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Topic: Targowica Confederation

	Confederation at AllExperts
		Confederations tend to be established for dealing with critical issues, such as defence, foreign affairs, foreign trade, and a common currency, with the central government being required to provide support for all members.
		Note that historical confederations, especially those predating the 20th century, may not fit the current definition of a confederation, may proclaimed as federation but be confederal, and may show some qualities that are today recognized as those of a federation.
		Confederation was form of military alliance of szlachta in Poland and Lithuania XIII-XIX centuries against the King.
	en.allexperts.com /e/c/co/confederation.htm (825 words)

	Confederation
		Confederations tend to be established for dealing with critical issues, such as defense, foreign affairs, foreign trade, and a common currency, with the central government being required to provide support for all members.
		Note that historical confederations, especially those predating the 20th century, may not fit the current definition of a confederation, may be proclaimed as a federation but be confederal, and may show some qualities that are today recognized as those of a federation.
		Confederation was form of military alliance of szlachta in Poland and Lithuania XIII-XIX centuries against the King.
	libraryoflibrary.com /E_n_c_p_d_Confederation.html (1181 words)

	Vines-2-Wines.com : Encyclopedia Pages : Tadeusz Kosciuszko (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The internal situation in Poland and the reforms of the May Constitution of Poland, the first constitution written in the modern era in Europe and second in the world after the American, were seen by the surrounding powers as a threat to their influence over Polish politics.
		On May 14, 1792, the conservative magnates created the Confederation of Targowica, which asked the Russian empress Catherine II for help in overthrowing the constitution.
		Such an outcome was a giant blow for the members of Targowica Confederation who saw their actions as defence of centuries-old privileges of the magnates, but now were regarded by the majority of Polish population as traitors.
	vines-2-wines.com /encyclopedia/?title=Tadeusz_Kosciuszko (2722 words)

	CalendarHome.com - Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791 - Calendar Encyclopedia
		In the War in Defense of the Constitution, Poland was betrayed by its Prussian ally Frederick William II and defeated by the Imperial Russia of Catherine the Great, allied with the Targowica Confederation, a cabal of Polish magnates who opposed reforms that might weaken their influence.
		The Bar Confederation opened a civil war with the goal of overthrowing the King and fought on until 1772, when overwhelmed by Russian intervention.
		The Constitution abolished several institutional sources of government weakness and national anarchy, including the liberum veto, confederations, confederated sejms (paradoxically, the Four-Year Sejm was itself a confederated sejm), and the excessive sway of sejmiks (regional sejms) stemming from the binding nature of their instructions to their Sejm deputies.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /Constitution_of_third_May.htm (3510 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Targowica Confederation
		The Targowica Confederation was a military organization (Latin:"confederatio") of some Polish-Lithuanian nobility, backed by Catherine II of Russia, who opposed the Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791, that had been adopted by the "Great" or "Four-Year" Sejm, especially the provisions limiting the privileges of the nobility.
		The forces of the Targowica Confederation defeated the forces loyal to the Commonwealth, the Sejm and King Stanisław August Poniatowski in the War in Defense of the Constitution.
		This outcome came as a surprise to most of the Confederates, who had wished only to restore the status quo ante and had expected that the overthrow of the May 3rd Constitution would achieve that end.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Targowica_Confederation (412 words)

	Great Sejm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The reforms instituted by the Great Sejm were annulled by the Targowica Confederation and the intervention of the Russian Empire.
		The intention of Catherine II of Russia, who treated the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as a vassal state, was for the Sejm to raise a 100,000 strong military force to aid Russian Empire in their recent war with the Ottoman Empire.
		The reforms of the Great Sejm were brought down by the Targowica Confederation and the intervention of the Russian Empire.
	www.tocatch.info /en/Great_Diet.htm (724 words)

