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	Genghis Khan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		By 1209, the Tangut emperor acknowledged Genghis as overlord.
		In November, Genghis laid siege to the Tangut city Lingzhou, and crossed the Yellow River and defeated the Tangut relief army.
		In 1227, Genghis attacked the Tangut capital, and continued to advance, seizing Lintiao-fu in February, Xining province and Xindu-fu in March, and Deshun province in April.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Genghis_Khan (5249 words)

	Yuan Dynasty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In 1226, Genghis Khan attacked the Tanguts (Western Xia) on the pretext that the Tanguts received the Mongols' enemies.
		He soonafter took Tangut city of and the Yellow River — defeating the Tangut relief army.
		The Tanguts officially surrendered in 1227, after being in existence for 190 years, from 1038 to 1227.
	www.sevenhills.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Yuan_Dynasty (3213 words)

	The Historical Interaction between the Buddhist and Islamic Cultures before the Mongol Empire - Chapter 17
		Thereafter, the Tangut court followed the Confucian rituals and ceremony of its Northern Song counterpart, which flattered the latter’s sense of high civilization and greatly enhanced the efficiency of the Tangut court.
		As the script was difficult to learn, the Tanguts at first transliterated their Buddhist liturgical texts into the Tibetan alphabet, as had been the case earlier with Uighur and Han Chinese versions used in the area.
		As the Tangut imperial family considered itself descendent from the Toba Wei rulers of northern China (386 - 534), its declaration was paramount to a reinstatement of the Toba policy of state regulation of Buddhism.
	www.berzinarchives.com /e-books/historic_interaction_buddhist_islamic/history_cultures_17.html (2118 words)

	Genghis Khan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		By 1209, the Tangut emperor acknowledged Genghis Khan as overlord.
		In 1226, Genghis Khan attacked the Tanguts on the pretext that the Tanguts had received the Mongols' and they were seeking retribution for this betrayal.
		In 1227, the Genghis Khan attacked the Tanguts' capital, and continued to advance, seizing -fu in February, Xining province and -fu in March, and province in April.
	www.butte-silverbow.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Genghis_Khan (4292 words)

	CONK! Encyclopedia: Western_Xia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Tanguts who submitted were moved to the Ordos region near Ningxia, whereas those who stayed, accepted Tibetan political dominance, and became known in Chinese as Mi-yao.
		However, it would not be until 1038 that the Tangut chieftain Li Yuanhao (æåæ), Li Deming's son, who also ordered the creation of a Tangut writing system and the translation of Chinese classics into Tangut, named himself emperor, and demanded of Song emperor the recognition as an equal.
		After intense diplomatic contacts, in 1043 the Tangut state accepted the recognition of the Song emperor as emperor in exchange for an annual tribute, which supposed a tacit recognition on the part of the Song of the military power of Tangut.
	www.conk.com /search/encyclopedia.cgi?q=Western_Xia (611 words)

	Encyclopedia: Genghis Khan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In 1226, Genghis attacked the Tanguts on the pretext that the Tanguts had deceived the Mongols.
		The Tanguts officially surrendered in 1227, after having ruled for 189 years, beginning in 1038.
		There are persistent folktales that a Tangut princess, to avenge her people and prevent her rape, castrated him with a hidden knife and that he never recovered.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Genghis-Khan (10940 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Western Xia
		Western Xia (西夏; pinyin: Xīxià), was a kingdom from 1032 up to 1227 of the Tibetan-speaking Tangut tribes that was established in the 11th century and flourished through the early 13th century until it was conquered by the Mongols of the Yuan dynasty.
		Occupying the area along the trade route between Central Asia and the West, the Tangut were formally a tributary state of first the Song and then the Jin.
		In actuality, they were de facto independent, and the interaction between the Jin, the Song, and the Western Xia is of interest to historians of diplomacy because they are an example of diplomatic relations between states of de facto equal power but within a diplomatic framework in which one state was formally superior.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Western_Xia_Dynasty (357 words)

	КСЕНИЯ КЕПИНГ. KSENIA KEPPING. "Portraits of ...
		It was many times reproduced (seemingly all those involved in the Tangut studies could not resist the temptation to reproduce this masterpiece in their respective writings), the first publication was as early as in the 1970’s (Tangut Tripitaka 1970–1971: 910) and the last one in the 2000 (Samosyuk 2000).
		The Tangut wood-block with the engraving, 27 x 27 cm, is held in China in the Beijing Library.
		The Tanguts would not be the representatives of «the state of ten thousand secrets» (this is how the Tanguts in the indigenous Tangut texts name their country), if they use such an easy way of designation for the monks’ ethnicity.
	www.kepping.net /raboty-6.htm (2049 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Tanguts (Xia) were a people of Tibetan origin, whose home originally was in the highlands of western Sichuan.
		The Tangut ruler proclaimed his equality with the Song emperor and presided over a major project to translate Buddhist scriptures and have them published in the Tangut language.
		The Tanguts made the mistake of resisting the Mongols when they began to extend their control over the Hexi Corridor in the first decade of the thirteenth century.
	depts.washington.edu /uwch/silkroad/exhibit/tanguts/essay.html (544 words)

