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	Targum - LoveToKnow 1911
		The Targums are the Aramaic translations - or rather paraphrases - of the books of the Old Testament, and, in their earliest form, date from the time when Aramaic superseded Hebrew as the spoken language of the Jews (see Hebrew Language).
		Targums On The Pentateuch (t) The so-called Targum of Onkelos admittedly owes its name to a mistaken reference in the Babylonian Talmud." In its original context, that of the Jerusalem Talmud, 12 the passage refers to the Greek translation of Aquila.
		The second Jerusalem Targum, or the so-called pseudo-Jonathan, admittedly owes its ascription to Jonathan ben Uzziel to the incorrect solution of the abbreviated form by which it was fre quently cited, viz.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Targum (3253 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Targum
		That as early as the third century the text, for instance, of the Targum on the Pentateuch was regarded by the synagogue as traditionally settled is evident from the "Mishna Meg.", IV, 10, "Jer.
		This Targum was first printed at Bologna (1482) together with the Hebrew text of the Bible and the commentary of Rashi; later, in the Rabbinical Bibles of Bomberg and Buxtorf, and with a Latin translation in the Complutensian Polyglot (1517), and the Polyglots of Antwerp (1569), Paris (1645), and London (1657).
		THE TARGUM OF ONKELOS: KAUTZSCH, Mitteilung uber eine alte Handschr.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/14454b.htm (3683 words)

	Targum - BibleWiki
		The Pentateuchal Targum, which was made the official Targum of the Babylonian schools, was at all events committed to writing and redacted as early as the third century, since its Masorah dates from the first half of that century.
		Targum to the Prophets: editio princeps, Leiria, 1494; Venice, 1518; Lagarde, Prophetœ Chaldaice, Leipsic, 1872.
		Targum to the Hagiographa: Venice, 1517; Lagarde, Hagiographa Chaldaice, Leipsic, 1873.
	bible.tmtm.com /wiki/Targum (5032 words)

	Targum - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		One of the best-known Targums extant is the Targum Onkelos (see Onkelos).
		The Targum is printed in the margin of corresponding parts of the Bible.
		A complete manuscript of a Palestinian Targum, the first of its kind, was found in 1956.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-targum.html (282 words)

	The History of the Targum
		It must be stressed that this emphasis does not contradict the normal Targumic teaching; indeed, an eschatological figure is of necessity to be conceived of as pre-existent, in that he is part of the divine intention.
		The Targum, of course, is possessed of an ambivalent attitude to the Temple, which corresponds partially to both of the sources cited.
		The Isaiah Targum is evidence for the greater diversity of early Judaism as compared to rabbinic Judaism.
	inside.bard.edu /religion/facultyproj/temple/temple_isaiah/targum.htm (8400 words)

	Targum Bibliography
		Each Targum is evaluated in the light of Jewish tradition and of modern linguistic and biblical research.
		Each translated Targum has its own apparatus indicating the relationship between the English translation and the Aramaic original and every volume has a useful bibliography." For an introduction to the Targums in general I recommend John W. Bowker's introduction described at the bottom of this page.
		John W. Etheridge, ed., The Targums of Onkelos and Jonathan Ben Uzziel on the Pentateuch, with the fragments of the Jerusalem Targum.
	www.bible-researcher.com /aramaic5.html (1793 words)

	Accordance : about : articles : targums
		Targum Onkelos: Ascribed by tradition to the proselyte Onkelos, this translation, which covers the Torah or Pentateuch, is considered to be the oldest and it is the most widely used of all the Jewish targums.
		Targums to the Writings: The latest of the rabbinic targums are those to the Writings, the third division of the Hebrew Bible.
		Targums Onkelos and Jonathan are written in a standard literary Aramaic that would have been widely understood throughout the Middle East, while the Palestinian Targum was written in the Jewish vernacular of the Holy Land.
	accordancebible.com /about/articles/targ.php (1124 words)

	Targum "Onkelos" to the Torah
		Several quotations of the Targum in the Babylonian Talmud agree with our "Targum Onkelos"; most of them are brought in the name of the third-century Babylonian scholar Rav Joseph, indicating perhaps that he took an active part in its compilation.
		The Aramaic dialect of Targum Onkelos seems to be that of second-century Israel, though many scholars believe that it underwent subsequent development in Babylonia during the Talmudic era.
		Targum Onkelos was uncomfortable with Hebrew expressions that suggest direct interaction between God and his creatures.
	www.ucalgary.ca /~elsegal/TalmudMap/MG/MGOnkelos.html (419 words)

