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Topic: Taqlid

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Naguib Mahfouz

	Taqlid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Taqlid has been defined as an absolute principle, involving full acceptance of the legal schools of Muslim Law, Sharia.
		With many conservative Muslims, taqlid may be used to denote their orientation, indicating a belief in the return to the principles of the first Muslims.
		In Twelver Shi'ism, it is used as part of the term marja-e taqlid, "source of emulation", the group of the highest scholars who are in the position of guiding laymen.
	i-cias.com /e.o/taqlid.htm (121 words)

	Taqlid Blind Adherence or Rational Acceptance?
		However, taqlid in the matters of religious practice, as understood in the Twelver Shi`ite school of thought, does not imply `blind adherence.' It signifies `adopting' the rulings of a jurist with trust in their correctness.
		Hence, taqlid in the matter of fundamental beliefs (usulud- din), was not only ruled out; it was also regarded as harmful to the healthy state of faith.
		Taqlid, then, is the rational acceptance of a mujtahid's knowledgeable position in the matters related to religious practice.
	www.irfi.org /articles/articles_351_400/taqlid_blind_adherence_or_ration.htm (1861 words)

	Ijtihad and Taqlid
		Taqlid is an Arabic word that basically means: "...imitation; copying; blind unquestioning adoption (of concepts or ideas); uncritical faith (e.g., in a source's authoritativeness); adoption of the legal decision of a madhab (school of thought)."
		By the 6th century after hijra, taqlid emerged as the remedy to a problem while also the cause of another sickness.
		While Taqlid lessened the chance for error in that only the "scholarly" were allowed to make intellectual decisions, it separated the masses of Muslims from the sources (the Qur'an and Sunnah).
	www.oneummah.net /encyclopedia/ijtihad_and_taqlid.html (821 words)

	OUCLF: articles: L Abu-Odeh (2004)
		Taqlid, meaning imitation, or conformism, is the word used (in a somewhat derogatory way) to describe the legal system that prevailed following the era of Usul in the Islamic world for a period of roughly nine hundred years, from the tenth to the nineteenth century.
		Taqlid, one might say, is the era of the schools of law during which the doctrines of the various schools were treated as the law of the land, seriously displacing and overshadowing the Quran and prophetic traditions as the sources of the law.
		Whereas under the Taqlid regime she was, in general, immune from demands that she participated in maintaining the family, this is no longer the case.
	ouclf.iuscomp.org /articles/abu-odeh.shtml (16068 words)

	Taqlid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The simplest and most tangible example of Taqlid is that of a child learning his basic alphabets at school.
		Taqlid in Islam simply refers to accepting and following the verdicts of expert scholars of Islamic Fiqh in their exposition and interpretation of Islamic Law, without demanding from them an in-depth explanation of the intricate processes (Ijtihad) required in arriving at such a verdict.
		In this sense, Taqlid is a great blessing for common people, for it is beyond the capacity of everyone to understand the extremely complex and complicated mechanics of Ijtihad.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Taqlid (738 words)

	Indira Falk Gesink \| "Chaos on the Earth": Subjective Truths versus Communal Unity in Islamic Law and the Rise of ...
		Whereas conservative legal scholars such as ‘Ilish had championed taqlid as the means to strengthen Islamic society and claimed that independent ijtihad had ceased and should not be revived, the reformers saw taqlid as the cause of weakness and independent ijtihad as the means of reinvigoration.
		The scholars, by insisting that believers had to adhere to taqlid of a legal school, were preventing them from "seeking proof for their beliefs" in the primary sources of their religion, keeping the people in "the darkness of ignorance," and thereby holding in abeyance the progress of Islamic countries.
		In order to "cure" this weakness, taqlid of the founding Imams would have to be replaced by a kind of ijtihad based on the Qur'an and the practice of the early community (salaf), which could be performed by all who were educated in Arabic; this would help strengthen their beliefs and unify the community.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/ahr/108.3/gesink.html (11963 words)

