled glossy flower is grown over vast acres and sold for export, but you’ll see many fine examples in all the best hotels and public places.
	www.mauritiusmagic.com /gen_geo.htm (817 words)

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