	Does the Targum say Isaiah 53 is about the Messiah?
		CLAIM: The oldest Jewish commentary on Isaiah, the Targum Jonathan teaches that the suffering servant of Isaiah 53 is the Messiah.
		Those that do, while they claim that this Targum is a support for the idea that Isaiah 53’s suffering servant is the Messiah, they will at the same time attack the author of the Targum for ‘completely twisting’ the text, or making a ’virtual rewrite’.
		In the Targum numerous references are made to a ‘national interpretation’ of the suffering servant of Isaiah 53.
	www.messiahtruth.com /targum.html (5170 words)

	TARGUM - Online Information article about TARGUM
		Despite the reference to a Targum of Job in the 1st century (see above), all the extant Targums to the Hagiographa are later in date than the Targums to the Law and the Prophets.
		The Targum to Canticles is of a similar character to that of the " second " Esther.
		Dalman assigns these Targums to a date half-way between the Babylonian Targums (Onkelos and that to the Prophets) and the Jerusalem Targums to the Pentateuch and those to the greater Hagiographa.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /SUS_TAV/TARGUM.html (4942 words)

	Targum (International Standard Bible Encyclopedia) :: Bible Tools (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Targums that require most to be considered are the official Targums, those that are given in the rabbinic Bibles in columns parallel with the columns of Hebrew.
		Verse 1 of Esther in the first Targum informs us that the cessation of the work of building the Temple was due to the advice of Vashti, and that she was the daughter of Evil-merodach, the son of Nebuchadnezzar, and a number of equally accurate pieces of information.
		The main benefit received from the Targums is the knowledge of the views of the Jewish rabbis as to the meaning of certain passages Thus in Genesis 49:10 there is no doubt in the mind of the Targumist that "Shiloh" refers to the Messiah.
	bibletools.org /index.cfm/fuseaction/Def.show/RTD/ISBE/ID/8612 (4739 words)

	JENNER: Review - Targum and Peshitta
		The first major section, "Explaining the Issues," may be considered the basis of the whole book, since it presents a broad and thorough discussion of the state of affairs regarding the Peshitta from the viewpoint of textual history and criticism, as well as methodology.
		In his search for some relationship between Peshitta and Targum, P.B. Dirksen takes as his starting point the "...comparison between the text of the Peshitta and that of the targums" (p.
		In the same paragraph, Dirksen also refers to the "...actual Peshitta text..." Though he does not explain what he means by the terms, "Peshitta text" and "actual Peshitta text," one might assume from his examples that he is referring to the text as given in the Leiden text edition, viz.
	syrcom.cua.edu /hugoye/vol2no1/HV2N1PRJenner.html (1375 words)

	The Targums
		The word 'Targum' simply means 'translation' or 'interpretation', but while any translation might call itself a 'targum', the word is usually reserved for ancient Aramaic translations of the Hebrew scriptures.
		Targum fragments found in the Dead Sea Scrolls indicate that use of written targumim can be dated to pre-Christian times, and eventually two of these written Targumim, Targum Onqelos on the Pentateuch, and Targum* Jonathan on the Prophets*, gained official status, and were specifically designated for use in synagogue services.
		Targum Onqelos and Jonathan are fairly literal renditions (though the number of explanations increase in some of the more difficult, or poetic sections), while others, such as the Targum on Song of Songs, contain a tremendous number of explanatory comments.
	www.logos.com /targums (924 words)

	Oxford Bioscience Partners - Team
		In addition, he consults widely to the pharmaceutical industry regarding the design and implementation of clinical trials for new psychotropic drugs and the progression of drug development from concept to approval to launch.
		Previously, Dr. Targum was Professor of Psychiatry and Vice-Chairman of the Department of Mental Health Sciences at Hahnemann University School of Medicine (Philadelphia) from 1989-1995.
		Targum has a B.A. in biology from Colgate University and an M.D. from Mount Sinai School of Medicine.
	www.oxbio.com /stargum.html (218 words)

	CAL Search Page
		In the single case of Targum Jonathan to Zephaniah, however, the main text is rather that re-edited by Josep Ribera Florit in "La version aramaica del Profeta Sofonias," EstBib 40 (1982):127-158 with variants (marked as #2#) from his apparatus.
		Targum Neofiti was completely collated against the microfilm of the manuscript, and re-read again for marginalia by M. Abegg and S. Kaufman.
		According to M. Goshen-Gottstein, this text was a summary recension of the Targum Rishon type after the fashion of sixteenth century humanistic editing.
	cal1.cn.huc.edu /searching/targum_info.html (829 words)