	ARSENAŁ - the Association of Polish Regiments 1717-1831
		This action, resulted in the formation of the conservative Confederation of Targowica (May 14, 1792), which asked Russia to intervene to restore the former Polish constitution.
		The forces of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, loyal to King Stanisław August Poniatowski and the Sejm Wielki, defended Poland's May 3rd Constitution of 1791 against the Targowica Confederation of native opponents of the Constitution and the invading Russian armies allied with that Confederation.
		Poland's ally, the Kingdom of Prussia, abandoned Poland by breaking the alliance both countries had and the Prussian commander of the army of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania betrayed the Polish-Lithuanian cause.
	www.arsenal.org.pl /history.php?subaction=showfull&id=1139093135&archive=&start_from=&ucat=43& (392 words)

	confederation: Definition, Synonyms and Much More from Answers.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Both within the Confederation Congress and without, a healthy debate continued in the wake of the Revolution between Federalists, who pressed for a strong central government, and Antifederalists, who stressed preservation of individual liberties protected by strong state sovereignty.
		A confederation may also consist of member states which, while temporarily pooling sovereignty in certain areas, are considered entirely sovereign and retain the right of secession.
		The American Civil War was a by-product of the formation of the break-away Confederate States of America by U.S. states allied in their desire to form a looser political union and retain more rights for themselves.
	proxies.gr /nph-proxy.cgi/010110A/http/www.answers.com/topic/confederation (2355 words)

	(From Russkii biograficheskii slovar’, c
		In order to carry this out, they dispersed along this whole line as a kind of cordon, but this was pierced in the north by Krechetnikov as well as in the south by Kakhovskii.
		Subsequently, a confederation was formed here that adhered to the Targowica organization.
		Bulgakov with the news that the Polish king had joined the Targowica Confederation, and that Prince Poniatowski had also been sent an order to cease fighting the Russian forces and with this further steps would have to be thought out.
	home.comcast.net /~markconrad/Kakhovskii.htm (4614 words)

	[No title]
		The internal situation in Poland and the reforms of the May Constitution of Poland, the first modern constitution in Europe and second in the world after the American, were seen by the surrounding powers as a threat to their influence over Polish politics.
		On May 14, 1792, the conservative Polish magnates created the Confederation of Targowica, which asked the Russian empress Catherine II for help in overthrowing the constitution.
		Such an outcome was a giant blow for the members of Targowica confederation who saw their actions as defense of centuries-old privileges of the magnates, but now were regarded by the majority of Polish population as traitors.
	www.angelfire.com /scifi2/rsolecki/tadeusz_kosciuszko.html (2720 words)

	Confederation Information - Online Prescription Medication Directory
		The difference in meaning between a confederation and a federation has evolved in usage over time.
		Currently, a confederation is considered a state or entity similar in pyramidal structure to a federation but with a weaker central government.
		The United States of America was first organized under the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, which would today be defined as a Federation, and continued as such under the current Constitution of the United States in 1789.
	www.prescriptiondrug-info.com /drug_information_online.asp?title=Confederation (832 words)

	Tadeusz Kosciuszko
		In 1783 Kosciuszko was rewarded for his services and his devotion to the cause of American independence with the thanks of Congress, the privilege of American citizenship, a considerable annual pension with landed estates, and the rank of brigadier-general, which he retained in the Polish service.
		As the commander of a division under Prince Joseph Poniatowski he distinguished himself at the battle of Zielence in 1792, and at Dubienka (July 18) with 4000 men and 10 guns defended the line of the Bug for five days against the Russians with 18,000 men and 60 guns, subsequently retiring upon Warsaw unmolested.
		For the most part the confederates of Kosciuszko were small squires, traders, peasants and men of low degree generally.
	www.nndb.com /people/114/000049964 (2016 words)

	History News Network
		In 1792, King Stanislaw joined the Targowica confederation and surrendered to the Russians and, in 1793, Prussia and Russia signed the Second Partition of Poland.
		Such an outcome was a blow for the Targowica Confederation who saw their actions as defence of centuries-old privileges of the upper classes, now regarded by the majority of Polish population as traitors.
		Kosciuszko prepared a plan of an uprising and led the Polish-Lithuanian uprising of 1794 (known as the Kosciuszko Rebellion), winning key conflicts before being defeated by the vastly superior forces of Prussia, Russia and Austria.
	hnn.us /blogs/entries/21304.html (1288 words)

	history3
		formed the Confederation of Targowica, and in their proclamation they denounced the Constitution because it had spread the "contagion of democratic ideas".
		She in turn demanded that he join the Confederation of Targowica.
		The king finally agreed and joined the confederation; Kollataj, Potocki and Malachowski quietly left the country and Generals Poniatowski and Kosciuszko resigned their commissions.
	www.polishconstitution.org /history3.html (460 words)

