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Topic: Target language

	Language Acquisition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Human language is made possible by special adaptations of the human mind and body that occurred in the course of human evolution, and which are put to use by children in acquiring their mother tongue.
		Language B can be hypothesized at any point, and confirmed whenever the child hears a sentence with an agreement in it or disconfirmed when the child hears a sentence without agreement.
		Georgetown Monographs on Language and Linguistics, 22, 1-31.
	www.ecs.soton.ac.uk /~harnad/Papers/Py104/pinker.langacq.html (18914 words)

	C programming language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		C is a relatively minimalist programming language that operates close to the hardware, and is more similar to assembly language than to most high-level languages.
		This version of the language is often referred to as ANSI C, or sometimes C89 (to distinguish it from C99).
		Unfortunately, C is designed as a programming language, not as a compiler target language, so is not ideal for use as an intermediate language, leading to development of C-based intermediate languages, such as C--.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/C_programming_language (5067 words)

	Idaho Foreign Language Standards (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The teacher knows the target language and understands the culture(s) in which the language is used.
		The teacher understands the impact of the target language and culture(s) on American society.
		The teacher incorporates discussions of the target culture’s contributions to the students’ culture.
	www.sde.state.id.us /MOST/ForeignLang.html (770 words)

	Academic Language Services - University of Nottingham (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Students will be expected to go to the Self-Access Centre where they will have to watch video- taped news in the target language and then have to write a 400 word analysis and commentary on the news in the target language in a format specified by their tutor.
		A response in the target language to a set of stimulus materials in the target language based on the Scheme of Work covered during the Semester.
		Those whose first language is not English may use a dictionary to translate between that language and English provided that neither language is the subject of this examination.
	www.nottingham.ac.uk /modern-languages/language-academic/modules/stage_5b.phtml (649 words)

	ERIC L & L Digest
		Unlike the audiolingual method of language teaching, which relies on repetition and drills, the communicative approach can leave students in suspense as to the outcome of a class exercise, which will vary according to their reactions and responses.
		In this light, language study has to look at the use (function) of language in context, both its linguistic context (what is uttered before and after a given piece of discourse) and its social, or situational, context (who is speaking, what their social roles are, why they have come together to speak)" (Berns, 1984, p.
		Using a combination of the target language and gestures, the teacher conveys the task at hand, and gets the students to introduce themselves and ask their classmates for information.
	www.cal.org /ericcll/digest/gallow01.html (1531 words)

	Principles of L2 Teaching Methods and Approaches
		The priority in studying the target language is first, reading ability and second, current and/or historical knowledge of the country where the target language is spoken.
		The native instructors of the language are not considered teachers but, rather are trained in counseling skills adapted to their roles as language counselors.
		The aim of the language counselor's skill is first to communicate an empathy for the client's threatened inadequate state and to aid him linguistically.
	coe.sdsu.edu /people/jmora/ALMMethods.htm (2412 words)

	James J. Asher - Language By Command
		If the target language is English as a second language, the instructor may say, "stand up" (the instructor and a student sitting on either side of the instructor will immediately stand up).
		When the instructor skillfully uses the target language to direct the student's behavior, understanding of the utterance is transparent, often in only one exposure.
		One particular study that has, I believe, important implications for learning languages, was done with a 15-year-old boy who had his corpus callosum (the connecting bundle of nerves between the two hemispheres) cut to prevent severe epileptic seizures.
	www.context.org /ICLIB/IC06/Asher.htm (1715 words)

	Overview of the language only, from IFL 97 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In effect, C is being used as a portable compiler target language.
		The trouble is that C was designed as a programming language not as a compiler target language, and is not very suitable for the latter purpose.
		Yet the increasing popularity of C as a compiler target language (despite its unsuitability) suggests strong demand, and provides an existence proof that something useful can be done.
	www.cminusminus.org /abstracts/pal-ifl.html (268 words)

	Comunicative Language Teaching Part 1-5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Communication in a foreign language must involve both teachers and pupils using the target language as the normal means of communication.
		Content of lessons must at every stage include the expressions in the target language which the pupils will need in everyday communication on topics which are intrinsically interesting to them, which relate to their life both at home and at school and which will motivate them to guess at new meanings and convey new ideas.
		To be effective, the necessary training in the recognition and use of structure and grammar needs to be an integral part of the way in which the target language is taught and practised rather than the subject of theoretical exposition.
	www.aber.ac.uk /education-odl/Comlangteach/cltteach1.html (464 words)