	Targum Psalms
		An introduction to some of the issues involved in the study and translation of this Targum may be found in the forthcoming Ernest G. Clarke memorial volume, to which the interested reader is referred.
		The absence of italics should not be construed to mean that the targum translates literally.
		Aramaic verbs are translated literally; that is, perfects are generally translated as past tense, imperfects as future or jussive, participles as general present.
	www.tulane.edu /~ntcs/pss/tg_ps_index.htm (420 words)

	Targum Onkelos - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Targum Onkelos (or Unkelus), is the official eastern (Babylonian) targum to the Torah.
		In Talmudic times (and to this day in Yemenite Jewish communities) Targum Onkelos was recited by heart as a verse-by-verse translation alternatively with the Hebrew verses of the Torah in the synagogue.
		The Targum appears as digital text in two different user-friendly versions: (1) The Aramaic targum text with vowels can be viewed in its entirety on its own, either book-by-book or chapter by chapter.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Targum_Onkelos (236 words)

	Targum, by John F. Stenning (Encyclopedia Britannica)
		The Targums are the Aramaic translations--or rather paraphrases--of the books of the Old Testament, and, in their earliest form, date from the time when Aramaic superseded Hebrew as the spoken language of the Jews.
		The second Jerusalem Targum, or the so-called pseudo-Jonathan, admittedly owes its ascription to Jonathan ben Uzziel to the incorrect solution of the abbreviated form by which it was frequently cited, viz.
		The Targum to Canticles is of a similar character to that of the "second" Esther.
	www.bible-researcher.com /aramaic3.html (3910 words)

	The Targums from the files of the Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project
		The Targums are important source documents that can be compared with the Septuagint in terms of their significance for doing text criticism, understanding the history of biblical interpretation, and studying the New Testament use of Hebrew scriptures.
		With the discovery of the older Targum fragments, such as those found at Qumran and in the Cairo Genizah collection, many scholars are now reassessing these New Testament quotations in light of the Targumim and finding some close parallels.
		It is possible to link and scroll the various Targums with each other and with Hebrew or English bibles, as well as run comparison reports between the Targums, exegetical guides, lemma reports, and most of the other reports designed for use with modern and biblical language bibles.
	www.logos.com /products/details/2068 (804 words)

	The Targum to Song of Songs
		The Targum to Song of Songs is available in both European and Yemenite manuscripts.
		The Aramaic text used in this translation is that of Raphael Hai Melamed, “The Targum to Canticles According to Six Yemen Mss.
		R. Loewe, “The Targum to the Song of Songs,” 162, points out that Sifra on Leviticus 18:5 applies Song 7:8, “Your eyes are stately as a palm tree,” to Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah, who stood upright like palm trees rather than bow down to Nebuchadnezzar’s image (Daniel 3).
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /~jtreat/song/targum/notes.html (328 words)

	Targum Yerushalmi to the Torah (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The title accurately designates the Palestinian provenance of this Aramaic version of the Torah (though "Jerusalemite" should not be taken literally, since the city of Jerusalem did not exist as a place of Jewith habitation at the time that this text was composed).
		Although the known manuscripts of these Targums are from the 11th-13th century, it appears that their contents originated hundreds of years earlier.
		The "Targum Yerushalmi" does not provide a complete Aramaic translation of the Torah, but is confined to specific verses (or sometimes just individual phrases or words).
	www.ucalgary.ca /~elsegal/TalmudMap/MG/MGTargumYerushalmi.html (157 words)

	About Targum Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		For fifteen years Targum Press has been publishing fine books of Jewish interest.
		Targum has proudly published works by top authors and scholars such as
		The content must be of interest to, and appropriate for, the Orthodox Jewish population.
	www.targum.com /abouttargum.html (190 words)

	Weekly-Halacha, Parshas Shemos, 5757 - Torah.org
		Shnayim Mikrah Ve'echod Targum, "twice the text and once the translation of Onkelos", is the name of this mitzvah.
		No matter which of the methods is followed, one should be careful to say and repeat mikrah first, and then say Targum, although b'dieved one is yotzei even if he said Targum before mikrah (19).
		When completing the recitation of Targum, the last verse of mikrah should be repeated (for a third time), since the final verse to be read should always be from mikrah and not from Targum (20).
	www.torah.org /advanced/weekly-halacha/5757/shemos.html (1006 words)

	TARGUM ONKELOS 1 BERESHIS (GENESIS)
		TARGUM ONKELOS 1 BERESHIS (GENESIS) (By Drazin, Israel)
		TARGUM ONKELOS 3 VAYIKRA (LEVITICUS) (By Drazin, Israel)
		TARGUM ONKELOS 2 SHEMOS (EXODUS) (By Drazin, Israel)
	www.ktav.com /product_info.php?products_id=1795 (97 words)

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