	Early Emigrant Letter Stories - EMILE
		The first wave of political emigration from Poland took place after the defeat of the Confederation of Bar and the first partition in the year 1772.
		Emigration after the war with Russia in the year 1792 and the victory of Targowica Confederation was of serious political significance.
		At that time, the most outstanding political activists and officers of higher ranks, who had been involved in the preparations to the Kociuszko Uprising in cooperation with the resistance movement at home and trying to obtain assistance from revolutionary France, left our country.
	www.emigrantletters.com /PL/output.asp?CategoryID=6617 (1212 words)

	Poland - Destruction of Poland-Lithuania (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Polish conservative factions formed the Confederation of Targowica and appealed for Russian assistance in restoring the status quo.
		The irresolute Stanislaw August capitulated, defecting to the Targowica faction.
		Arguing that Poland had fallen prey to the radical Jacobinism (see Glossary) then at high tide in France, Russia and Prussia abrogated the Constitution of May 3, carried out a second partition of Poland in 1793, and placed the remainder of the country under occupation by Russian troops.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-10574.html (427 words)

	Poland - The Three Partitions, 1764-95
		This action provoked a Catholic uprising by the Confederation of Bar, a league of Polish nobles that fought until 1772 to revoke Catherine's mandate.
		The defeat of the Confederation of Bar again left Poland exposed to the ambitions of its neighbors.
		Arguing that Poland had fallen prey to the radical Jacobinism then at high tide in France, Russia and Prussia abrogated the Constitution of May 3, carried out a second partition of Poland in 1793, and placed the remainder of the country under occupation by Russian troops.
	countrystudies.us /poland/11.htm (1006 words)

	Partitions of Poland
		The Commonwealth had been forced to rely on Russia for protection against the rising Prussian tide, while Prussia was demanding a slice of the northwest in order to unite its Western and Eastern portions and make itself contiguous, although this would only leave the Commonwealth with a Baltic coast in Latvia and NW Lithuania.
		The adoption by the Commonwealth of the May Constitution of Poland prompted aggressive actions on the part of its neighbours, wary of the potential renaissance of the Commonwealth.
		In the War in Defense of the Constitution, pro-Russian Polish magnates, the Confederation of Targowica, with neutral support from Austria fought against the Polish forces supporting the constitution.
	libraryoflibrary.com /E_n_c_p_d_Partition_of_Poland.html (2544 words)

	Paritions of Poland
		Not only the Confederations of the small group of non-Catholic nobles, but also the Confederation of Radom, in that same year of 1767, which apparently united the opposition against both Poniatowski and foreign pressure in favor of the “Dissidents,” were inspired by Russia with a view to creating a state of anarchy.
		That revolt in defense of faith and freedom was the other unexpected reaction which disturbed Russia’s projects—unexpected because it came after the long years of apathy under Saxon rule and testified to a real national revival among the masses of the gentry.
		A hopeless attempt at kidnaping Poniatowski only harmed the cause of the patriots and seemed to justify the cooperation of royal troops with the Russians who were determined to crush the “rebellion.” Furthermore, the hopes of the confederation to obtain foreign support against the overwhelming forces of Catherine II were disappointed to a large extent.
	victorian.fortunecity.com /wooton/34/halecki/15.htm (5206 words)

	ARSENAŁ - the Association of Polish Regiments 1717-1831
		In 1794 general Tadeusz Kosciuszko, raised the banner of insurrection in the rump Commonwealth.
		It may have been a hopeless undertaking, but the Poles could not see their state destroyed without making a last stand.
		Kosciuszko, assuming the title of chief (naczelnik), ignored the king, but crowds in Warsaw, inspired by the example of revolutionary France, summarily executed a number of Targowica leaders.
	piontek.pl /arsenal/history.php (605 words)