	Foreign Language Software for Macintosh (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Along with the program, you need a dictionary module for the target language concerned.
		Language Toolkit Reader is an interactive multimedia program for language learning.
		Language Toolkit Writer is an authoring tool for preparing interactive multimedia lessons for any language.
	users.netmatters.co.uk /dandaforbes (773 words)

	Making Cyber Friends in Your Target Language
		To understand the concept of culture through comparisons of the target culture and the students' (L1) culture, which in this case is to learn the different ways of writing letters in different countries.
		If the instructor still has a problem finding students who would correspond in the target language, s/he may want to check pen pal websites such as www.epals.com, www.happygold.com, or www.mylanguageexchange.com.
		Depending of the students' level of the language, they may correspond with their pen pals privately, or the instructor may include some activities in class to read and write letters to them.
	www2.hawaii.edu /~misatos/jpn101/teachers_corner.htm (1076 words)

	target language - yourDictionary.com - American Heritage Dictionary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The language into which a text written in another language is to be translated.
		A language that a nonnative speaker is in the process of learning.
		Computer Science The computer language, often a machine language, into which a document written in another computer language is to be translated.
	www.yourdictionary.com /ahd/t/t0047650.html (67 words)

	Using the Target Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The use of the target language must be carefully planned if meaning is to be conveyed effectively
		Teachers adapt their use of the target language to suit the purposes they are using it for (e.g.
		It is important that every modern languages department establishes a clear policy for the use of the target language in the classroom
	www.aber.ac.uk /~mflwww/LessPlanPrep/lpp4.html (285 words)

	Translation-service.com: Leading Translation Agency / Professional Language Translation Service
		We are a leading language translation agency focused on quality, service, and complete customer satisfaction.
		Our goal is to provide accurate language translation services and professional results at very affordable rates.
		Our mission is to give your company a competitive advantage by affordably breaking the language barrier with our professional translation service's quality, reliability, and speed.
	www.translation-service.com (130 words)

	Foreign Language Curriculum
		They refine their knowledge and understanding of the target language and culture(s) and their own by examining the interrelationship of other cultures to their own, by demonstrating behaviors appropriate in target cultures, and by applying their knowledge and skills inside and outside of the classroom setting.
		Students are able to connect the target language to other disciplines and can compare it to their own.
		They continue to refine their knowledge and understanding of the target language and culture(s) and their own by examining the interrelationship of other cultures to their own, by demonstrating behaviors appropriate in target cultures, and by applying their knowledge and skills inside and outside of the classroom setting.
	www.iss.k12.nc.us /foreign_curr.htm (2400 words)

	Language Learning Activities for the World Wide Web
		Thus, two classes of students who speak each other's target language can develop activities that are mutually beneficial.
		It's a get-acquainted activity which explores cultural differences and similarities in the target language.
		Students create pages describing the major courses of their degree plan in both the native and target languages.
	polyglot.lss.wisc.edu /lss/lang/nflrc.html (820 words)

	Teaching in the Target Language - Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		for all components to occur in the target language.
		Target Language Use, First Language Use, and Anxiety: Report of a
		language and student anxiety about target language use.
	www.stanford.edu /~kenro/CFLPlit/targetlanguageabstracts.html (761 words)

	Re: Word count: source or target language? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		>>> I usually count words from the target language since there is a certain difference between a source word and its translation.
		Also, a grammatical structure and language peculiarities must be considered.
		: >>> I usually count words from the target language since there is a certain difference between a source word and its translation.
	www.translatortips.net /translator-bb/messages/304.html (164 words)

	Translation Services Professional language translators
		Please remember that many foreign language characters get corrupted and lose their accent marks when you place them in your email message or in word processing software that is not in that foreign language format.
		Some languages are in Latin alphabet and you may be able to understand the message even if the file is corrupted.
		Following language are in Latin alphabet: Afrikaans, Albanian, Azeri, Basque, Breton, Catalan, Cheyenne, Corsican, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Esperanto, Estonian, Filipino, Finnish, French, Galician, German, Hawaiian, Hungarian, Icelandic, Indonesian, Irish, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Malay, Maltese, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Scottish Gaelic, Slovak, Slovene, Spanish, Swahili, Swedish, Tagalog, Turkmen, Vietnamese, Welsh, and Zulu.
	www.online-languagetranslators.com (749 words)