	Question No. 1 - 73
		Switching, in taqlid, from one living mujtahid to another is permissible and becomes obligatory, on a more precautious basis, if the second mujtahid is more knowledgeable, in the mukallaf's view than the first one provided that his verdict on the matter differs from the verdict of the first mujtahid.
		But in case that the living mujtahid was not qualified, the transfer taqlid to him is void and the mukallaf is considered as having still been on the taqlid of the deceased mujtahid, enjoying the choice either to continue following him or to switch to a living mujtahid whose taqlid is permissible.
		It is not obligatory to follow the a 'lam regarding the issue of the permissibility of continuing the taqlid of a deceased mujtahid.
	www.islam-pure.de /imam/fatwas/practical01.htm (5024 words)

	The Place of Doubt in Islamic Epistemology: Al-Ghazzali’s Philosophical Experience (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Al-Ghazzali’s criticism of taqlid must be seen in the context o his quest for the highest level of certainty, a quest which, in fact, though not in principle, is the concern, not of the majority, but of the few like him.
		Al-Ghazzali’s rejection of taqlid for himself stemmed from his methodological criticism of its inherent limitations, while in accepting it for the simple-minded he was simply affirming an important aspect of the subjective reality of the human order, namely, that individual human beings differ from one another in intellectual capability.
		taqlid, namely, the acceptance of truths based on authority, is to be protected by those who have been entrusted with true knowledge, who constitute the legitimate authority to interpret and clarify knowledge about religious and spiritual matters.
	www.ghazali.org /articles/osmnbkr-dbt.htm (6306 words)

	What is Taqlid or Ittiba? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Taqlid or Ittiba’ is Wajib (compulsory) upon Muslims
		Taqlid or Ittiba’ is Wâjib (compulsory) upon Muslims.
		In the context of Islamic Fiqh or Law, Taqlîd or Ittibâ simply refers to accepting and following the verdicts of expert scholars of Islamic Fiqh in their exposition and interpretation of Islamic Law, without demanding from them an in-depth explanation of the intricate processes required in arriving at such a verdict, called Ijtihad.
	www.jamiat.org.za /isinfo/whattaqlid.html (724 words)

	Ijtihad
		Some historians say that the door of Ijtihad was closed because Muslim Ummah was under attack from external forces such as the Crusades and Mongol invasion and sacking of Baghdad on June 6, 1258 CE (seventh century Hijra).
		However taqlid was adopted one hundred before Crusades and 300 years before the devastation by the Mongol hordes who were still in the far Asian steppes.
		The real reason there was a serious split between different schools of law and theology among individual jurists and imposition of taqlid was the best way to resolve, but at a tremendous cost.
	www.irfi.org /articles/articles_1_50/ijtihad.htm (819 words)

	Taqlid
		Taqlid in religious laws means acting according to the verdict of a Mujtahid.
		The term 'taqlid' used here implies only an intention to follow a particular Mujtahid, and does not include having acted acco rding to his fatwa.
		If a person performs his acts for some time without taqlid of a Mujtahid, and later follows a Mujtahid, his former actions will be valid if that Mujtahid declares them to be valid, otherwise they will be treated as void.
	www.al-islam.org /laws/taqlid.html (1322 words)

	THE SHARÉE ROLE OF TAQLID The essence of guidance is derived from the Holy Qurãn
		THE SHARÉE ROLE OF TAQLID The essence of guidance is derived from the Holy Qurãn
		It was hidden in the Holy Qurãn or the Ahadith; the Mujtahid, by Dalalatan, 'Isharatan or Iqtdha'an, brought it in the open for the generality of people.
		It is said by Shah Waliullah (Rahmatullaahu Álayhi) in the commentary of Muwatta' Imaam Malik, p.6 that these four Imaams together have encompassed the entire knowledge of the Holy Qurãn and Ahaadith to such a degree that not a single Hadith which was reported by the Sahaaba was omitted by them.
	www.ualr.edu /ammughal/taqleed.htm (2965 words)

	Taqlid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Taqlid literally means "to follow (someone)", "to imitate".
		In Islamic legal terminology it means to follow a mujtahid in religious laws and commandment as he has derived them.
		It should be observed that taqlid pertains only to the realm of the shari'ah; there can be no taqlid in the matters of belief (usulu 'd-din).
	publicliterature.org /en/wikipedia/t/ta/taqlid.html (202 words)