	C141
		In the 7th century, under pressure from Tibetans, the people known as Tanguts to the Mongols, or Dangxian to the Chinese, migrated east to the Ordos, within a bend in the Yellow River.
		When the Song came to power in 960, the Tangut seized their opportunity to spread westwards, over the Helan mountains, building their capital near present-day Yinchuan and creating an empire 1500 by 600 km.
		To reinforce this independence he instructed his Tangut men to shave the top of their heads, leaving fringes over their forehead and ears, on pain of death.
	www.forumancientcoins.com /historia/coins/ch/c141.htm (293 words)

	General history on West Xia Kingdom to be published (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The book records how the Tanguts, or the Dangxiang people, came into being, built the kingdom, were defeated and what happened to them when the kingdom disappeared, Li said.
		Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in the 10th and 11th century and adopted the Chinese dynastic title of Xia, or known in Chinese as the Xixia (Western Xia), in 1038.
		The Tangut language was recorded in intricate Chinese-style characters which are still largely undeciphered.
	www.chinaculture.org /gb/en_newupdate/2004-09/27/content_61225.htm (294 words)

	Interactions between the nomadic cultures of central Asia and China in the Middle Ages
		The Tanguts even restricted access to such strategic items as dishes for the Mongols shortly before their country was totally subdued by Chinggis-Khan (Khazanov 1984, p.
		Trade restrictions as a means of foreign policy were practised towards the neighbouring states of the Tanguts and, to a lesser extent, the Kitans, Their dual economy provided much agricultural produce for internal markets but some imports were necessary.
		The determining factor here was the centralized authority of the Tanguts and Kitans, which restrained their own citizens and their ambitions.
	www.silk-road.com /artl/szynkiewicz.shtml (3248 words)

	Kingdom of mystery
		According to historians, Dangxiang, or Tanguts, were remnants of the Western Qiang people.
		In its early years, the Tanguts inhabited the Qinghai area and migrated to the Ningxia-Gansu areas afterwards.
		Genghis Khan and his four sons, attacked Tanguts six times and wiped out the regime in 1227.
	www.chinaculture.org /gb/en_newupdate/2004-12/21/content_64348_2.htm (248 words)

	Manuscripts along the Great Silk Road (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Beginning in the eleventh century, the majority of Buddhist texts in Central Asia and the Far East were printed in xylograph form: the text was first carved in mirror image on wooden board-blocks, then rubbed with paint, and transferred to paper with the aid of special rollers.
		The most probable date is sometime in the eighth century A.D. The first block-print edition known to scholars is a Chinese xylograph of the Diamond Sutra; it dates to the mid-ninth century and is now stored at the British Library.
		The Tanguts made a significant advance in the development of book-printing: we speak here of the using of movable type, invented in China, which simplified the process of copying texts.
	www.lotossutra.at /english/manuskr.htm (1200 words)

	Xi Xia or Western Xia Dynasty -- Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis Of China
		Tangut records claimed that a minister, by the name of Ye-li-ren-rong, spent years on a high storey building in devising the scripts, for which Li Yuanhao conferred him Marquis Fuping-hou posthumously and Tangut Emperor Renzong conferred him King Guanghui-wang posthumously in AD 1162.
		Tangut emperor's son, Deren, requested that Tanguts have peace with Jurchens; Deren stated that he would rather be a monk than continuing wars with Jurchens; and Deren was exiled to Lingzhou Prefecture.
		A Tangut minister, Wang Lizhi, was dispatched to Jurchens for intermarriage, and hence Wang Lizhi stayed on in Jurchen territories, responsible for settling Tangut refugees.
	www.uglychinese.org /xixia.htm (8137 words)

	IDP Newsletter No. 19 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Legend tells how the Great Khan met his death on Tangut territory in August 1227, and this same year is regarded as that of the total destruction of the Tangut state (982-1227) at the hands of the Mongols.
		In my opinion, the odes convey ancient Tangut ideas about their origins and shamanistic beliefs and were compiled long before the founding of the Tangut state (although they were only transcribed later).
		Each word in the common language has its pair in the ritual language and, as a rule, the words with the same meaning in the common language and in the ritual language are completely different both in their appearance and phonetic value, e.g.
	idp.bl.uk /chapters/publications/newsletter_archive/news19/idpnews19.html (4368 words)

	225 lecture11 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Tangut conquests in Hexi Corridor, culminating with letter sent by Tangut ruler Yuanhao to Song proclaiming Tangut equality with Chinese and superiority to Qidans.
		Tangut-Song treaty, by which annual Song tribute to Tangut would consist of 152,000 bolts of silk, 72,000 taels of silver, 30,000 jin of tea, and 1000 bolts of cloth, although status of Tangut diminished by treaty terminology.
		Tangut patronage of Buddhist caves at Yulin, east of Dunhuang.
	faculty.washington.edu /dwaugh/hist225/lectures/05225lec11.html (201 words)