	Polish History - Part 8
		The brutality of the Russian intervention provoked an armed resistance by the noblemen, who established the Confederation of Bar.
		Incited by Russia, a group of magnates established the Confederation of Targowica to defend the old system.
		Despite stout Polish resistance (commanders being Prince Jozef Poniatowski and Tadeusz Kosciuszko) the war of 1792 ended in defeat, abolishment of the Constitution of May 3rd and the second partition was made by Russia and Prussia.
	www.poloniatoday.com /history8.htm (1139 words)

	Poland's May 3rd Constitution timely since 1791 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		On February 29, 1768, several magnates, including Kazimierz Pulaski, vowing to oppose Russian intervention, declared Stanisław August a "lackey of Russia and Catherine" and formed a confederation at the town of Bar.
		Wars between Turkey and Russia and Sweden and Russia having by now ended, Empress Catherine was furious over the adoption of the May 3rd Constitution, which threatened Russian influence in Poland.
		To enhance Commonwealth integration and security, the Constitution abolished the erstwhile union of Poland and Lithuania in favor of a unitary state and changed the government from an individually- to a dynastically-elective monarchy.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/1626096/posts (3418 words)

	Poniatowski
		Together with Poniatowski, Tadeusz Kosciuszko, who on July 18 led his soldiers into another victory at Dubienka, and many of the nation's other future military leaders also made their Polish battleground debuts in the war of 1792, and Michal Wielhorski, who had served with Poniatowski in Austria, was after Kosciuszko his most important general here.
		The young general challenged the Targowica leaders to a duel (especially the marshal of the alliance Szczesny Potocki, which caused the fearful king extreme worry), but none of them took him up on the offer.
		Prince Jozef's patriotic demeanor and his eloquent facility with the Polish language are revealed well in the following reply to Seweryn Rzewuski of the Targowica Confederation, issued on June 3 and signed enthusiastically by many of his officers and soldiers: "Mr.
	members.core.com /~gugalo (5709 words)

	The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - All Empires (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		From 1768 - 1772, an anti-Russian rising known as the "Confederation of Bar" was crushed by the Russians.
		The Constitution was hailed in the United States, England and France, but was seen as a threat to the absolute rulers of Prussia, Austria and, especially, Russia.
		So, in 1792, at Russia's instigation a handful of magnates led by Ksawery Branicki, Szczesny Potocki and Seweryn Rzewuski betrayed the Commonwealth and formed the Confederation of Targowica against the new Constitution and then "asked" for help.
	www.allempires.com /article/index.php?q=polish_lithuanian (1284 words)

	Legendy - Wojciech Bogusławski - english
		In response to the appeal of Stanisław August Poniatowski, he resumed the directorship of the Warsaw Theatre in order to stage patriotic plays.
		At the time of the Targowica Confederation he came into conflict with the administration - one of the reasons for this was the staging of Henryk IV na łowach.
		In November 1792 he staged Voltaire's Meropa - the first tragedy to be put on in the National Theatre, then in 1793 an opera entitled Axur in his own translation, to the music of Salieri.
	www.teatry.art.pl /!legendy/boguslawski_w/boguslawski_e.htm (839 words)

	Gatorsports.com :: 100 years of Gator Football (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		refers to the process of (or the event of) confederating; i.e., establishing a confederation (or by extension a federation).
		* Confederation of the Rhine (1806–1813) had no head of state nor a government
		Hernandez drops a few catches and Rainey brings the ball out from the endzone to the 3 yard line...
	gatorsports.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?template=wiki&text=Confederation (952 words)

	School's Patron
		Polish aspirations towards strengthening the country caused anxiety at Russia and Prussia.
		May in Targowica, and a few days later a Russian army crossed Polish border.
		Like a bolt from the blue came the news about the king's joining the Targowica confederation and an order of cancelling any operations against Russian forces.
	www.sp2sk.pl /english/history/patron.htm (1549 words)

	History of Poland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In response, she ordered her armies to smash the newly formed government and then supported creation of the Confederation of Targowica, a group of aristocrats who wanted to keep power in their own hands and were, therefore, opposed to the reforms.
		While the Poles had hoped to form an alliance against Russia with Frederick the Great's successor, the Prussians chose instead to grab more Polish territory.
		Against overwhelming odds, the new Polish army resisted the Russian advance but the king lost his nerve and reluctantly joined Targowica.
	www.poland-embassy.si /eng/poland/history4.htm (1735 words)

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