	The Blindest Following is the Taqlid of the Salafis
		20 Jamad al-Awwal 1421 AH Taqlid is the term used in Islamic Law for the following of the Four Imams (Mathabs) a Shaikh, or Wali.
		While they denounce the Taqlid of the students of the Sahabah and the Students of the Salaf-e-Saliheen (Tabi’een and Taba’at-Tabi’een), they embrace the taqlid of those who have absolutely no comparison to the rank and status of the Salaf-e-Saaliheen, radiyallahu ‘anhum ajma’een.
		How can Muslims of intelligence reject the Taqlid of the Awliya and the A’immah of the epoch of Khairul Quroon and adopt the taqlid of men who do not possess the quality and character of a Wali of Allah Ta’ala.
	www.ummah.net /Al_adaab/fiqh/taqlid_of_salafiyya.html (1378 words)

	Taqlid -- Meaning and Reality
		The clearest example is obviously in case of a legal dispute between two parties, where they are required to take their grievances before a judge and abide by his decision if they cannot settle their dispute amicably.
		The practice of taqlid is an example of the same kind: the person who is not an expert in jurisprudence is legally required to follow the instructions of the expert, i.e., the mujtahid.
		To summarize, it may be said that the only approach to Islam is by accepting its tenets in such a way as one is entirely convinced of their validity, and this can only come about if one examines them carefully and conscientiously.
	www.al-islam.org /beliefs/practices/taqlid.html (2189 words)

	The Relation of Ijtihad and Taqlid
		Obedience to an ordinary imam is not taqlid for us for no one is going to believe in their statement considering their words as a final authority in the masa’il of Shari’ah.
		Taqlid Sharriyya means to follow any one in Shari’ah as we follow A’immah Arba‘a and the masa’il of Sawm, Salah, Hajj, etc. Taqlid Ghairi Sharriyya means to follow anyone in worldly affairs (like a doctor, poet, etc.).
		Taqlid is Wajib for the Ghairi Mujtahid and not for the Mujtahid.
	www.ummah.net /Al_adaab/fiqh/ijtihad_taqlid.html (843 words)

	Essay Question II -- best essay (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The schools of law are related to taqlid because the schools of law enable people to perform taqlid instead of having to go through the process of ijtihad.
		Scripture is related to taqlid because taqlid is performed on the basis that scripture was used or is used to justify the conclusions that one is following.
		One advantage of taqlid is that it gives a definitive yes or not answer to questions, whereas ijtihad does not.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~vika/TeachPort/islam00/midterms/goodessayII.html (568 words)

	Artikel [Ijtihad dan Taqlid] Al-Jawad - Cybermuslim Indonesia
		Kehidupan sosial umat manusia tegak atas dasar taqlid, karena taqlid tidak lain dari perbuatan seseorang yang tidak tahu merujuk kepada yang tahu dalam segala urusan.
		Dalam hal ini tidak ada yang menganggap taqlid itu tidak baik.
		Disamping itu ada beberapa ayat yang oleh sebagian ulama dijadikan dalil tentang diperbolehkannya taqlid dalam urusan syari’at, antara lain :
	members.tripod.com /aljawad/artikel/ijtihad.htm (1264 words)

	On the Tafsil of Taqlid(s) Barring the Dalils
		Since it is a NO in matters of iman/faith: there is no obligation for taqlid, rather on the contrary, no one should trust (or ‘do taqlid blindly’ of) someone else even a specialist, if one has not achieved certainty/yaqin concerning God’s existence or of one of His attributes for example.
		In any case, it is not a part of the Fard ‘Ayn knowledge even for an Arab speaking ‘ammi to know that among the Dalil Naqli for the fourth Necessary Sifat of Allah ta‘ala (Mukhalafatuhu lil-Hawadith) and Its opposite (Mumathalatuhu lil-Hawadith) is one based on a nass that is muhkam.
		Taqlid cannot work without trusting one another, and the basis for this practical necessity and any other form of taqlid is ultimately derived from one of the Necessary Prophetic attributes, namely, Amana.
	www.livingislam.org /maa/ttbd_e.html (1930 words)