	Reclining Buddha
		This man is thought to be a dancing mourner because dancers and musicians were common at Tangut funerals.
		This work of art was a part of the Tangut state's annual tribute to the Song rulers.
		This relief was a part of the annual tribute from the Tanguts to the main land Chinese.
	www.marymount.k12.ny.us /marynet/stwbwk02/IXvm02/vmbuddhas/ad2.html (459 words)

	Chronology of Life
		Four years later, in 1175, Temujin was engaged to a young woman named Bortei.
		In 1177, Temujin and his brother killed their half brother for spying for the Tanguts, a neighboring tribe.
		He escaped two days before his execution for killing their spy, his half brother.
	www.angelfire.com /mo/QBranch/Chronology.html (426 words)

	Mongolians - Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis Of China -- Research Into Origins Of Huns, Uygurs, ...
		Tangut Emperor Xiangzong [Li An'quan] dispatched son Cheng-zhen to the front, and Tangut Deputy Marshal Gao Yi was killed after being caught by the Mongols.
		In Jan of AD 1210, the siege of Tangut capital was released when the waters, breached by the Mongols for flooding the Xia capital, flowed to the Mongol camp instead.
		After Mongols left, Tanguts, angry that the Jurchens did not come to their aid, broke the peace treaty with the Jurchens which had been effective as of AD 1165, and a new treaty would not be signed till AD 1225 when they faced new waves of Mongol attackes.
	www.uglychinese.org /mongolian.htm (14789 words)

	Buiiding Cathedrals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Fields were covered with human bones."22 Upon finally defeating the Tangut chief and driving him into the mountains, the bard continues, Jinghiz Khan seized from him his tents, his treasure-laden camels, all his people, till all this was scattered as so much ash.
		Tanguts of an age to bear arms he had slaughtered, the lords being first to die.
		When in 1233 the last Tangut capital, Ning-hsia, fell to the Mongols, as willed by the dying Jinghiz before his death, all defenders were killed to the last generation.
	www.jimpaterno.com /democide.html (7904 words)

	VIRTUAL MONGOLIA: Kara Korum Magazine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		To the west of Jin was the Tangut empire which, in turn, was bordered by Tibet to the south-west.
		In 1207 and 1209 the Mongols attacked the Tanguts once again and brought them to submission.4 Subsequently, chieftains of the Choney and Thebo tribes in Amdo, on the border of the Tangut empire, went to General Prince Kötön Khan to declare their allegiance to the Mongol Khan.
		In return for their allegiance, the chieftains were given the title of tripons, heads of 10,000 households.5 At the time Tibet had politically fragmented and many of the local chiefs and princes had set up their own semi-autonomous kingdoms, such as those of Chone and Thebo.
	ubpost.mongolnews.mn /virtualmongolia/kara_korum/mongol_tibet.htm (10000 words)

	The Ultimate Tangut - American History Information Guide and Reference
		The Tangut were a Qiangic-Tibetan people who moved to the highlands of western Sichuan sometime before the 10th century AD.
		Ever since they moved to West Sichuan before the 10th century AD, the Tangut have undergone a process of sinicization.
		The Tangut used a script derived from Chinese, although the Tibetan script was used for religious purposes.
	www.historymania.com /american_history/Tangut (85 words)

	Xixia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Tibet emerged from obscure origins in the 7th century with its center in Lhasa.
		Tanguts, as nomadic Tibetans are known in Chinese sources, controlled Gansu and roamed western China at will.
		In 887, a Tangut band founded a kingdom in the Ordos, the lands within the large northern bend of the Huang river.
	www.worldhistoryplus.com /x/xixia.html (180 words)

	Sung Dynasty & Mongol Rule (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The latter was symbolized by the growth of concubinage and the introduction of Foot-Binding.
		Even at the height of Sung power, parts of northern and northwestern China were occupied, respectively, by the Khitan and Tanguts.
		Later, beginning in 1127, all of North China was conquered by t he Jurchen, leaving the Sung in control of only a truncated southern regime, with its capital at Hangchow.
	www.bergen.org /AAST/Projects/ChinaHistory/SUNG.HTM (497 words)

	КСЕНИЯ КЕПИНГ. KSENIA KEPPING. "Chinggis Khan's ...
		But never before a single Tangut written source has been used to reconstruct the last Genghis Khan's march, and this was and still is taken for granted, since it is widely held that all Tangut historical records have perished in flames of Mongol invasion.
		However, there are some Tangut indigenous texts (see Appendix) which though not representing historical records, show how the Tanguts themselves saw the dramatic events which had preceded the 1226-1227 campaign.
		On the grounds of information extracted from these Tangut texts I would like to focus on the events of 1225, the year which preceded the beginning of the last Genghis Khan's march.
	www.kepping.net /raboty-12.htm (285 words)

	Reader's Companion to Military History - - Genghis Khan (Temüjin) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Tanguts of Northwest China were the first non-Mongols to reject his orders of submission.
		Since they controlled the oases vital to trade with Central Asia and the Middle East, Genghis was eager to compel their submission in order to dominate this lucrative commerce.
		Nonetheless, their relentlessness finally caused the Tanguts to sue for peace.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/mil/html/mh_020000_genghiskhan.htm (1037 words)

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