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| | Submarine History 1945-2000: A Timeline of Development |
 | | Submarine commanders, already too cautious, were cautioned not to waste their precious ammunition. |
 | | Allied aircraft were responsible for (or directly involved in) the loss of 433; surface ships, 252; mines, 34; accidents 45, submarines 25 (only one of which happened when both hunter and victim were submerged); unknown, 15, scuttled by their own crews, 14; interned in neutral ports, 2; sunk by shore battery, 1. |
 | | However, erection of the launching ramp and preparation of the missile kept the submarine on the surface for five minutes; therefore, a hand-off control system was developed, whereby another submarine, 80 miles downrange, could take over for the last 55 miles of missile flight. |
| www.submarine-history.com /NOVAfour.htm (5121 words) |
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