	HizmetBooks
		By writing that the taqlid (following, being a member of, one of the four madhhabs) is wrong, the religion reformer blemishes billions of the Ahl as-Sunnat Muslims who have appeared for fourteen hundred years.
		Taqlid of this kind is certainly wrong (batil).
		Further, it is incorrect to liken this to the taqlid in respect of a'mal (acts or practices).
	www.hizmetbooks.org /Answer_to_an_Enemy_of_Islam/enemy-9.htm (604 words)

	a rolling stone gathers some mossy — on taqlid, talfiq, switching madhhabs, etc. - sunniforum.com
		which, ironically, is what taqlid helps one avoid, because by making taqlid, you shift the burden of that responsibility onto the one tasked with knowing.
		one consequence of taqlid in fiqh is exactly that, that you are absolved of taklif [legal responsibility] of both the ahkam and the methodology used to yield them.
		taqlid shifts the burden of responsibility from the muqallid.
	www.sunniforum.com /forum/showthread.php?t=597 (14866 words)

	Nine Fataawaa on Taqleed (Islaam.Com) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		And some of them [the scholars] held the view that taqlid is the acceptance of the saying of a person without argument.
		And Abu Ma'aali al-Juwayni chose the definition of taqlid that it is the following of one whose following is not based on proof and does not rely upon knowledge.
		3) Taqlid of the one who is not able to research the evidences and derive rulings from it, to a scholar who has been endowed the skill of ijtihaad in the evidences of the shari'ah.
	www.islaam.com /Article.aspx?id=275 (2447 words)

	Meditations on Baha’u'llah » Blog Archive » Taqlid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It is a short analysis of what's wrong with Ruhi and it has a link to Tony Lee's compelling essay, Ruhi Problem, The, on the subject.
		One of the points Baquia makes is that the thrust of Ruhi is 'taqlid', which he defines as "blind and unquestioning imitation in action or belief".
		Baquia refers to the fact that there are explicit texts that condemn taqlid, but he does not quote any.
	whoisbahaullah.com /blog/?p=41 (618 words)

	Mind, Body, Soul · Taqlid- A Tradition of Righteousness
		Taqlid is not “blind” in any way, and neither is it limited to “qualified scholarship” in an Islamically legal sense.
		Taqlid is the key which unlocks all the doors of Islam’s inner beauty as well as outer sucess, including all the references in Islam to the ego (nafs).
		It is with Taqlid that Muslim’s advanced and carried Islam with strength, compassion, tolerance, mercy, and a rich developing tradition from the time of the Prophet (صلي الله عليه و سلم) to today.
	www.yursil.com /blog/2006/10/taqlid-a-tradition-of-righteousness (2083 words)

	Welcome to The Islamic Womens Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It was hidden or not clearly spelled out in the Holy Quran or the Ahaadith; the Mujtahid, by Dalalatan, 'Isharatan or Iqtdha'an, brought it in the open for the generality of people.
		It is said by Shah Waliullah (Rahmatullaahu Álayhi) in the commentary of Muwatta' Imaam Malik, p.6 that these four Imams together have encompassed the entire knowledge of the Holy Quran and Ahaadith to such a degree that not a single Hadith which was reported by the Sahaaba was omitted by them.
		One should be allowed to follow any of the four Imams in the different Masa'il as was the method in the time of the Sahaaba and Tabi`in.
	users.iafrica.com /n/ns/nsalie/the_sharia_role_of_taqlid.htm (1784 words)

	Taqlid
		Taqlid is the need of every man------need of every Muslim too----- there is no alternative.
		Running away from Taqlid and displeasure from A’imma-i-Arba‘a is the mark of slavery ----- and this rejection and displeasure are specifically for the Holy personalities.
		It was suspected by the judge and the minister of Nablus Yusuf Isma‘il.
	www.nfie.com /Taqlid.html (2398 words)

	Taqlid And the Authority of the Jurist Leader { Wilayat alFaqih }
		A: There is no problem in 'division" {tab 'iZ} in taqlid Rather, presuming that each one is a'lam with respect to the particular issue in which he is followed, divisioii will be obligatory if their verdicts on that issue are different.
		A: It is not obligatory to follow the a 'lam regarding the issue of the permissibility of continuing the taqlid of a deceased mujtahid This rule applies in the case of faqihs' {Islamic scholars} unanimity over the issue.
		A: The lack of belief whether based on ijtihad or taqlid, in the absolute authority of Jurist Leader during the period of occultation of the Imam, the Hujjah {God's token} may our souls be sacrifices for his cause - does not lead to apostasy {irtidad} and expulsion from the pale of Islam.
	www.islamicfeqh.com /estefta-e/taqlid-1.html (4978 words)

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