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	Tangut language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This is the ancient official language of the Tangut empire (known in Tibetan as Mi-nyag and in Chinese as Xixia 西夏) which obtained its independence from the Chinese Song dynasty at the beginning of the 11th century, and was annihilated by Činggis Qaɣan (commonly known as Gengis Khan) in 1227.
		The Tangut script, which Sofronov (1968) considered with reason to be one of the most complex in the history of humanity, was created by a decree of the emperor Li Yuanhao (李元昊) in 1038.
		The majority of Tangut texts were excavated at Khara-Khoto in 1906 by Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov, and these documents are at present preserved in the Saint Petersburg branch of the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academmy of Sciences.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tangut_language (1332 words)

	Tangut - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Since the Tangut's founding father, Li Deming, was not a very conservative ruler, the Tangut people began to absorb more and more of the Chinese culture that surrounded them, and soon the unique traditions and characteristics of the Tangut people began to fade.
		In 1038, Li YuanHao claimed the title Emperor of the Tangut state, which continued to exist until it was destroyed by Genghis Khan in the year 1227.
		The ancient Tangut capital was eventually rediscovered by Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov in 1907.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tangut (724 words)

	Classical language: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Tamil is a classical language and one of the major languages belonging to the dravidian language family....
		A literary language is a register of a language that is used in writing, and which often differs in lexicon and syntax from the language used in speech....
		A sacred language is a language, frequently a dead language, that is cultivated for religious reasons by people who speak another language in their daily life....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/cl/classical_language.htm (794 words)

	Chinese character - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Languages which have adopted sinography - and with the orthography a large number of loanwords from the Chinese language - are known as Sinoxenic whether they still use sinography or not at present.
		Hanja is also extensively used in situations where ambiguity must be avoided, such as academic papers, high-level corporate reports, government documents, and newspapers; this is due to the large number of homonyms that have resulted from extended borrowing of Chinese words.
		Although now nearly extinct in Vietnamese, varying scripts of Chinese characters (hán tự) were once in widespread use to write the language, although hán tự became limited to ceremonial uses beginning in the 19th century.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chinese_character (5582 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Chinese character (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Languages which have adopted sinography - and with the orthography a large amount of loanwords from the Chinese language - are known as Sinoxenic whether they still use sinography or not at present.
		Chinese (written) language (pinyin: zhōngw n) written in Chinese characters The Chinese language (汉语/漢語, 华语/華語, or 中文; Pinyin: H nyǔ, Hu yǔ, or Zhōngw n) is a member of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages.
		This is possible because the phonetic system of Chinese allows for many words to have the same pronunciation (homonymy), and because the consideration of phonetic similarity used in a character generally ignores its tone and the manner of articulation of its initial consonant (but not the place of articulation).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Chinese-character (1011 words)

	Chinese character - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Chinese characters or Han characters (汉字/漢字) are logograms used in the written forms of the Chinese language, and to varying degrees in the Japanese and Korean languages (though the latter only in South Korea).
		Use of Chinese characters has disappeared from the Vietnamese language — in which they were used until the 20th century — and from North Korea, where they have been completely replaced by Hangul.
		There have been suggestions that this was not designed for the Chinese language, or even for a Sino-Tibetan language, because it does not seem to reflect Chinese morphology accurately.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Chinese_character (3825 words)

	×ß½üÎ÷ÏÄ close2xixia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Although the Tanguts originally believed in a natural religion with spirits, shamans (Tangut-Chinese: siji ØËØÀ or siye PÒ²) and priests, and underwent a cremation of their deads (huozang »ðÔá) instead of an entombment (tuzang ÍÁÔá), a large proportion of the population soon adapted Buddhism (fojiao ·ð½Ì) as their religion.
		The Tangut characters follow the compounding patterns for characters that are also used by the Chinese: two symbols form a new character, or a phonetical (sound) and a semantical (meaning) part form a new character.
		The Tanguts (Chinese: Dangxiang ühí—, older: Tangwu ÌÆØ£, Tangwushang ÌÆØ£Õ, or Tanggu ÌÆ¹Å) are one part of the Qiang Ç¼ ethnicity, relatives to the Tibetians - and descendants of the Xianbi-Tuoba õr±°ÍØ°Ï tribe according to their own genealogy, and roamed the area of modern Qinghai Province as nomadic pasture farmers.
	close2xixia.blogchina.com (3571 words)

	STEDT: The Sino-Tibetan Family
		Thus, the 20,000 speakers of a certain language of Nagaland call themselves and their language Memi (and used to call themselves Imemai), but they and their language are now known to outsiders either as Mao, or as Sopvoma (the name of their principal village).
		A further complication is the fact that many language names are used in both a narrower and a broader sense, sometimes referring to one specific language, but often to a whole group of linguistically or culturally related languages.
		Ersu/Tosu is perhaps an indirect descendant of the extinct Xixia (=Hsi-hsia=Tangut) language, spoken in a once-powerful empire in the Tibetan-Chinese-Uighur border regions, finally destroyed by the Mongols in the 13th c.
	stedt.berkeley.edu /html/STfamily.html (3045 words)