	CALL Software Database: search results
		Working with source texts and their translations, it allows the searching for words or phrases in any one of the languages and will display the sentence(s) in which the search pattern occurs, together with the sentence(s) which translate it.
		The results can also be used to generate one of six types of language tests in either the source or target language, which can be attempted on screen or saved as a file.
		This is an easy to use language reference set that quickly provides word translations and related words, as well as verb forms and conjugations.
	www.hull.ac.uk /cti/cgi-bin/search_db.cgi?title=&desc=&category=Any&level=Any&system=ANY&language=russian&supplier=&matches=200 (6194 words)

	ILE/student profiles ... 04-05
		Experience and contact with the target language/ culture: I was born in Chengdu, China and I have a Chinese family and Chinese friends
		Experience and contact with the target language/ culture: I have studied the Chinese language for three years, Chinese gong-fu, and I’ve lived n China for a year.
		Experience and contact with the target language/ culture: I studied a traditional Japanese martial art called Ninpo and in our dojo, we maintained Japanese etiquette and language in class.
	www.umbc.edu /mll/ile/student.html (822 words)

	The Unlambda Programming Language
		If the underlying language does not have first-class functions, then they must be emulated by means of data structures (indeed, the only “variable” part in a first-class function is its closure, and that can be represented by a data structure, since the code is always the same).
		As in any language having first-class (higher-order) functions, and, therefore, escaping closures, the lifetime of the various structures is not statically determined in Unlambda, and some kind of automatic memory management (aka “garbage collection”) is necessary.
		If the underlying language has first-class functions and Unlambda functions are represented by functions of the meta language, then the garbage collection system for the meta language is used in Unlambda as well, and all is transparent.
	www.eleves.ens.fr:8080 /home/madore/programs/unlambda (7293 words)

	EUROCENTRES - Language Learning Worldwide
		Are you taking steps to create a secure basis for your future by broadening your language skills or learning a new language?
		Hardly any other qualification is valued more by employers than the knowledge of foreign languages and the ability to confidently operate at international level.
		Enrol for at least 3 weeks and receive a 50% discount on tuition for a maximum of 2 additional weeks.
	www.eurocentres.com (126 words)

	Search the Standards Database
		Uses the target language to engage in conversations, express feelings and emotions, and exchange opinions and information
		Understands and interprets written and spoken language on diverse topics from diverse media
		Understands that different languages use different patterns to communicate and applies this knowledge to the target and native languages
	www.mcrel.org /compendium/Standard.asp?SubjectID=16 (84 words)

	Glossary-t
		In their unitary form, they are usually not understood well, if at all, by the average language speaker who does not have specialized religious (church or school) training.
		Translation is the process of transferring the meaning of utterances in one language to another.
		Many translations of the Bible have a great deal of translationese in them, including non-English syntactic patterns borrowed from the original biblical languages and semantic oddities, such as lexical combinations (collocational clashes) which are not permitted in English, but were part of the lexicon of the biblical language being translated.
	www.geocities.com /bible_translation/glosst.htm (681 words)

	Cross-cultural Semantic Research
		Cognates — that is, words that are essentially the same in two different languages — often carry connotations that reflect cultural differences embedded in language.
		Authoritative target language dictionaries and encyclopedias now available online make it possible for students to research word meanings in more depth, enabling them to come to a greater understanding of these cultural differences.
		If students dig deeply enough, follow up on research leads and continue to discuss (electronically and/or in-person) cross-cultural insights with target language peers, they may indeed be enabled to get inside the mentality of and learn from other cultures, profiting and growing richer from the best insights of each.
	www.richmond.edu /~jpaulsen/FLtech/SemanticResearch.html (2174 words)

	Bilingual Parenting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		For parents interested in raising their children in a foreign language (non-native language to both parents).
		Our goal is to focus on families where neither parent is a native speaker of the target language and at least one parent is speaking that language (the target language) to the child(ren).
		However, we have a very extensive listing of resources and references which should be a great help to any parent raising their child(ren) bilingually.
	www.byu.edu /~bilingua (146 words)

	Comp.compilers: Re: target language grammars.
		This is just the point where the translation of natural languages
		languages a word-by-word translation is useless, and also a
		translation of formal languages it may be possible to translate
	compilers.iecc.com /comparch/article/04-11-024 (190 words)

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