	Xi Xia or Western Xia Dynasty -- Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis Of China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Tangut language, i.e., the dead Tibeto-Burman language of the Buddhist empire of Xixià, received its popularity as a result of intrusions and explorations by Russian, British Hungarian and French.
		A Tangut minister, Wang Lizhi, was dispatched to Jurchens for intermarriage, and hence Wang Lizhi stayed on in Jurchen territories, responsible for settling Tangut refugees.
		After Mongols left, Tanguts, angry that the Jurchens did not come to their aid, broke the peace treaty with the Jurchens which had been effective as of AD 1165, and a new treaty would not be signed till AD 1225 when they faced new waves of Mongol attackes.
	www.uglychinese.org /xixia.htm (8249 words)

	IDP Newsletter Issue No. 19 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Legend tells how the Great Khan met his death on Tangut territory in August 1227, and this same year is regarded as that of the total destruction of the Tangut state (982-1227) at the hands of the Mongols.
		The colophon on the recto states that the woodblock was cut in 1185-6, to wit, in the reign of Renzong, Weiming Renxiao (r.1139-93), the golden age of the Tangut Empire.
		Each word in the common language has its pair in the ritual language and, as a rule, the words with the same meaning in the common language and in the ritual language are completely different both in their appearance and phonetic value, e.g.
	idp.bl.uk /archives/news19/idpnews_19.a4d (4303 words)

	Bibliography of Tibeto-Burman Languages and Cultures Sorted by Author
		Batangjiangyu dongci quzhe xingtaide fenxihua (The analysization of inflexional morphology of verbs in Batang vernacular of Tibetan language).
		Language Variation: Papers on variation and change in the Sinosphere and in the Indosphere in honour of James A. Matisoff, ed by David Bradley, Randy LaPolla, Boyd Michailovsky and Graham Thurgood.
		Gerard, A. A vocabulary of the Kunawar languages.
	victoria.linguistlist.org /~lapolla/bib/author.html (9935 words)

	A crossroads with two signposts: Diversity and uniformity Spectator, The - FindArticles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The holocaust was carried out as ordered, and one of its results was that the language of Tangut, all the speakers of which were inside the city, was never spoken again.
		While language death - or `language loss' as Andrew Dalby prefers to call it -- rarely happens as violently or as suddenly as with Tangut, it does occur frequently.
		Governments have been inclined to impose a single language on their territories in order to improve the penetration of their administration, and state intervention in education has had a `strong effect on the language map of the world'.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3724/is_200205/ai_n9095900 (461 words)

	STEDT Bibliography
		Tokyo: Institute for the Study of the Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa.
		Languages of the ethnic corridor in Western Sichuan.
		Wheatley, J. The decline of verb-final syntax in the Yi (Lolo) languages of southwestern China.
	stedt.berkeley.edu /html/bibliography.html (2028 words)

	Other Followers of Buddhism
		The Tangut state, known to the Chinese as Xi Xia, "Western Xia", was established at the eastern end of the Silk Road, with its western border a little beyond Dunhuang, stretching north to what is now Mongolia and south to the Tibetan plateau.
		The Tangut emperors and their subjects followed Mahayana Buddhism, which became the state religion.
		Much of the Buddhist canon was translated into the Tangut language, most it of from Tibetan sources, probably with the help of Tibetan monks, and some from Chinese.
	idp.bl.uk /education/buddhism/others/others.html (652 words)

	Tangut - China-related Topics TA-TD - China-Related Topics
		The Tangut, also known as the Western Xia were a QiangQiangic-Tibetan people who moved to the highlands of western Sichuan sometime before the 10th century AD.
		Eventually the Tangut state was founded in the year 10th century982 by Li Deming (李德明).
		In 1038, Li YuanHao claimed the title Emperor of the Tangut state, which continued to exist until it was destroyed by Genghis Khan in the year 13th century1227.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Tangut (755 words)

	Language Death (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A large number of languages in the greater Himalayan region are endangered or have already reached the point of no return.
		In the course of his or her investigations, each member of the research team of the Himalayan Languages Project is both directly and indirectly confronted with the issue of language endangerment and the phenomena associated with language death issues.
		The importance of the perhaps now extinct Kusunda language is emphasized in the context of the ethnolinguistic composition of the people of Nepal (1997a), and endangered language communities throughout the region are identified in the Project's various language surveys.
	www.iias.nl /host/himalaya/projects/ld.html (558 words)

	Tangut script
		The Tangut script was deciphered with help from a Chinese-Tangut dictionary put together by the Chinese diplomatic service during the 12th century.
		Though most Tangut texts can now be deciphered, the pronunciation of the charcaters is uncertain or not known.
		Xixia or Hsihsia, an extinct Sino-Tibetan language which was spoken in the Tangut kingdom in north-western China until about the 16th century.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/tangut.htm (146 words)

	Origin and History of the Tanguts - China History Forum, chinese history forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		It was said that Tanguts surname were the Tuoba clan 拓跋氏 (I'm not too sure exactly) and were conferred by the Tang rulers to rule 5 cities in western region during the Tang dynasty.
		The Tanguts had initially led a nomadic lifestyle, but like the Khitan, they were influenced by the han culture and gradually sinificized.
		Huge Tangut library (about 20 000 volumes!) was found by Kozlov's expedition (1908-1909) in Khara-Khoto excavations and taken to St.Petersburg, Russia, and since then it is stored in the Hermitage basements.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=117&view=new (959 words)

	Chinese History -Western Xia Dynasty (Xixia) è¥¿å¤ literature, thought, philosophy, and Tangut script ...
		Instead of simply using the Chinese script (and therewith the Chinese language), the first rulers of the Western Xia, Li Deming æå¾·æ and his son Li Yuanhao æåæ are said to have invented or developed a special script for the Tangut language, the script was later perfected by Yeli Renrong éå©ä»æ¦® "Teacher Iri".
		It is partially modeled after the Chinese characters with diagonal brush strokes prevailing, but the value of the 6600 Tangut characters is rather phonetical than ideographical, that means, that the Tangut script mainly consists of a few hundred syllables, and "pictures" only serve as a complement for understanding.
		Unfortunately, nothing of the Tangut historiography has survived, and we only possess very few other works concerning Confucian literature.
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Song/xixia-literature.html (443 words)

	Nubian language resources
		...which was the language used by most of the population, became the main written language; Old Nubian translations of the bible and many other religious documents were used widely.
		Nubian â” do not belong to the larger Afro-Asiatic language family and are unrelated to it (or, to be more precise, possibly far more remotely related).
		Historical comparative research into the Nubian language group has indicated that the Nile-Nubian languages must have split off from the Nubian languages still spoken in the Nuba Mountains in Kordofan...
	www.mongabay.com /indigenous_ethnicities/languages/languages/Nubian.html (1379 words)

	Inscrutable Characters \| Sinosplice: Life in China
		According to the information at the museum, all the Tangut characters were at least as complex as their Mandarin equivalents, most being more complex.
		This may explain why Tangut script appears to be needlessly more complex than Hanzi: a single Tangut ‘character’ may have multisyllabic connotations.
		Besides, the Tangut language was not legislated out by language reform, but died out after the Xixia kingdom was annihilated by the Mongol hordes under Genghis Khan.
	www.sinosplice.com /life/archives/2005/06/09/inscrutable-characters?year=2005&monthnum=06&day=09&name=inscrutable-characters&page= (2959 words)

	I have always wanted to do this on Learn how to write my name in all languages on 43 Things (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		the only problem with this goal is that every name you get eventually needs to be verified in case any internet joker gives you a false name/curse words in his language..
		Tangut is a logographic script, but they used certain fixed characters to write Tibetan and Sanskrit.
		Akatsuki wants to write a book keep a job for two years use all of my super-powers to cook something truly amazing for someone special once a week decide what the hell I would like to do with the rest of my life not care what people think
	www.43things.com /entries/view/190054?page=1 (515 words)

	Everything about Ningxia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Throughout the Han dynasty and the Tang dynasty, there were further evidence of settlements and by the 11th century, the Tangut tribe have established the Xixia dynasty on the outskirts of the then Song dynasty.
		A standardized version of Mandarin based on the Beijing dialect, known as Putonghua, is taught in schools and used as the official language of the entire country.
		The People's Republic of China, in an attempt to limit its population growth, has adopted a policy which limits urban families (ethnic minorities such as Tibetans are an exception) to one child and rural families to two children when the first is female.
	ur.wikimiki.org /en/Ningxia (11634 words)

	Coin history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A.D. The Tangut tribe had been vassals to the west of China since the Tang, but in the middle of the Song, their king proclaimed himself emperor of the Western Xia dynasty.
		The legends of their coinage were both written in Tangut and Chinese.
		The Tangut language is not spoken today, and not all coin legends have been deciphered.
	chinesecoins.lyq.dk /History/Coin_history_Western_Xia_Dynasty.htm (95 words)

	Menu Page Data
		Qiang languages belong to the Tibeto-Burman group of the Sino-Tibetan language family.
		The Qiang have a legend of once possessing a script and book of their own, but today the Qiang language is not a written one.
		The Xixia/Tangut language around the time of the Yuan dynasty (1271 AD-1368 AD) was probably fairly closely related to the Qiang language.
	www.qiang.allcost.com /qianglang_df.htm (709 words)

	Newsweek International: The Fall of Babel.('Language in Danger') (book review)@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		But in 1227, when his son avenged his death by ordering the slaying of the Central Asian Tangut people, he destroyed a whole culture, as the local Tangut language was never again spoken.
		The world now loses a language every two weeks, a rate unprecedented in history.
		Two lively and accessible new books, Andrew Dalby's "Language in Danger" and "The Power of Babel" by John McWhorter, map the intricate combination of politics, genocide, geography and...
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:90314643&refid=holomed_1 (208 words)

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